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TRAMPA Skip to content Ferden muayyen hale getirilmiş iki malın birbiriyle değişimini konu edinen akid.
Sözlükte “ivaz” anlamındaki kayż kökünden türeyen mukāyeḍa (bir mal için karşılık ödeme) fıkıhta malın malla değişimini ifade eden trampa akdinin karşılığıdır. Mutlak mânada malın malla mübadelesi trampa diye nitelendirilirken bedellerden birini paranın teşkil etmesi halinde normal satım akdi (bey‘) söz konusu olur. Tarihte en eski mübadele şekli olan trampa paranın ortaya çıkmasından sonra da varlığını sürdürmüş, ancak günümüzde akidlerde ve ticarî işlemlerde geniş çapta paranın kullanılması trampa akdinin uygulama alanını giderek daraltmıştır. Buna karşılık tarihte para işlevi gören araçların çoğunun günümüzde mal sayılması, geçmişte normal satım sayılan bazı işlemlerin zamanımızda trampa grubunda yer alması sonucunu doğurmuştur. Mukāyeda terimi erken dönem fıkıh kaynaklarında geçmese de bu kapsamda değerlendirilebilecek işlemlerden bahsedilmektedir. Meselâ belli miktarda kuru hurmanın tahminen aynı miktardaki taze hurmayla değiştirilmesini ifade eden ariyye (çoğulu arâyâ ) böyle bir işlemdir. Bir tür trampa olan ve ağaç üzerindeki olgunlaşmış taze hurmanın kuru hurma karşılığında satılmasını ifade eden müzâbene , karşılıklı bedeller arasında denklik sağlanması imkânı bulunmadığından Hz. Peygamber tarafından yasaklanmış, ancak ihtiyaçtan dolayı bu işleme sınırlı miktarda olmak şartıyla cevaz verilmiş, buna da ariyye/arâyâ denilmiştir. Fıkıh eserlerinde ribâ, mukāyeda türü satışlarda daha çok gündeme gelmiştir. Ancak ribâ mislî mallarla ilgili olarak tartışılmış, mukāyeda daha ziyade ribâ çerçevesi dışında kalan mübadelelerde söz konusu edilmiştir. Öte yandan erken dönem fıkıh metinlerinde satım akdinin türleri ele alınırken yapı itibariyle trampa sayılabilecek işlemlerin ayrı adlarla ele alındığı, mukāyedanın terimleşmesi ve yaygın kullanımının mezhep fıkıhlarının tedvin edildiği dönemde ortaya çıktığı, özellikle Hanefî literatüründe kelimenin kavramsal çerçevesinin ayrıntılı biçimde belirlenerek sıkça kullanıldığı görülür. Dolayısıyla Hanefî mezhebinin metinleri bu kavramla ilgili ipuçlarını diğerlerine göre daha fazla barındırmaktadır.
Klasik fıkıh eserlerinde çeşitli satım türleri değişik adlarla anılmış ve ince ayırımlarla birbirinden tefrik edilmiştir. Tamamının ortak paydasını iki ekonomik varlığın birbiriyle değişimi oluşturmaktadır. Mevcut bir malın para veya para hükmünde bir varlıkla değişimi mutlak anlamda bey‘, peşin bedelle veresiye mal değişimi selem, paranın parayla değişimi sarf, ferden muayyen iki malın değişimi mukāyeda diye adlandırılmıştır. Trampada iki bedelden biri ferden muayyen hale getirilmemişse yapılan satım trampa sayılmaz. Ferden muayyen hale getirilmeyen bedel vadeli ise selem, peşin ise mutlak bey‘ söz konusudur. Selemin vadeli olmasını şart koşmayan Şâfiîler ise o bedel vadeli olmasa da bunu selem kabul etmişlerdir. Bu yaklaşım farklılığına rağmen hiçbir görüş böyle bir işlemi trampa saymamıştır. Modern hukukta ise bu tür bir işlem trampa sayılmakta, bunun normal satım kabul edilebilmesi için bedellerden birinin para veya para hükmünde bir değer olması aranmaktadır. “Bey’i mukāyeda aynı ayna, yani gayr ez nakdeyn malı mala mübadele etmektir ki lisân-ı Türkî’de trampa denilir” şeklindeki tanımla Mecelle ’de de (md. 122) benzeri bir yaklaşım mevcuttur. Buna göre klasik İslâm hukukunun trampa anlayışı ile modern hukukun trampa anlayışı birbiriyle tamamen örtüşmemektedir. Bu anlayış farklılığı dikkate alınmadan yapılan değerlendirmeler yanlış sonuçlara götürebilir. Diğer bir yanlışlık da trampa yerine takas kelimesinin kullanılmasıdır. Halbuki takas zimmette yer alan alacak ve borçlar arasında gerçekleşir. Mübadele edilen bedellerden birinin mal, diğerinin emek olması durumunda trampa değil hizmet akdi (icâre) söz konusu olur.
