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TRABLUSGARP Skip to content Libya’nın başkenti, tarihî bir şehir ve eski bir Osmanlı eyaleti.
Adı Sabratha (Zwagha), Leptis Magna (Lubdah) ve bugün merkezin olduğu yerdeki Oea adlı üç tarihî şehrin Yunanca ifadesine (üçşehir: Tripolis/Tripoli) dayanır. Kelime Arapça’ya Tarâbulus olarak geçmiş, Osmanlılar, Suriye’de aynı adlı şehirle karışmasını önlemek ve batıda yer aldığını belirtmek için “garp” kelimesini ekleyerek buraya Trablusgarp demişlerdir. Avrupalılar ise Ortaçağ ve sonrasında Berberistan Tripolisi anlamında Tripoli of Barbary, Tripoli de Barbarie şeklinde adlandırmışlardır. Ayrıca Osmanlılar şehrin merkez olduğu eyalete Bingazi, Fizan ve Kufra adlı bölgeleri de dahil ederek bugünkü Libya topraklarının tamamını kapsayacak şekilde Trablusgarp adını vermiştir. Avrupalılar da şehri ve çevresindeki toprakları Tripolitiane ismiyle anmışlardır.
Şehir. Trablusgarp ülkenin kuzeybatısında Akdeniz sahilinde uzanan, bir kısmı kayalık olan ve limanı kuzeybatı rüzgârlarından koruyan bir burnun siperinde kurulmuştur. Burası aynı zamanda Büyük Sahrâ istikametine doğru açılan çölün başlangıç noktası gibidir. Trablusgarp şehri milâttan önce VII. yüzyılda burayı Oea diye isimlendiren Fenikeliler tarafından tesis edildi. Daha sonra idaresi, Berka adı da verilen doğusundaki Sirenayka (Cirenaica) bölgesinin hâkimlerinin eline geçti. Kartacalılar’ın ardından burayı Regio Syrtica olarak isimlendirip Afrika eyaletine dahil eden Romalılar’ın egemenliğine girdi. Romalılar III. yüzyılda bölgedeki Oea, Leptis ve Sabratha adlı üç şehri tek bir idare altında toplayarak hepsine Regio Tripolitane dediler.
İslâm fetihleri sırasında Bizans hâkimiyetinde önemli bir liman şehri durumundaki Trablusgarp, Hz. Ömer döneminde Mısır fâtihi Amr b. Âs tarafından 22 (643) yılında bir aylık kuşatmanın ardından fethedildi. Bununla birlikte müslümanlarla Bizanslılar’ın şehir üzerindeki hâkimiyet mücadelesi devam etti. Ayrıca Emevîler ve Abbâsîler döneminde Hâricîliğin İbâzıyye koluna mensup Berberîler’in isyanlarına ve egemenliğine sahne oldu. Abbâsî Halifesi Hârûnürreşîd devrinde İfrîkıye’de kurulan Ağlebîler hânedanının yönetimine giren şehir, İbrâhim b. Ağleb zamanında ayaklanan İbâzî lideri Abdülvehhâb b. Abdurrahman tarafından kuşatıldı. Şehrin valisi ve İbrâhim b. Ağleb’in oğlu Abdullah babasının vefatı üzerine İbâzîler’le anlaşmak zorunda kaldı ve şehrin iç kısımlarını onlara bıraktı (196/812). Trablusgarp’ı Tolunoğulları’nın kurucusu Ahmed b. Tolun’un oğlu Abbas kuşattıysa da Ağlebîler, İbâzîler’in desteğiyle onu mağlûp etmeyi başardılar (267/881). Ağlebîler’in ardından Trablusgarp, Fâtımîler’in ve Zîrîler’in hâkimiyetine girdi. V. (XI.) yüzyılda Benî Hilâl kabilesinin Kuzey Afrika’ya göçü sırasında kabilenin Benî Zuğbe kolu Trablusgarp’a girdi ve şehrin valisi Zenâteli Saîd b. Hazrûn’u öldürerek buraya hâkim oldu. 541’de (1146) şehir Sicilya’dan gelen Normanlar’ın eline geçtiyse de on iki yıl sonra halk Normanlar’ı şehirden çıkarmayı başardı. 554’te (1159) Trablusgarp Muvahhidler’in egemenliğine girdi. Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’nin kumandanlarından Bahâeddin Karakuş’un Kuzey Afrika’daki fetihleri sırasında bir ara Eyyûbîler’in elinde kaldı. Hafsî Hükümdarı Ebû Zekeriyyâ Yahyâ döneminde (1228-1249) Hafsî hâkimiyetine girdi. Hafsîler’in iç karışıklıklar yüzünden zayıfladığı bir sırada Trablusgarp’ta Ammâroğulları hânedanı kuruldu (727/1327) ve 803 (1401) yılına kadar devam etti. Ammâroğulları’ndan sonra Trablusgarp’ta Hafsîler’in hâkimiyeti 1510 yılına kadar sürdü.
