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TUĞRÂÎ Skip to content Ebû İsmâîl Müeyyidü’d-dîn el-Hüseyn b. Alî b. Muhammed b. Abdi’s-Samed el-İsfahânî el-Münşî el-Vezîr (ö. 515/1121)
Lâmiyyetü’l-ʿAcem adlı eseriyle tanınan Arap şairi, kâtip ve kimya âlimi.
453 (1061) yılında İsfahan’da doğdu. Mesleğinden dolayı, resmî yazışmalarda besmelenin üzerine yazılan ve hükümdarın adıyla lakap ve sıfatlarını içeren tuğraya (turre) nisbetle Tuğrâî diye ün yaptı. Soyu, Basralı Ebü’l-Esved ed-Düelî’ye bağlanmaya ve Araplık kimliğine vurgu yapılmaya çalışılsa da (Rezzûk Ferec Rezzûk, XIV/4 [1985], s. 169) bunu ihtiyatla karşılamak gerekir. Çünkü Tuğrâî’nin şiirlerinde doğduğu yer olan İsfahan’a bağlılığı vurgulandığı gibi bazı kaynaklarda onun Fars kökenli bir aileden geldiği kaydedilir. Tuğrâî küçük yaşlarda dil ve edebiyat öğrenimi görmeye başladı. Bunun yanı sıra başta kimya olmak üzere felsefe, tabiat ve din ilimlerinde kendini yetiştirdi. Şiirde çok beğendiği Mütenebbî ile Şerîf er-Radî’den etkilendi. Önce Selçuklu Veziri Muînülmülk Muhammed b. Fazlullah’ın hizmetine girdi ve ondan yakın ilgi gördü. Vezir sayesinde vezirin kayınpederi Nizâmülmülk’le tanışarak Alparslan’ın oğlu Melikşah zamanında (1072-1092) Selçuklular’a hizmet etti. Melikşah’ın oğlu Muhammed Tapar’ın (1105-1118) “münşî, mütevellî dîvâni’t-tuğrâ, sâhibü dîvâni’l-inşâ” unvanlarıyla başkâtipliğine kadar yükseldi. Bu unvan Selçuklu Devleti’nin sivil idaresinde vezirden sonra gelen kişiyi ifade ediyordu. Çok hırslı şahsiyetiyle nihaî hedefi vezirlik olan Tuğrâî, Sultan Muhammed Tapar döneminde rakiplerinin tertibiyle birkaç defa görevinden alındı; çok geçmeden Bağdat’taki görevinden azledilince İsfahan’da uzlete çekilerek kimya ilmiyle uğraşmaya başladı. Nihayet 509 (1115) yılında İsfahan’da kendisine yeniden tuğra görevi verildi. 511’de (1118) Muhammed Tapar ölünce yerine geçen oğlu Sultan Mugīsüddin Mahmud onu Dîvân-ı Tuğrâ ve Dîvân-ı İnşâ’ya tayin ettiyse de 505 (1111) yılında görevinden ilk azli esnasında kaleme aldığı Lâmiyye ’sinde hakkında küçümseyici ifade ve târizlere yer verdiği için amansız düşmanı olan Dîvân-ı İstîfâ sahibi Vezir Nizâmeddin es-Sümeyrimî’nin entrikasıyla görevinden uzaklaştırıldı.
Tuğrâî bunun üzerine Muhammed Tapar’ın diğer oğlu Gıyâseddin Mesud’un hâkim olduğu Musul’a gitti, onun yanında bir yıldan fazla vezirlik görevi yaptı; bu sırada Sultan Mahmud aleyhine halkı kışkırtmaya çalıştı. Sultan Muhammed Tapar, Musul’da öldüğünde İsfahan’da bulunan Vezir Sümeyrimî sultanın diğer oğlu Mugīsüddin Mahmud’un Selçuklu Devleti’nin yeni hükümdarı olduğunu bildirdi. İki yıl sonra da Musul’da bulunan Gıyâseddin Mesud kardeşi Mahmud’a baş kaldırıp hükümdarlığını ilân etti. Bu durum iki kardeş arasında Hemedan yakınlarında savaş çıkmasına yol açtı ve Gıyâseddin Mesud mağlup oldu. Mugīsüddin Mahmud kardeşini affettiyse de onu kendisine karşı kışkırtan Tuğrâî’nin öldürülmesini emretti. Emir yerine getirileceği sırada Tuğrâî’nin, kalbinde sevgiden başka bir şey taşımadığına ilişkin bir şiir söylemesi üzerine hükümdar onun serbest bırakılmasına izin verdi (şiir için bk. Yâkūt, X, 59). Ancak Tuğrâî’yi öteden beri kendisi için büyük rakip gören Vezir Nizâmeddin es-Sümeyrimî, bir müddet sonra onu muhtemelen kimya/simya ve felsefeyle uğraşması, sultanları ulûhiyyete yakışır sıfatlarla övmesi veya Şiî olması sebebiyle zındıklıkla suçladı. Bu arada birçok yalancı şahit buldu ve Rebîülevvel 515’te (Mayıs-Haziran 1121) tarihçilerin ittifakla belirttiğine göre Tuğrâî’yi haksız yere idam ettirdi. Fakat Tuğrâî’nin intikamının alınması uzun sürmedi. Rivayete göre Sümeyrimî ertesi yıl Bağdat Nizâmiye Medresesi yanında Tuğrâî’nin eski kölelerinden birinin suikastı neticesinde öldürüldü.
