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TUĞRUL II Skip to content Rüknü’d-dünyâ ve’d-dîn Ebû Tâlib Tuğrul b. Arslanşâh b. Tuğrul (ö. 590/1194)
Irak Selçuklu Devleti’nin son hükümdarı (1177-1194).
564 (1169) yılında doğdu. Sultan Arslanşah b. Tuğrul’un oğludur. Babasının 572’de (1177) ölümüyle Atabeg Muhammed Cihan Pehlivan, Tuğrul’u tahta çıkardı. Sıbt İbnü’l-Cevzî, Cihan Pehlivan’ın halife Müstazî-Biemrillâh’tan Tuğrul’un sultanlığının onaylanmasını ve adına hutbe okutulmasını istediğini, fakat sert bir şekilde reddedildiğini yazarsa da bunun doğruluğu şüphelidir. Halife, Irak Selçukluları’nın komşu devletler üzerindeki hâkimiyetini göz önünde tutarak Cihan Pehlivan’ın isteğini kabul etmek zorunda kaldı, ayrıca Tuğrul’a “Rüknü’d-devle ve’d-dîn kasîmü emîri’l-mü’minîn” lakabını verdi (Muharrem 573 / Temmuz 1177). Arslanşah’ın ölümünün ardından Gürcü kralının İslâm ülkesine yürümek amacıyla hazırlık yaptığı ve yeni sultan Tuğrul’un amcası Melik Muhammed’in tahtı ele geçirmek için harekete geçtiğine dair haberler çıkınca Atabeg Cihan Pehlivan süratle Gürcü topraklarına girdi ve hiçbir mukavemetle karşılaşmadı. Gürcüler’le barış yaptıktan sonra İsfahan’a gidip Melik Muhammed’i bozguna uğrattı. Melik Muhammed, Vâsıt taraflarına kaçtı, fakat orada ancak üç gün kalabildi; Bağdat’a gelmesine izin verilmediğinden Fars’a geçerek Salgurlular’dan Atabeg Zengî’ye sığındı. Bunu duyan Cihan Pehlivan Fars’a girdi, ülkeyi yağma ve tahrip etti. Cihan Pehlivan ile tek başına mücadele edemeyeceğini anlayan Zengî, Melik Muhammed’i teslim etmek zorunda kaldı. Sercehan Kalesi’nde zindana atılan Muhammed çok geçmeden orada öldü.
Cihan Pehlivan aynı tavrı Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’ye karşı gösteremedi. Damadı Ahlatşah II. Sökmen’in 579’da (1183) çocuksuz ölmesi üzerine Ahlat’ı ülkesine katmak istediyse de Selâhaddin buna engel oldu. Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî, Cihan Pehlivan’dan Kazvin ve Bistâm yörelerindeki Bâtınîler’in varlığına son vermek için geçiş izni talep etti, ancak Pehlivan, Selâhaddin’in idare ettiği yerleri elinden almak istediği vehmine kapılarak rahatsızlandı ve çok geçmeden Rey’de öldü (581/1186). Bu sırada on yedi yaşında olan Tuğrul, Sâve şehrinde bulunuyordu. Emîrler, Nahcıvan’da olan Cihan Pehlivan’ın kardeşi Kızılarslan Osman’ı Hemedan’a çağırdılar. Kızılarslan kalabalık bir orduyla Hemedan’a geldi ve genç sultanın atabegliğini üstlendi.
