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TÛBÂ Skip to content Cennetteki bir ağaçla ilişkilendirilen Kur’an terimi.
1/2 Müellif: ALİ ERBAŞ Bölüme Git
İslâm kaynaklarında tûbâ kelimesinin kökeni ve anlamıyla ilgili farklı açıklamalar mevcuttur. Bu kelimenin Arapça “ṭyb” kökünden türeyip “güzellik, ho…
2/2 Müellif: MUSTAFA İSMET UZUN Bölüme Git
Kültür ve Edebiyat. Tûbâ müslüman milletlerin kültür, sanat ve edebiyatında kökü Hz. Peygamber’in makamı olan “vesîle” cennetinde, dalları en üstten a…
İslâm kaynaklarında tûbâ kelimesinin kökeni ve anlamıyla ilgili farklı açıklamalar mevcuttur. Bu kelimenin Arapça “ṭyb” kökünden türeyip “güzellik, hoşluk, iyilik, göz aydınlığı” gibi mânalara geldiği, cennetteki bir ağacı ifade ettiği, Habeş veya Hint dillerinde cennetin ismi olarak kullanıldığı belirtilmiştir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ṭyb” md.; Taberî, XIII, 99; Fahreddin er-Râzî, XIX, 50-51). Kur’an’da yalnız bir yerde, “iman edip sâlih amel işleyenlere ne mutlu (tûbâ lehüm), varacakları yer ne güzeldir!” meâlindeki âyette (er-Ra‘d 13/29) geçen tûbâ kelimesi için klasik tefsirlerde benzer rivayetler nakledilmiştir. Vâkıa sûresindeki âyetlerde (56/17-40) cennet tasvirleri içerisinde cennet ağaçları (bk. AĞAÇ ) anlatılırken de aynı rivayetlere yer verilmiştir. Bu rivayetlerin bir kısmı doğrudan tûbâ ismine atıfla cennetteki bir ağacı tasvir etmekte, bir kısmı da sadece cennet ağacı tasvirlerinden bahsetmektedir. Elmalılı Muhammed Hamdi âyette geçen “tûbâ lehüm” ifadesinin “selâmün aleyküm” gibi bir dua cümlesi olduğunu ileri sürmüştür (Hak Dini , IV, 2986; tûbâ kelimesinin bu anlamda kullanıldığı hadisler için bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ṭyb” md.).
Resûl-i Ekrem’in, “Ey Allah’ın elçisi, seni görüp de sana iman edene ne mutlu!” diyen bir kişiye, “Beni görüp de bana iman edene ne mutlu! Fakat beni görmeden bana iman edene -tûbâ kelimesini kullanarak üç defa- ne mutlu!” dediği, adamın tûbânın ne olduğunu sorması üzerine Resûlullah’ın, “O cennette yüz yıl boyunca (altında) yürünebilecek büyüklükte bir ağaçtır; cennetliklerin elbiseleri o ağacın tomurcuklarından yapılır” dediği (Müsned , III, 71), bir başka rivayette bir bedevînin, “Ey Allah’ın elçisi, cennette meyve var mıdır?” diye sorduğu ve Hz. Peygamber’in, “Evet, orada bir ağaç vardır ki ona tûbâ denilir” dediği, arkasından bedevî, “Bizim arazimizdeki hangi ağaç ona benzer?” diye sorunca, “Senin arazindeki hiçbir ağaç ona benzemez, ancak Şam’da ceviz denilen bir ağaç ona benzer, tek bir gövde üzerinde biter, yukarıya doğru dallanır, budaklanır” şeklinde cevap verdiği, adamın bu defa, “Gövdesinin büyüklüğü ne kadardır?” sorusu üzerine Hz. Peygamber’in, “Ailene ait üç yaşını doldurmuş bir deve yola çıkıp yaşlılık sebebiyle köprücük kemiği kırılıncaya kadar yürüse yine de onun çevresini dolaşmış olamaz” dediği ifade edilmiştir (a.g.e. , IV, 183-184). Diğer bir rivayette ise cennette tûbâ adı verilen bir ağacın bulunduğu, bir süvariye güçlü ve hızlı bir at verilse onun gölgesinde yüz yıl ilerleyeceği, yaprağının ve henüz olgunlaşmamış yemişinin yeşil ve serinletici, çiçeğinin sarı, ince ve hafif, dallarının kadife, reçinesinin zencefil ve bal gibi olduğu belirtilmiştir (İbn Ebü’d-Dünyâ, hadis nr. 53). Bir başka rivayette de tûbânın cennette bir ağacın adı olduğu, cennetteki bütün evlerin onun dallarından yapıldığı, dallarının evlerin üzerine sarktığı, cennettekilerin meyvelerini yemeyi arzuladıklarında ağacın kendilerine doğru eğildiği, onların da o ağaçtan diledikleri kadar yedikleri bildirilmiştir (Ebû Nuaym el-İsfahânî, III, 249). Yine bir rivayette, “Cennette bir ağaç vardır; eğitilmiş süratli bir ata binen süvari yüz yıl gider de onun gölgesini bitiremez” denilmiştir (Müslim, “Cennet”, 6, 8). Hadisin açıklamasında ağacın gölgesinden muradın dallarının kapladığı yerler, isminin de tûbâ olduğu belirtilmiştir (Davudoğlu, XI, 235).