1510’da Trablusgarp, Oliveto Kontu Don Pedro Navarro kumandasındaki İspanyollar tarafından işgal edildi; katliamdan kurtulan müslümanlar 40 km. doğudaki Tâcûrâ şehrine sığındı. 925’te (1519) İstanbul’a bir heyet yollayan Trablusgarp halkı İspanyol istilâsına karşı yardım talebinde bulundu. Bunun üzerine Dîvân-ı Hümâyun Enderun ağalarından Hadım Murad Ağa beylerbeyi unvanıyla, emrine verilen bir filo ve askerlerle buraya gönderildi. Birlikler Tâcûrâ’da toplandı. Rodos’un fethinin ardından 1523’te Saint Jean şövalyeleri burada yerleşti; Trablusgarp bir ileri hıristiyan karakolu haline geldi. Sonunda Kaptanıderyâ Sinan Paşa kumandasındaki Osmanlı donanması şehri ele geçirdi (12 Şâban 958/15 Ağustos 1551). İlk valiliğine Murad Ağa tayin edildi. 1556’da Turgut Reis beylerbeyilikle buraya geldi. Turgut Reis’in dokuz yıllık valiliği Trablusgarp tarihinde önemli bir yer tutar. Fizan’a kadar bugünkü Libya Devleti’nin tamamına yakınını Osmanlı topraklarına Murad Ağa dahil ettiyse de kabileleri Turgut Reis devlete tâbi kıldı.
Trablusgarp şehri özellikle Karamanlılar döneminde (1711-1835) dış baskılarla karşılaştı. Karamanlı beylerinin Avrupa’dan ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nden buraya gelen ticaret gemilerinden vergi almaları ciddi problemlere yol açtı. 1663’te İngiliz, 1728’de Fransız donanması şehri top ateşine tuttu. Özellikle Amerika 1796’da bu vergiyi ticaret gemilerinin güvenlik içinde seyretmesi için vermekteydi. 1801’de verginin miktarının arttırılması ilişkileri gerginleştirince Karamanlı idaresine karşı küçük bir donanma gönderildi. Trablusgarp Limanı 1801-1805 yılları arasında ablukaya alındı. Bu abluka sırasında kaptan William Bainbridge kumandasındaki Filedelfiya firkateyni ele geçirilerek bütün askerleri esir edildi. Bunun üzerine William Eaton yeni sefer düzenleyip Trablusgarp’ın doğusundan başşehre doğru ilerledi. Ancak Derne’ye ulaştıklarında 3 Haziran 1805’te iki taraf anlaştı. 1815’te Bainbridge ve Stephen Decatur kumandasında yeni bir Amerikan donanması Trablusgarp önlerine kadar gelerek Karamanlı beylerbeyine isteklerini zorla kabul ettirdi.
Trablusgarp şehrinde XX. yüzyılın başında çoğu tarihî değere sahip on cami, otuz bir mescid, kırk medrese, bir rüşdiye mektebi, on yedi sıbyan mektebi, iki kız mektebi, iki tekke, beş zâviye, yirmi han, 2470 ev, 1100 dükkân, elli mağaza, dört hamam, elli kahvehane, bir ateş değirmeni, yetmiş iki su değirmeni, iki sabunhâne, bir debbâğhâne, üç eczahane, iki hastahane ve yirmi üç fırın bulunmaktaydı. 1910’lu yılların başında nüfusu 18.000’i müslüman, 4000’i yahudi, 3000’i ecnebi olmak üzere toplam 25.000 civarındaydı. Şehirde ve buraya bağlı yerlerde yaşayan ahali başta Berberî asıllılar olmak üzere Araplar, Tevârikler, Tîbûlar, Türkler, Kuloğulları, Sudanlılar, yahudiler ve Avrupalı göçmen hıristiyanlardan meydana gelmekteydi. 1911’de İtalyan işgali sırasında nüfusunun önemli bir bölümü yok oldu. 1951’de bağımsızlığın ardından nüfusu giderek arttı; daha o yıllarda 100.000 kişiye ulaştı, 2010’lu yıllara gelindiğinde 1 milyonu aştı (1.025.244 nüfus). Ülkenin en büyük şehri ve limanı, ayrıca sanayi ve ticaret merkezi haline geldi. Libya’nın başta gelen yüksek öğretim kurumu el-Fâtih Üniversitesi buradadır.