Tuğrâî, kimya alanında ortaya koyduğu çok sayıdaki kitap ve risâlesinden dolayı üstat unvanıyla ün yapmıştır. Eserleri arasında en öne çıkanı İbn Sînâ’nın kimya ile ilgili görüşlerine cevap niteliği taşıyan Ḥaḳāʾiḳu’l-istişhâd ’dır. İbn Sînâ bir risâlesinde her mineralin kendine has özellikleriyle ayrı bir türe ait bulunduğunu, dolayısıyla bir mineralin cismen başka bir minerale dönüşümünün mümkün olmadığını ifade etmişti; Tuğrâî bu eserinde İbn Sînâ’nın klasik kimyayı (simya) reddetmesine cevap verir. Kendisi de her mineralin kendine özgü farklılığını kabul etmekle birlikte simyagerin bir minerali diğer bir minerale dönüştürebilecek ilâhî bir karışım için madde hazırlayabileceğini savunur. Kaynaklar Tuğrâî’nin el yazısının güzelliği yanında üslûbunun mükemmelliğini övseler de resmî yazışmalarından günümüze herhangi bir örnek ulaşmamıştır.
Eserleri. 1. Dîvân . Tuğrâî’nin geride bıraktığı divanın biri kendisi tarafından tertip edilen ve kafiyelerine göre alfabetik düzenlenen, diğeri bir torununun konularına göre düzenlediği olmak üzere iki versiyonu bulunmaktadır. Kendi tertibi olan divanı ilk defa İstanbul’da (1300) bazı gazel-i gılmân parçaları çıkarılarak basılmış, ilmî neşri ise Ali Cevâd et-Tâhir ve Yahyâ el-Cübûrî tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir (Bağdat 1396/1976; Küveyt 1403/1983). Divanda Sultan Mesud, Sultan Muhammed Tapar, Nizâmülmülk, Melikşah’ın diğer bir veziri Muînülmülk ve daha başka kişiler için söylenmiş methiyelerle genç yaşta kaybettiği eşine mersiyeler, şekvâ, fahr, hikemiyat, tasvir ve gazel temalarında şiirler yer alır.
2. Lâmiyyetü’l-ʿAcem . Dîvân-ı Tuğrâ ve Dîvân-ı İnşâ’daki görevinden ilk azlini takiben yazdığı, Lâmiyye ve Bâʾiyye adıyla tanınan iki kasideden meşhur olanıdır. İçerdiği hikmet dolu beyitlere rağmen şöhretini büyük ölçüde Câhiliye dönemi şairlerinden Şenferâ’nın Lâmiyyetü’l-ʿArab adlı kasidesiyle olan isim benzerliğine borçludur. Kasidede adının çağrıştırdığının aksine Araplar’a karşı Acem taassubuna ilişkin beyitler bulunmamaktadır. Ayrıca esere bu isim şair tarafından verilmemiştir. Lâmiyyetü’l-ʿAcem adı şairin kendi erdemlerinden, zamandan ve zamane insanlarının vefasızlığından söz etmesi, içerdiği zengin mesel ve hikemiyat sebebiyle Lâmiyyetü’l-ʿArab ’a benzediği için ilk defa Yâkūt el-Hamevî (ö. 626/1229) tarafından kullanılmış, daha sonra Safedî ünlü şerhinde bunu devam ettirmiştir. Bağdat’taki görevinden azledilmesinden sonra İsfahan’a göç etmesi sebebiyle Bağdat’taki Arap rakiplerine bir gönderme şeklinde şairi sevenlerce kasideye bu adın verilmiş olması da mümkün görünmektedir. Lâmiyyetü’l-ʿAcem ilk defa Jacobus Golius tarafından Latince çevirisiyle birlikte yayımlanmıştır (Leiden 1629). Latince bir versiyonu ile beraber Edward Pococke’un yaptığı baskısı (Oxford 1661) muhtemelen Batı’da Arap şiirine ilişkin ün yapan ilk baş eser niteliğindedir. Johann Jacob Reishe eseri Almanca’ya tercüme etmiştir (Dresden 