Diğer dinlerdeki cennet tasvirlerinde de çeşitli ağaçlardan söz edilir. Yahudiliğe göre yeryüzü cennetinde binbir ağaç vardır ve bu ağaçlar arasında ölümsüzlük bahşeden hayat ağacı ile iyiyi kötüyü bilmeye yarayan bilgi ağacının ayrı bir önemi vardır. Ezoterik İbrânî öğretisinde hayat ağacı yukarıdan aşağıya doğru uzanır, o her şeyi aydınlatan güneştir. Talmud’a göre hayat ağacı o kadar büyüktür ki çevresi ancak beş asırda katedilebilir. Öte yandan Hint geleneğinde kâinatın, kökü yukarıda, dalları aşağıya doğru inen kozmik bir ağaç biçiminde tasvir edildiği inanışlar bulunmaktadır. İslâm kaynaklarındaki rivayetlerde tûbâ meyvesinden yenilen, çiçeğinden elbise yapılan, gölgesinde istirahat edilen, cennetliklerin pek çok ihtiyacının karşılandığı ağaç şeklinde nitelenmektedir. Tûbânın kelime anlamından hareketle bu ağacın cennetlikleri rahat ettiren, onları hoşnut kılan, bünyesinde çeşitli nimetleri barındıran bir esenlik ve mutluluk ağacı olduğu söylenebilir. Bu durumda tûbâ ağacı cennetliklerin mutluluk ve huzur kaynağını meydana getiren bir sembole karşılık gelmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “ṭyb” md.
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ṭyb” md.
Müsned , III, 71; IV, 183-184.
İbn Ebü’d-Dünyâ, Ṣıfatü’l-cenne (nşr. Abdürrahîm Ahmed Abdürrahîm el-Asâsile), Amman 1417/1997.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân (Bulak) , XIII, 98-101.
Ebû Nuaym el-İsfahânî, Ṣıfatü’l-cenne (nşr. Ali Rızâ Abdullah), Beyrut-Dımaşk 1407/1987, III, 249.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XIX, 50-51.
İbn Kesîr, Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân , II, 531-532.
Süyûtî, ed-Dürrü’l-mens̱ûr , Beyrut 1403/1983, IV, 643.
E. Mongenot, “Arbres de la vie et de la science”, DB , I/1, s. 895-897.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , IV, 2985-2986.
M. Eliade, Patterns in Comparative Religion (trc. R. Sheed), London 1958, s. 265-280.
Ahmet Davudoğlu, Sahih-i Müslim Tercemesi ve Şerhi , İstanbul 1978, XI, 235.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 316-317 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Kültür ve Edebiyat. Tûbâ müslüman milletlerin kültür, sanat ve edebiyatında kökü Hz. Peygamber’in makamı olan “vesîle” cennetinde, dalları en üstten alta doğru bütün cennet tabakalarına ulaşacak şekilde tasavvur edilen ağaçtır. Nahl-i tûbâ, tûbâ-yı cinân diye de anılır. Türkçe’de “başı göğe ermek” deyiminden hareketle “başı tûbâya ermek” tabirine de rastlanmaktadır. Bu konuda dinî ve edebî metinlerden halk kültürü ve edebiyatının yazılı, sözlü kaynaklarına, tasavvufî eserlere kadar zengin bir malzeme oluşmuştur. Kelimenin, Kur’an’da “ne mutlu!” mânasına da olsa zikredilmesi yanında bu ağacın hadislerde belirtilen hârikulâde özelliklerinden dolayı son dönemlerde Türkçe’de kız adı olarak kullanıldığı görülmektedir.