Şehirdeki tarihî eserler arasında 13.000 m2 ’lik bir alanı kaplayan ve milâttan sonra II. asırda Romalılar’ca inşa edilen, XVI. asırda Osmanlılar tarafından iki kule eklenen, içinde Osmanlı vilâyet binası ve farklı birimlerin bulunduğu es-Sarây el-Hamrâ en görkemli yapılardan biridir. Bugün ilk dönemden başlamak üzere ülke tarihine ışık tutan her türlü arkeolojik eserin sergilendiği bir müze olarak kullanılmaktadır. XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Vali Ali Paşa tarafından inşa ettirilen Karamanlı Evi de tarihî önemi haizdir. Liman tarafında Turgut Reis adına yaptırılan, yanı başında kabri bulunan Turgut Reis Camii ve çevresi tarihî değere sahip en önemli mekânların başında gelir. 1736-1738 yıllarında Karaman Ahmed Paşa’nın Medine adlı eski şehir kısmında yaptırdığı otuz kubbeli cami ve medrese buradaki en geniş ibadet yeridir. Gürcü Mustafa’nın 1834’te inşa ettirdiği, kendi adıyla bilinen camisi de büyük mimari öneme sahiptir. Medine kısmındaki tarihî camiler arasında Hârûbe Camii, Nâka Camii, Osman Paşa Medresesi ve Camii, Mehmed Paşa Camii ve Reşîd Camii sayılabilir. 1898’de II. Abdülhamid’in Trablusgarp yetim ve öksüzlerinin meslek edinmeleri için açtırdığı Medresetü’l-fünûn ve’s-sanâyi‘ el-İslâmiyye aynı amaçla hizmet vermeye devam etmektedir. Medine denilen eski çarşıların olduğu kısma günümüzde Bâbü’l-hürriyye adı verilen tarihî kapıdan girilmektedir. Geleneksel alışveriş yapılan bu mekânlar Sûku attâra, Sûku Hızır, her türlü ticarî malın satıldığı, içlerinde en geniş olanı Sûkuttürk, halı pazarı ile Sûkuşâri‘reşîd’dir. Şehirde tarihî binalar yanında 1 Eylül 1969 tarihinde kraliyetten cumhuriyete geçişin hâtırasına inşa edilen Burcülfâtih gibi yapılar bulunmaktadır. İtalyan işgali esnasında belediye binasının karşısında yaptırılan Katolik katedrali 2004 yılında restore edilerek camiye çevrilmiş ve yeniden ibadete açılmıştır. Tarihî şehrin bulunduğu kısma üç ana kapıdan girilmektedir. Bunlar batı kısmında Bâbüzzenâte, güneydoğu tarafında Bâbülhevvâre ve kuzey tarafında Bâbünnûr’dur. Şehir surlarının yapılışı Romalılar’a kadar gitmektedir; surlar Osmanlılar zamanında birçok defa tamir edilmiş ve günümüzde geçirdiği restorasyonlarla epeyce sağlamlaştırılmıştır. Yeni imar faaliyetleriyle, kale etrafında açılan meydanlarla pek çok tarihî eser ortadan kalkarken Roma dönemine ait, şehrin kuzey sınırında 163 yılında yapılan Marcus Aurelius takı korunmuştur.
Eyalet. Osmanlı idaresi altında eyaletin tarihi dört döneme ayrılır: Osmanlılar’ın tam hâkimiyetindeki ilk valiler dönemi, kendi başına buyruk yöneticiler kabul edilen dayılar dönemi (yeniçeriler), yarı bağımsız eyalet konumuna geldiği Karamanlı hânedanı dönemi, merkezî idareye doğrudan bağlandığı ikinci valiler dönemi. Trablusgarp eyalet haline getirildikten sonra uzun süre merkezden tayin edilen beylerbeyi unvanlı valilerce idare edildi. Burada timar sistemi uygulanmadı. Zamanla bu idare değişen Osmanlı idarî-malî anlayışının bir yansıması olarak ocaklık şekline dönüştürüldü. 1798 yılına kadar idare Karamanlı ailesine mensup kimselere veraset yoluyla intikal etti. Karamanlı soyundan gelen Yûsuf Paşa’nın merkezden vali sıfatıyla tayini üzerine yeni bir dönem başladı.