Atabeg Kızılarslan, muhalif kumandanları bertaraf etmek için Sultan Tuğrul ile Rey’e geldiğinde onların Damgan taraflarına gittiğini öğrendi. İnanç Hatun ile oğulları Kızılarslan’ı karşıladılar ve kaleyi kendisine teslim ettiler. Ardından sultan, kendisini muhafaza altında tutanlardan kurtulup muhalif kumandanların bulunduğu yere gitti; böylece sultanla atabegi arasındaki düşmanlık ortaya çıktı ve aralarında mücadele başladı. Kızılarslan, Tuğrul’u yakalamak için Simnân’a gittiyse de yapılan savaşta yenildi; Rey’e ve daha sonra Hemedan’a döndü. Fakat sultanın gelmekte olduğu haberini duyunca Azerbaycan’a geçti. Kızılarslan, Tuğrul’u tek başına yenemeyeceğini anlamıştı. Bundan dolayı Abbâsî halifesine mektup yazarak yardım istedi ve sultanın kendisi için de sıkıntı doğurabileceğini söyledi. İbnü’l-Esîr, Sultan Tuğrul’un Abbâsî halifesine elçi gönderip Bağdat’ta babalarına ait sarayın tamir edilmesini talep ettiğini, ancak halifenin cevap dahi vermeyip sultanın elçisini geri çevirdiğini, Selçuklu sultanlarına ait sarayın yıkılmasını emrettiğini ve bu emrin yerine getirildiğini, saraydan bir iz daha kalmadığını söyler. Fakat diğer kaynaklarda bu haberi teyit eden bir ifade görülmez. Aynı kaynağa göre Kızılarslan’ın elçisi çok iyi kabul görmüş ve teklifine müsbet cevap verilmiştir. Abbâsî halifeliğine eski gücünü kazandırma amacını taşıyan Halife Nâsır-Lidînillâh, 15.000 kişilik bir orduyu veziri Celâleddin İbn Yûnus kumandasında Kızılarslan’a yardıma gönderdi. Bu ordu Hemedan yakınında Sultan Tuğrul’un askerleriyle karşılaştı. Sultan ordusunun sayıca az olmasına rağmen savaşı kazandı (6 Rebîülevvel 584 / 5 Mayıs 1188). Savaşın kazanılmasında önemli rolü bulunan Tuğrul elinde topuzla ön safta çarpışmıştı. Zaferin ardından Merâga sahibi Alâeddin Palaspûş, Hûzistan hâkimi Avşar Şümle’nin oğlu Garsüddin ve başkaları Hemedan’a sultanın katına geldiler. Ancak sultan kendisine tahakküm etmek istediklerini söyleyerek Ay-aba ile Öz-aba adlı kumandanları öldürttü. Bu olay üzerine endişeye kapılan Pehlivan’ın oğlu Kutluğ İnanç ile Merâga’nın kuvvetli emîri Alâeddin Sultan, Tuğrul’un hizmetinden ayrıldılar ve onu zayıf duruma düşürdüler. Kızılarslan halifenin gönderdiği ikinci ordu ile Esedâbâd’da buluşarak Hemedan’a geldi. Sultan Muhammed Tapar’ın çocuk yaştaki torunu Sencer Mirza b. Süleyman Şah tahta çıkarıldı (Receb 584 / Eylül 1188); adına hutbe okundu ve para kesildi. Halifenin adamları Irak şehirlerinin idaresinin kendilerine devredilmesinde ısrar edince iki tarafın arası açıldı. Kızılarslan Azerbaycan’a gitti, Bağdatlılar ülkelerine, Sultan Tuğrul da Hemedan’a döndü.
Sultan Tuğrul’un bazı emîrleri öldürtmesi aleyhindeki cereyanı daha da güçlendirdi. Kutluğ İnanç bu fırsattan yararlanıp İsfahan’ı zaptedince İsfahan şahnesi Özdemir, Sultan Tuğrul’dan yardım istedi. Özdemir’i öldürten Kutluğ İnanç Azerbaycan’a kaçtı, orada amcası Kızılarslan’ı sultanın üzerine yürümeye ikna etti. Sultan Tuğrul çok az bir kuvvete sahip olduğu için Hemedan’a gelen Kızılarslan’ın önünden çekildi, fakat atabeg arkasını bırakmadı. Sultan hazinesini ve ağırlığını kaybeden sultanın askerinin bir kısmı Kızılarslan tarafına geçti. Sultan maiyetindeki az sayıda adamla Azerbaycan’a gitti ve orada Türkmen beylerinden Kıpçak Bey’in oğlu İzzeddin Hasan’la buluştu; başlarına 10.000 kadar Türkmen toplandı. Bu askerlerle Azerbaycan’daki Uşnu, Urmiye, Hoy ve Selmâs şehirlerini yağmaladılar. Hemedan’a gelen Kızılarslan, Sencer Mirza’yı yeniden tahta çıkardı. Sultan Tuğrul ile İzzeddin Hasan bozgun halinde Hasan Bey’e ait Zap suyuna yakın Kerhânî Kalesi’ne kapandılar. Sultan burada Hasan Bey’in kız kardeşi ile evlendi, ancak bu evlilik ümitsizliğini hafifletmedi. Halifeye çocuk yaştaki oğlu Alparslan’ı göndererek ordusuna mukavemet ettiği için bağışlanmasını diledi (7 Muharrem 586 / 14 Şubat 1190). Halife Nâsır-Lidînillâh, Alparslan’a hil‘at giydirip boynuna altın gerdanlık taktıysa da onu rehine olarak Bağdat’ta alıkoydu ve Sultan Tuğrul için hiçbir şey yapmadı.
Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî, Sultan Tuğrul ile atabegi barıştırmak için teşebbüse geçti, fakat Sultan Tuğrul’un sabırsızlanıp Azerbaycan’a dönmesi bu teşebbüsü sonuçsuz bıraktı. Bazı kaynaklarda Sultan Tuğrul’un, üzerine gelen atabegin önünden çekilerek Hemedan’a geldiği kaydedilirken bazılarında Kızılarslan’ın sultana mukavemet edemeyeceğini anlayıp hileye başvurduğu yazılıdır. Neticede Azerbaycan Kızılarslan’da, Irak sultanda kalmak şartıyla barış yapıldı. Sultan barışa güvenip İzzeddin Hasan Bey’in askerlerini memleketlerine yollayınca Kızılarslan sultana hücum ederek onu bozguna uğrattı. Sultan 100 askerle Hemedan’a çekildi, iki gün sonra gelen Kızılarslan’ı karşıladıysa da yakalandı (Ramazan 586 / Ekim 1190) ve oğlu Melikşah ile birlikte Tebriz’e yakın Kehrân Kalesi’ne gönderildi. Râvendî, Tuğrul’un Hemedan’a gelince atalarının türbesine kapandığını, Kızılarslan’ın gönderdiği Iraklı emîrlere kanarak türbeden şehir meydanına geldiğini, emîrlerin orada etrafını çevirip atabegin kararını kendisine bildirdiklerini kaydeder. Atabeg Kızılarslan halifenin telkiniyle Sencer Mirza’yı kaleye göndererek saltanat tahtına oturdu ve sarayın önünde günde beş defa nevbet çaldırmaya başladı. Selçuklular’ın törenlerle ilgi usullerini kaldırdı. Sürekli şarap içen Kızılarslan eşi İnanç Hatun’u da ihmal ediyordu. Neticede İnanç Hatun sarhoş durumda yatmakta olan Kızılarslan’ı kölelerine öldürttü (Şâban 587 / Eylül 1191). Kızılarslan’ın öldürülmesinden sonra Irak’ın idaresi Mahmud Kutluğ İnanç’a geçti ve Irak emîrleri ona bağlandı.
Sultan Tuğrul’un Kehrân Kalesi’nde yaklaşık bir buçuk yıl kaldığı tahmin edilmektedir. Kendisini kaleden Türkmen Emîri Mahmûd b. Anasıoğlu ile Bedreddin Dizmârî çıkardı. Tebriz’e gelen sultan şehri almak istediyse de çok az askeri bulunduğundan başarı sağlayamadı. Azerbaycan ve Arrân hâkimi Pehlivan’ın büyük oğlu Ebû Bekir’in kalabalık askerle gelmekte olduğunu duyunca Zencan’a gitti; oranın hâkimleri olan Türkmen Kafşut oğulları kendisine katıldı. Sultan Tuğrul buradan Hemedan’a geçti. Fakat Mahmud Kutluğ İnanç ile kardeşi Emîr-i Emîrân Ömer’in Irak askerinin başında üzerine geldiklerini öğrenince Kazvin’e gitti; buranın sahibi Nûreddin Kara askeriyle kendisine katıldı. Sultan Tuğrul, Kutluğ İnanç’ın ordusunu Kazvin düzlüğünde ağır bir yenilgiye uğrattı (15 Cemâziyelâhir 588 / 28 Haziran 1192) ve Hemedan’a döndü. Bu zafer sultana Irak’ı kazandırdı. Hârizmşah Alâeddin Tekiş’in Rey’de bulunduğunu haber alarak oraya gitti ve müzakereler neticesinde Rey’i Hârizmşah’a bırakmak zorunda kaldı. Hemedan’a dönerek burada İnanç Hatun ile evlendi (Ramazan 588 / Eylül-Ekim 1192).
589 (1193) yılında Rey’e giden Sultan Tuğrul, Hârizmşah Alâeddin Tekiş’in kumandanı Tamgaç’a aman verip Hârizmliler’i şehirden ve Taberek Kalesi’nden çıkardı; Taberek Kalesi’ni yıktırdı. Hârizmliler’in Rey’e saldırdıklarını duyunca oraya yöneldi; onları yenerek Mayacık, Savtaş, Muhammed Han gibi yirmi beş kadar emîri esir aldı (Muharrem 590 / Ocak 1194). Râvendî, sultana İnanç Hatun’un önceki kocası Kızılarslan’a yaptığını kendisine de yapacağının söylenmesi üzerine onu boğdurduğunu belirtir. İbn İsfendiyâr ise İnanç Hatun’un, oğlunu Selçuklu tahtına çıkarmak için Tekiş’i Sultan Tuğrul’un üzerine yürümeye teşvik ettiğinin anlaşılması yüzünden öldürüldüğünü yazar. Bazı kaynaklar ise İnanç Hatun’un eceliyle öldüğünü kaydeder.