İslâm kültüründe tûbâ ve çevresinde yer alan diğer unsurlarla zenginleşip çeşitlenen bilgiler mi‘rac âyetlerinin yorumu ve hadislerdeki bilgilerle sınırlı kalmamış, İsrâiliyat’a kadar uzanan değişik kaynaklardan gelen verilerle karışarak çeşitlenmiştir. Abdülkādir-i Geylânî’nin Ġunyetü’ṭ-ṭâlibîn ’inde diğer tasavvufî eserlerde tekrarlanan şu ifadeler yer almaktadır: “Resûlullah efendimiz tûbâ ağacı için şöyle buyurmuştur: Cennette bulunan hemen herkesin bir ağacı vardır. Bu ağacın adına tûbâ denir. Ehl-i cennetten biri üstüne yeni bir elbise giymek istediği zaman o ağacın yanına gider; ağacın çiçekleri açılır; bunların içinden rengârenk elbiseler çıkar. Bu çiçekler altı renk olup her biri ayrıca yetmiş renge ayrılır. Bunlardan meydana gelen elbiseler ne renk ne de şekil olarak birbirine benzer. O kimse bunlardan hangisini isterse onu alır.”
Tûbâ, Arap, Fars şair ve yazarlarının değişik algılayış biçimleri yanında hayal dünyalarının da katkısıyla zenginleşerek abartılı biçimde anlatılan dinî-edebî bir kavram haline gelmiştir. Bu şekliyle Türk edebiyatında özellikle divan şiiri ve nesrine intikal etmiş, divan edebiyatı mazmun ve remizleri arasına girmiştir. Ayrıca şairler tarafından verimli bir mitolojik malzeme kabul edilmiş, tasavvufî anlayış ve açıklamaların geliştirdiği yorumlarla bu alana mahsus bir terim halinde değişik mânalar kazanmıştır. Nitekim tasavvuf sözlüklerinde tûbâ Hak ile üns makamını ifade eden bir kavram olarak tanımlanmış, bu tür metinlerde Allah’ın huzurunda mutluluk, sükûn ve huzur içinde bulunma halini anlatmak için de kullanılmıştır.
Arap, Fars ve Türk edebiyatlarında kaside ve gazellerde müstakil beyitler yanında mesnevilerde, cennet hakkında bilgiler içeren Muhammediyye , Envârü’l-âşıkīn ve Mârifetnâme gibi tasavvufî ve edebî eserlerle hilyelerde, siyer, mevlid ve mi‘râciyyelerde bu hususta zengin anlatımlara rastlanmaktadır. Bu konudaki bilgileri derleyen ve kavramı halk kültürüne yerleştiren metinlerin en eskilerinden olan Muhammediyye ’nin “Faslün fî makāmâti’l-cenneti ve derecâtihâ” bölümünde vesîle cenneti anlatılırken tûbânın Resûlullah’ın cennetteki evinden çıkan bir ağaç olduğu ifade edilmektedir: “Vesîle cenneti anda olur kamudan a‘lâdır / Habîbullāha mahsustur o adn içre bu a‘lâ dâr // Resûlün dârı içinde bir ağaç var adı tûbâ / Biter anun budağında ne denlü var ise esmâr // Ol ağacın dibi dürden budakları zebercedden / Yücesi arşa mülhaktır aşağısı yere berdâr // Onun kamu budakları der ü dîvârına erip / Ne kim var gurfe vü hücre doluptur bağçe vü gülzâr.” Muhammediyye ’nin bazı matbu nüshalarında bu beyitler “Mir’âtü’l-mahşer” başlıklı çizimde resmedilmiştir. Tûbânın müstakil olarak çizildiği bir başka resim ayrıca yaldızla basılmıştır. Diğer halk kitaplarında da rastlanılan ve Osmanlı dünyasına İran etkisiyle girdiği düşünülen bu çizimlerin Türk dinî halk resimleri arasında önemli bir yeri vardır.