Bey‘in bir alt türü olduğu için kuruluşu ve geçerliliği bakımından bey‘de aranan bütün rükün ve şartlar mukāyedada da aranır. Semene ilişkin hükümler hariç bey’deki hükümlerin tamamı mukāyeda için de geçerlidir. Klasik fıkıh literatüründe yer alan trampa ile ilgili değerlendirmelerin önemli noktasını her iki bedelin de mebî‘ şeklinde algılanması fikri oluşturur. Normal satımda bedellerden biri gerçek anlamda mebî‘, diğeri semen sayılırken burada her iki bedel de gerçek anlamda mebî‘ sayılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla her iki bedele de mebî‘ hükümleri uygulanmış, her iki edim de ayıp, görme muhayyerliği, mülkiyetin intikali, tecile elverişsizlik, ifa sırası, hapis hakkı, imkânsızlık sebebiyle infisah ve ikāle gibi meselelerde ortak hükümlere tâbi tutulmuştur. Meselâ ifa sürecinde her iki bedel mebî‘ özelliği taşıdığından eş zamanlı ifa prensibi öngörülmektedir. Normal bey‘de ise önce ifası gereken edim semendir. Semen ifa edilinceye kadar karşı taraf mebî‘ üzerinde hapis hakkı ileri sürebilir. Burada her iki taraf hapis hakkına sahiptir.
Yine normal bey‘de mebî‘ tek olduğu için onun ifa öncesinde helâk olması akdin infisahına yol açarken trampada her iki bedel de mebî‘ konumunda bulunduğundan bedellerden birinin helâki akdin infisahını gerektirmez. Çünkü geride bir mebî‘ daha bulunmaktadır. Her iki mebî‘ de akid için amaç konumundadır. Bu açıdan trampa bey‘den farklı bir durum arzetmektedir. Normal bey‘de semen değil mebî‘ akdin maksadı sayılmıştır. Semenin helâki akdin varlığını etkilemezken mebîin helâki etkiler. Trampada ise bedellerden hiçbiri semen konumunda değildir. İnfisah açısından bey‘ ile trampa arasındaki bu fark ikāle hakkında da geçerlidir. Normal bey‘de mebî‘ konumundaki bedel helâk olduğunda ikāle yapma imkânı kalmazken semenin helâki ikālenin yapılmasına engel teşkil etmez. Trampa akdindeki her iki bedelin mebî‘ niteliği taşıması sebebiyle bedellerden biri helâk olsa bile geride yine mebî‘ konumunda bir bedel vardır ve bunun varlığı ikālenin hâlâ mümkün olduğunu gösterir. Bu durumda ikāle yoluna gidilmişse helâk olan bedelin kıymeti ödenir. Öte yandan bedellerden birinin zapta uğraması durumu farklı değerlendirilmiş ve akdin varlığına engel sayılmıştır.