1756). J. D. Carlyle’in neşrettiği Specimens of Arabic Poetry adlı kitapta (Oxford 1796) şiirin İngilizce bir çevirisi yer almaktadır. Lâmiyyetü’l-ʿAcem İsmail Hatip Erzen tarafından yayımlanmış (Ankara 1945), Nurettin Ceviz ve M. Sadi Çöğenli eseri Türkçe’ye çevirerek Arapça metniyle birlikte Lâmiyyetu’l-Arab, Unvânu’l-Hikem, Lâmiyyetu’l-Acem ve Tercümeleri adlı eser içinde neşretmiştir (Erzurum 2000). Lâmiyye üzerine pek çok şerh yazılmış olup en eskisi Ebü’l-Bekā el-Ukberî’nin (ö. 616/1219) şerhi (nşr. Muhammad Ubeyd Abdülvâhid Gurmân, Beyrut 1404/1984), en ünlüsü Safedî’nin Kahire, İskenderiye ve Beyrut’ta defalarca basılan el-Ġays̱ü’l-müseccem fî şerḥi Lâmiyyeti’l-ʿAcem adlı şerhidir. Bu şerh üzerine ihtisar, hâşiye ve reddiye mahiyetinde çeşitli eserler kaleme alınmıştır. Bunun dışında Lebîb Efendi’nin Türkçe şerhi (İstanbul 1271), Bahrak (Kahire 1283, 1309), Yûsuf el-Mâlikî (Bulak 1288, 1303, 1321), Muhammed el-Minyâvî (Kahire 1324/1906), Muhammed el-Mekkî (Fas 1346) ve Yûsuf Şelfûn şerhleri basılmıştır. Lâmiyyetü’l-ʿAcem ’e nazîre (muâraza), taştîr ve tahmîs şeklinde birçok kaside yazılmış, Seyyid el-Mersafî (Bulak 1312), Muhammed el-Cenbihî (Bulak 1318) ve Mahmûd Kâmil’in (Kahire 1344) tahmîsleri yayımlanmıştır.
Tuğrâî’nin çoğu yazma halinde olan klasik kimya ile felsefe ve tabiata dair eserleri de şunlardır: Dîvânü’l-maḳāṭîʿ fi’ṣ-ṣanʿati’l-ḥikemiyye fi’l-kîmiyâʾ (Hermes, Heraklios, Rûsimus, Mariyye, Hâlid b. Yezîd b. Muâviye, Câbir b. Hayyân, Zünnûn el-Mısrî, İbn Vahşiyye gibi şahıslardan intikal eden kadim kimya kültürünü oluşturan bilgilerin 100 kaside ve kıtaya yakın şiir parçaları halinde naklinden ibarettir; eser hakkında Rezzûk Ferec Rezzûk bir makale yayımlamıştır [bk. bibl.]); Ḥaḳāʾiḳu’l-istişhâd (nşr. Rezzûk Ferec Rezzûk, Bağdat 1981; Amman 1982); Ẕâtü’l-fevâʾid fi’l-kîmiyâʾ (nşr. Rezzûk Ferec Rezzûk, el-Mevrid , III/3 [Bağdat 1974], s. 195-206); Mefâtîḥu’r-raḥme ve meṣâbîḥu’l-ḥikme (kimyacıları en çok etkilediği eseridir); Câmiʿu’l-esrâr ve terâkîbü’l-envâr ; Ṣırrü(Eṣrârü)’l-ḥikme fî şerḥi Kitâbi’r-Raḥme (li-Câbir b. Ḥayyân) ; el-Esrâr fî ṣıḥḥati ṣınâʿati’l-kîmiyâʾ ; el-Cevherü’n-naḍîr fî ṣınâʿati’l-iksîr ; er-Risâletü’l-Ḫâtime ; Vaṣiyyetü’ṭ-Ṭuġrâʾî min Tedâbîri Câbir ; Risâle fi’ṭ-ṭabîʿa; el-İrşâd ile’l-evlâd (eserlerin yazma nüshaları için bk. Brockelmann, I, 288). M. Emîn Mahmûd eṭ-Ṭuġrâʾî: Ḥayâtühû ve şiʿruhû adıyla bir doktora tezi hazırlamıştır (1408, Câmiatü’l-İmâm Muhammed b. Suûd el-İslâmiyye [Riyad]).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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C. Brockelmann, GAL , I, 288.
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a.mlf., eṭ-Ṭuġrâî ḥayâtühû şiʿrühû Lâmiyyetühû , Bağdad 1963.
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a.mlf., “Lâmiyyetü’l-ʿAcem”, a.e. , XVI, 827-828.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 339-341 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.