Mi‘râciyyelerde anlatıldığına göre tûbâ cennetteki ağaçların en büyüğüdür. Kökü arştadır. Dalları cennet halkının meyvelerini kolayca toplayabilmesi için cennetin üstünden zemine doğru sarkmış, ters duran bir ağaçtır. Yüz bin dalı budağı vardır. Budakları la‘l, yaprakları mücevherdendir. Her bir yaprağı binbir türlü görünür. Her dalında çeşit çeşit, bir yiyenin bir daha yediği, dünyadaki yemişlere benzemeyen meyveleri vardır. Baldan, şekerden tatlı ve lezzetlidir. Tûbâ ağacı Hz. Muhammed’e ve ümmetine hastır. Abdülvâsi Çelebi’nin Mi‘râciyye ’sinde “Sıfat-ı tûbâ” başlığı altındaki şu beyitler bu özellikleri anlatmaktadır (Akar, s. 369-370): “Görünür göze bir yaprağı anın / Hezâran türlü kim imrene cânın // Onun bir yaprağında vardı her reng / Olur gören onu hayran hem deng // Hezâran türlü var yetmiş yemişler / Saâdet isleri andan yemişler // Üzüm incir enâr çok hurma / Kavun karpuz hıyâr armud u elma // Ki bir dalında bitmiş idi anın / Dahı envâ yemişleri cihânın // Dedim Cebrâil’e ben kim i kardaş / Bu ağaca ne derlerdi i yoldaş // Dedi Cibrîl bu tûbâ değil mi / Bunu bilenlere tûbâ değil mi // Bu ağacın bu dem yüz bin dalı var / Ki her bir dalı bu dünyâca ey yâr // Senin ümmetlerine veriser Hak / Bu ağacı eyit onlara mutlak.”
Na‘tlar ve methiyelerde, kasriyye, bahâriyye ve mesnevilerde tûbânın dal ve yapraklarının parlaklığı, güzelliği, boyu, gövdesinin kalınlığı, azamet ve ululuğu, kurumayan dalları, dökülmeyen yaprakları, kaybolmayan tazeliği, tükenmeyen meyvesiyle teşbih, temsil ve telmih konusu olmuştur. Türk dinî mûsikisinde mevlid ve mi‘râciyyeler yanında bazı Mevlevî âyinlerinde, na‘tlarda, tevşîhlerde, ilâhi ve nefeslerde tûbâya daha çok tasavvufî anlayış çerçevesinde yer verilmiştir. Tûbâ yine cennet bitkilerinden olan sidrenin yanında bulunmaktadır ve çok defa sidre ile birlikte anılır. Mehmed Necib Efendi’nin hilyesindeki, “Kadd-i tûbâsı idi sidre-makām / Enbiyâ zümresine oldu imâm” beyti Hz. Peygamber’in boyu için “kadd-i tûbâ”, derecesi için “sidre-makam” tabirinin kullanılışına bir örnektir.
Divan edebiyatında başta boyu olmak üzere övülenin bazı vasıfları için teşbih unsuru halinde kullanılan tûbânın bu özelliği Ahmed Paşa’nın şu beytinde görülmektedir: “Tûbâ boyun çü cennet-i kûyunda salına / Cibrîl sidreden diye doğrusu müntehâ.” Beyitte tûbâ etrafındaki sidre-müntehâ-Cibrîl gibi kelimeler tenâsüp sanatına örnektir. Tûbâ kelimesi boy için kullanılan endam, kāmet-kıyamet, serv, ra‘nâ, elif, nihal, gül, sabâ, bülend, bâlâ, hırâman, revan gibi kavramlar yanında cennetle ve mi‘racla ilgili kelimelerle de kullanılarak mürâât-ı nazîr, leff ü neşr gibi sanatlar gerçekleştirilir. Sevgilinin veya övülenin boyu tûbâ ile mukayese edildiğinde çoğu zaman tûbâdan uzun gösterilir. Cem Sultan’ın sevgilisi için, “Görelden sidre kaddini çemende tûbî-i cennet / Dedi kim kadd-i bâlâda bu resme müntehâ olmaz” beyti buna örnektir. Fuzûlî’nin, “Hûr u tûbâ vasfın ey vâiz bugün az eyle kim / Hemdem ol tûbâ-hırâm u hûr-peykerdir bana” beyti kavramın dinî bağlamın dışında beşerî ölçülerde kullanımını gösterir. Ahmed Paşa’nın bir kasrı tasvir eden kasidesindeki, “Şol serv ki dîvârına nakş eyledi nakkāş / Teşbîh olunmağa yarardı ona tûbâ” beyti aynı zamanda saray ve konakların duvarlarını tûbâ ağacı resimlerinin süslediğini ortaya koymaktadır.