Trampa ekonomisinden paralı ekonomiye geçişi hedefleyen Hz. Peygamber ribevî mallar arasında gerçekleşen trampa için daha sıkı şartlar getirmiştir. Aralarında cins birliği ve eşitlik bulunması, peşinen mübadele edilmesi şeklinde özetlenebilecek olan bu şartlar fıkıhta geniş tartışmalara yol açmış ve geniş anlamıyla bey‘ akdine dair fıkhî hükümlerde müctehidlerin ribâ yasağının gerekçesine (illet) dair benimsediği farklı yaklaşımlar ekseninde şekillenmiştir (bk. FAİZ ). Hanefîler’e göre para tarafların belirlemesine rağmen muayyen hale gelmeyeceğinden para mübadelesinin hiçbir şekilde trampa sayılmayacağı açıktır. Buğday, arpa, hurma gibi ribevî malların mübadelesinde trampadan söz edilebilmesi için iki bedelin de akdin kuruluşu sırasında ferden muayyen hale getirilmesi gerekir. Bu durumda ise faizden kaçınmak için iki bedel arasında cins birliği, peşin ve eşit miktarda olma şartları aranacaktır. Bu sebeple ribevî malların trampasının pratik bir değeri pek yoktur. Sadece bedellerden birinin ribevî mallardan olması ribâ hükümlerini gündeme getirmez. Bu durumda bedeller arasındaki nisbetsizlik ribâ değil gabn olarak nitelenir.
Her iki bedelin peşin kararlaştırılması yönüyle trampa selemden, her iki bedelin ferden tayin edilmesi yönüyle de mutlak bey‘den ayrılır. Trampada mübadele edilen iki ayn arasında değer yönünden denklik sağlamak için bedellerden birine para eklenebilir. Bu durumlarda gerçekleşen karma işlem yapı itibariyle çift işlem sayılır. Paranın tekabül ettiği kadarıyla normal bey‘, geri kalan kısmı bakımından trampa kabul edilir; çünkü işlemin asıl hedefi mübadele edilen mallardır, diğeri ise tâli niteliktedir. Ana işlem trampa, tâli olanı normal bey‘dir. Böyle bir işlemde akid kurulduktan sonra ifa edilinceye kadarki aşamada ortaya çıkacak sorunlar açısından akdin bu karma yapısı problem çözümünde önemini korur ve asla yok sayılmaz. Zira karşılıklı bedeller arasındaki dengeyi sağlayan bu tâli işlemdir ve asıl akdin gerçekleşmesinde tarafların iradesini belirleyecek öneme sahiptir.
Trampa akdinde şüf‘a ve görme muhayyerliğinin varlığı özel ihtimamı gerektiren bir husustur. Trampaya konu olan bedellerden birinin şüf‘a hakkı barındırması ve hak sahibinin bu hakkını kullanmaya kalkması halinde karşı bedel olarak kararlaştırılan mal taayyün ettiği için şüf‘a hakkı sahibinin bu malı aynen temin etmesi çoğu zaman imkânsızdır. Bu durumda o malı sahibinden rayiç bedel üzerinden satın alıp satıcıya teslim edebilir. Mal sahibi malını satmaya yanaşmazsa malın kıymetini ödeme yoluna gider. Aynın değeri bilirkişi tarafından belirlendikten sonra bu miktara diğer taraf itiraz etse bile malın bizzat kendisinin temininde ısrar etmesine itibar edilmez. Diğer tarafın bu ısrarına itibar edilip satıcı da bunu satmaya yanaşmazsa veya bu durumu fırsat bilip gerçek değerinin üzerinde bir fiyat talep ederse şüf‘a hakkı sahibinin bu hakkını kullanması zora sokulmuş olur. Ancak trampanın yapısı gerekçe gösterilip şüf‘a hakkının iptali yoluna gidilemez. Trampaya konu olan bedellerden biri veya her ikisi taraflarca görülmeden akde konu yapılmışsa bu takdirde her iki taraf görme muhayyerliğine sahiptir. Bu durum görme muhayyerliğini geçerli sayan Hanefîler için söz konusudur. Bunu geçerli saymayan Şâfiîler için böyle bir ihtimal gündeme gelmez. Trampada taraflardan biri veya her ikisi için şart muhayyerliği ileri sürülmüşse bu muhayyerlik etkisiz hale gelmedikçe akid bağlayıcılık kazanmaz.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 305-306 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.