Hârizmşah Alâeddin Tekiş, Sultan Tuğrul’dan intikam almak için Rey’e geldi. İbnü’l-Esîr, Halife Nâsır-Lidînillâh’ın Tekiş’e elçi gönderip Tuğrul’dan şikâyetçi olduğunu ve ülkesini elinden almasını istediğini, Tuğrul’un ülkesinin kendisine iktâ edildiğini gösteren bir menşur yolladığını söyler. Hârizmşah da Rey üzerine yürüdü. Yine İbnü’l-Esîr, Tuğrul’un dağınık haldeki askerlerini toplamaya lüzum görmeden yanındaki az bir kuvvetle Hârizmşah’ı karşılamaya gittiğini, kendisine bunun büyük bir hata olduğunun söylendiğini, fakat bu sözleri dinlemediğini belirtir. Tuğrul askerlerini Hârizm ordusu karşısında muharebe nizamına soktu. Hârizm ordusunun merkez kuvvetini Mahmud Kutluğ İnanç’ın kumandasındaki Irak emîrlerinin askerleri teşkil ediyordu. Sultan bunları görünce hücuma geçti. Onlar açılarak sultanı pek az askeriyle aralarına alıp çevirdikten sonra attan düşürdüler. Sultanla karşılaşan Mahmud başını keserek Tekiş’e götürdü (29 Rebîülevvel 590 / 24 Mart 1194). Tekiş, Irak emîrlerinin sultanın başının halifeye gönderilmesi teklifini kabul etti ve başsız cesedin Rey pazarında asılı olarak teşhir edilmesine tepki göstermedi. Sultan Tuğrul’un cesedi büyük amcası Tuğrul Bey’in Rey’deki türbesine defnedildi. Böylece Irak Selçukluları Devleti sona ermiş oldu. Sultan Tuğrul’un Melikşah, Berkyaruk, Mesud, Alparslan ve Alp Melik adlı beş oğlu, iki de kızı vardı. Kızlarından biri Tekiş’in oğlu Yûnus Han, diğeri Pehlivan’ın oğlu Özbek ile evlenmiştir. Çok yakışıklı bir genç olduğu kaydedilen Sultan Tuğrul iyi tahsil görmüş bir hükümdardı. Şairleri himaye ettiği gibi kendisi de şiir yazardı. Şiirlerinin birçoğu günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Aynı zamanda iyi bir hattat olup Râvendî’nin dayısı Zeynüddin Mahmud onun hocası idi. Halka karşı âdil ve şefkatli davranmıştır; aynı zamanda cömert bir kimseydi. Fakat tedbirli hareket etmemiş ve dirayetli bir hükümdarlık yapamamıştır. İçkiye ve eğlenceye çok düşkündü. Nizâmî-i Gencevî kendisi için şiir yazmış, Muhammed b. Mahmûd b. Ahmed et-Tûsî ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt adlı coğrafya kitabını, Zahîrüddîn-i Nîsâbûrî Selçuknâme ’yi onun adına kaleme almıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râvendî, Râḥatü’ṣ-ṣudûr , s. 331-374; a.e. (Ateş), s. 302-344.
İbn İsfendiyâr, Târîḫ-i Ṭaberistân (nşr. Abbas İkbâl), Tahran 1320 hş., II, 152-154, 156.
Aḫbârü’d-devleti’s-Selcûḳıyye , s. 171-194.
İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , XI, 446, 526, 560; XII, 24, 94, 106, 107, 433, 471.
Avfî, Lübâbü’l-elbâb (nşr. Saîd-i Nefîsî), Tahran 1335 hş., s. 433, 435, 795.
Bündârî, Zübdetü’n-Nuṣra , s. 301-304; a.e. (Burslan), s. 268-272.
Sıbt İbnü’l-Cevzî, Mirʾâtü’z-zamân , VIII/1, s. 330; VIII/2, s. 400-401.
Cüveynî, Târîḫ-i Cihângüşâ , s. 28-33, 156.
İbn Vâsıl, Müferricü’l-kürûb , II, 163-164, 306.
Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî, Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ (nşr. Ahmed Ateş), Ankara 1960, s. 176-194.
Müstevfî, Târîḫ-i Güzîde (Nevâî) , s. 463-471.
Hüseyin Emîn, Târîḫu’l-ʿIrâḳ fi’l-ʿaṣri’s-Selcûḳī , Bağdad 1385/1965, s. 91-92, 95, 100, 105, 114, 115, 120, 124, 321, 327.
Faruk Sümer, Oğuzlar (Türkmenler) Tarihleri Boy Teşkilâtı, Destanları , Ankara 1967, s. 102, 127, 130, 328, 352.
C. E. Bosworth, “The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000-1217)”, CHIr. , V, 180-182.
A. Hartmann, an-Nāsır li-Dīn Allāh: 1180-1225 , Berlin-New York 1975, s. 72-75.
V. V. Barthold, Moğol İstilâsına Kadar Türkistan (haz. Hakkı Dursun Yıldız), Ankara 1990, s. 369-370.
Mehmet Altay Köymen, “Tuğrul II.”, İA , XII/2, s. 19-25.
M. T. Houtsma – [C. E. Bosworth], “Tog̲h̲ril (III)”, EI2 (İng.) , X, 554-555.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 342-344 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.