Trablusgarp mahallî yönetimi başlangıçta beylerbeyinin idaresinde beş üyeli divandan oluşuyordu. Adlî işler Hanefî ve Mâlikî müftüleri tarafından halledilirdi. Divan üyeleri haznedar, defterdar, yalı kethüdâsı, atlar ağası ve beytülmâlciden ibaretken daha sonra Arap ağası ve kuloğlu başağası divana girmeye başladı. İlk dönemlerde Garp ocakları kendi içinde sancak beyliklerine, mutemetliklere ve mütesellimliklere ayrılıyordu. Vergiler beylerbeyleri tarafından çıkarılan devriyelerce toplanıyordu. Dayılar döneminde yeniçeriler, halk arasında en saygın sınıfı oluşturan murâbıtlara özenerek kendilerini bu adla andılarsa da ahali arasında “karakoloğlu”ndan gelen “kuroğlu/kuloğlu” ismiyle tanındı. İçlerinden seçtikleri “dayı” lakaplı reisleri valilerle devamlı rekabet halindeydi. Fakat zaman zaman güçlü valiler onların nüfuzunu kısıtlıyordu. Dayılar döneminde Trablusgarp yine de gelişmesini sürdürdü; Osmanlı hâkimiyetinin devamı sağlandı. Karamanlılar ise burada bir nevi hânedan oluşturdular, kendilerini emîrü’l-mü’minîn diye takdim etmeye çalıştılar. Karamanlı valiler içinde hânedanın kurucusu Ahmed Paşa, oğlu Mehmed Paşa ve bunun torunu Yûsuf Paşa gibi üç önemli vali bu döneme damgasını vurdu. 1835’te tekrar merkeze bağlanan Trablusgarp’ta Tanzimat ve teşkîlât-ı cedîde esnasında Bingazi ayrı bir mutasarrıflık şekline dönüştürüldü. Mahmud Nedim Paşa zamanında eyaletler sancaklara, kazalara ve nahiyelere ayrılarak yeni bir idarî taksimata gidildi. Merkezden kaymakam ve nahiye müdürü gönderilmeyen yerlere yerlilerden nüfuz sahibi kimseler kuvvetli kefaletlerle memur tayin edildi. Kazalarda nüfus kayıtları tutulup vergiler yeniden düzenlendi, ahaliye nüfus hüviyet cüzdanı ve bir nevi pasaport olan Mecidiye mürur tezkiresi verilmeye başlandı.
1864’te çıkarılan Vilâyet-i Umûmiyye Kanunu gereğince bu eyalet de diğerleri gibi vilâyete dönüştürüldü ve Bingazi ile birlikte beş sancaklık bir idarî birlik kuruldu. 1872’de Trablusgarp vilâyeti ve Bingazi müstakil sancağı adını aldı, fakat 1879’da Bingazi Dahiliye Nezâreti’ne doğrudan bağlı müstakil bir vilâyet oldu. Osmanlı idaresinde 100’e yakın valinin görev yaptığı eyalette Turgut Reis başta olmak üzere Sakızlı Mehmed Paşa, Karamanlı Ahmed Paşa ve Yûsuf Paşa, Ali Asgar Paşa, Mehmed Emin Paşa, Hacı Ahmed İzzet Paşa, Mustafa Nûri Paşa, Mahmud Nedim Paşa, Ali Rızâ Paşa, Mustafa Âsım Paşa, Ahmed Râsim Paşa, Hâfız Mehmed Paşa, Müşir Receb Paşa gibi valiler faaliyetleri ve hizmetleriyle öne çıktı. En çok valinin tayin edildiği ikinci valiler döneminde Ahmed Râsim Paşa’ya kadar geçen kırk yedi yılda yirmi beş vali görev yaptı. Valiler arasında beylerbeyi pâyesiyle vezir, paşa ve müşir rütbeli olanlar çoğunlukta olup diğerleri dayı, bey, çavuş unvanıyla bilinir. İçlerinde Hacı Ahmed İzzet Paşa ile Ali Rızâ Paşa gibi iki dönem valilik görevinde bulunanlar vardır. Trablusgarp’ta özellikle kuloğulları yerli asker sınıfı oluşturarak farklı bir sosyal tabaka meydana getirmişti. Gerekli zamanlarda 1200’ü süvari 5000 mevcutlu bu yardımcı kuvvet mensupları düzenli kuvvetlere destek için silâh altına alınırdı. Kumandanları ise valilerce içlerinden tayin edilen “şeyhülbeled” unvanlı nüfuz sahibi bir memurdu. Bunlar bilhassa tahsilât için görevlendirildiklerinden vergiden muaf tutulmaktaydı. Fakat düzenli askerlerin gelmesiyle birlikte kuloğullarının görevleri azaldığı için muafiyet durumları da kaldırıldı. Trablusgarp vilâyetinin gelirleri düzenli (herkesin bütçesine uygun vergi ve askerlik bedeli), düzensiz (arazi mahsullerinden alınan şer‘î öşür, gümrük, tütün, diğer ticaret malları), muhtelif (tuz, orman, madenler, posta, telgraf) vergilere ve esir ticaretine dayanmaktaydı. Trablusgarp ve Bingazi’nin yıllık geliri toplamı 400.000 dolar (1.000.000 frank) tahmin edilmekteydi. Bu gelirlerin dörtte üçü vilâyetin idarî giderlerine harcanır, dörtte biri devlet hazinesine gönderilirdi.