Ahmed-i Dâî’nin tevhidindeki, “Celâl-i rif‘atin künhü bilinmez akl-ı cüz’îden / Erişmez serçe ger bin yıl uçarsa şâh-ı tûbâya” beyti, serçe-şah(dal)-rif‘at-tûbâ tenâsübüyle Allah’ın azamet ve kudretinin insan aklı tarafından yeterince kavranamayacağına işaret etmektedir. Neccârzâde Rızâ Efendi’nin na‘tındaki, “Sidre oldu kāmet-i tûbâsının âvâresi / Server-i her müntehâ oldu Cenâb-ı Mustafâ” beyti Hz. Peygamber’in boyundan hareketle değerinin yüceliğini anlatır. Tûbânın dinî anlayıştaki yerine Gelibolulu Gurûrî’nin, “Sidre vü tûbâ değil arş-ı muallâdan geçer / Hakk’a kim pervâz ederse şehper-i tevhîd ile” beyti örnek verilebilir. Şair burada Allah’ın birliğine hakkıyla inanıp onu zikretmek suretiyle tevhid kanatlarını takan kişilerin sadece sidre ve tûbâ ağaçlarının zirvelerinden değil arş-ı muallâdan bile ötelere yükseleceğini söylemektedir. Böylece her iki ağacın cennetteki beraberliğine işaret ettiği gibi tevhidin kişiyi ulaştıracağı yüce mertebeleri vurgulayan bir ifade olarak dikkat çekmektedir. Yûnus Emre’nin şiirlerinde tûbâ ölmeden önce ölen ve nefsini düşman bilen âşıkların makamıdır: “Kevser havzına dalanlar ölmezden öndin ölenler / Nefsini düşman bilenler konar tûbâ dallarına.” Ancak ilâhî aşk şarabını (şarâb-ı tahûr) içenler bu yüce makamdan da ötelere yönelir: “Tûbâ dalından uçanlar yüce makamdan geçenler / Şarâben tahûr içenler banmaz dünya ballarına.” Tûbânın mutasavvıf şairler nezdinde boy ile ilgisine dair bir örnek Seyyid Nesîmî’nin şu beytinde görülmektedir: “Servin kadinde sidre vü tûbâ revân olur / Lâ‘l-i lebin şarâbını içen revân olur.” Tûbâ halk şiirinde ve özellikle Alevî-Bektaşî edebiyatında da yer alır. Kul Himmet’in, “Tûbâ ağacından aldı dört yaprak / Pençe-i Abâ’ya taksim kılarak / Bir hırka ayırdı içinde erzak / Giyindi eğnine dolandı Ali” kıtasında tûbâ ağacı-elbise ilişkisine atıf yapılmaktadır. Dertli, “Dedim evvel haber ver kāmet-i kaddi a‘râzından / Dedi sanma sakın servi değil tûbâ vü ar‘ardır” beytinde boy-servi-tûbâ-ar‘ar kelimelerini yan yana kullanırken tûbâ ile ar‘arı birbirine denk kabul etmesiyle farklı bir yaklaşım ortaya koymaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Abdülkādir-i Geylânî, Gunyetü’t-tâlibîn: İlim ve Esrar Hazinesi (trc. A. Faruk Meyan), İstanbul 1971, I-II, s. 269.
Yazıcıoğlu Mehmed, Muhammediyye , İstanbul 1280, s. 1-2, 4-5, 18; a.e. (haz. Âmil Çelebioğlu), İstanbul 1996, II, 470, 486-487.
Ahmed Bîcan, Envârü’l-âşıkīn , İstanbul 1301, s. 442-443.
Ali Nihad Tarlan, Şeyhî Divanını Tetkik , İstanbul 1964, s. 153.
Malik Aksel, Türklerde Dini Resimler , İstanbul 1967, s. 146.
Harun Tolasa, Ahmet Paşa’nın Şiir Dünyası , Ankara 1973, s. 278-279.
Metin Akar, Türk Edebiyatında Manzum Mi‘râc-nâmeler , Ankara 1987, s. 276-278, 369-370.
Ahmet Talât Onay, Eski Türk Edebiyatında Mazmunlar ve İzahı (haz. Cemâl Kurnaz), Ankara 1992, s. 417.
Süleyman Uludağ, Tasavvuf Terimleri Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1995, s. 537.
Cemâl Kurnaz, Hayâlî Bey Dîvânı’nın Tahlili , İstanbul 1996, s. 280, 524-525.
Mustafa Tatçı, Yunus Emre Divanı I: İnceleme , İstanbul 1997, I, 437.
a.mlf., Hayretî’nin Dinî-Tasavvufî Dünyası , Ankara 1998, s. 71, 75.
İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1999, s. 400.
Mustafa Uzun, “Sidretü’l-müntehâ”, DİA , XXXVII, 152-153.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 317-319 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.