1551’de Trablusgarp, Murad Ağa tarafından ele geçirildikten sonra bugünkü Tunus sınırları içinde yer alan Kafsa, Kābis, Sefâkus, Manastır, Kayrevan ve Mehdiye gibi şehirlerle Cerbe adası buraya dahil edildi. 1574’te Tunus’un kesin biçimde ele geçirilmesinin ardından bu yerler iki eyalet arasında çekişme konusu oldu. XX. yüzyılın ilk yıllarında Trablusgarp vilâyeti merkez sancağı (dokuz kaza, altı nahiye), Lübde sancağı (dört kaza, iki nahiye), Cebeligarbî sancağı (üç kaza, dört nahiye) ve Fizan sancağı (dört kaza, sekiz nahiye) yirmi kaza ve yirmi nahiye merkezinden oluşuyordu. Trablusgarp vilâyeti birinci sınıf vilâyetlerden olup Fizan birinci sınıf, Lübde ikinci sınıf ve Cebeligarbî üçüncü sınıf sancaktı. Osmanlı Devleti memurlarının büyük çoğunluğu vilâyet merkezinde görevlendirilmiştir.
Afrika kıtasında sömürgecilik faaliyetlerinin arttığı XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren Trablusgarp’la ilgilenen İtalya’nın Trablusgarp şehrinde yaşayan vatandaşlarını Osmanlı hükümetinden koruma bahanesiyle 1 Eylül 1911’de savaş ilân edişi buranın bir İtalyan kolonisine dönüşünün başlangıcını oluşturdu. 1912’de İsviçre’nin Uşi (Ouchy/Lozan) şehrinde yapılan antlaşma ile Osmanlı Devleti, Afrika’daki bu son vilâyetini İtalya’ya terkettiğini kabul etti, ancak halife buradaki toplumun dinî önderi olarak kalacaktı. Osmanlı askerleri yerli ahaliyle birlikte İtalya’ya karşı mücadeleyi sürdürdü ve 1918’de imzalanan Mondros Mütarekesi’ne kadar Afrika Grupları Komutanlığı adı altında İtalya’ya karşı savaştı. Trablusgarp 1943 yılına kadar İtalyan işgali altında kaldı. İtalya egemenliği döneminde klasik Arap şehri görünüşündeki eski şehrin doğusunda ondan tamamen farklı modern bir şehir kuruldu. Ardından 1951’de bağımsızlık ilân edilinceye kadar İngiltere’nin kontrolüne girdi. Akdeniz sahilleri oldukça verimli olan Trablusgarp’ta ziraat da gelişmişti. Osmanlı idaresinin son dönemlerinde 6.694.000 hurma ağacı, 321.557 zeytin ağacı, 40.000 incir ağacı vardı. 1881’de Trablusgarp-İstanbul arasında telgraf hattı döşendi. Bunu 1882’de deniz altından Malta’ya kadar bir başka telgraf hattı izledi. Daha sonra vilâyet merkezinden Garyân, Fesato, Nâlût, Zâviye, Uceylât, Züvâre, Humus, Zilteyn, Mısrâte, Mislâte, Tarhuna ve Urfella’ya telgraf hatları çekildi.
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a.mlf., “Libya”, DİA , XXVII, 174-179.
Ettore Rossi – [Cengiz Orhonlu], “Trablus”, İA , XII/1, s. 445-452.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 288-291 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.