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TUHFE-i HATTÂTÎN Skip to content Müstakimzâde Süleyman Sâdeddin Efendi’nin (ö. 1202/1788) hat ve hattatlara dair eseri.
Osmanlılar’da hüsn-i hat ve hattatlar hakkında Menâkıb-ı Hünerverân , Gülzâr-ı Savâb , Devhatü’l-küttâb adlı kitaplardan sonra konusunda yazılmış en kapsamlı eserdir. Müstakimzâde ilim tahsilinin yanı sıra sülüs-nesih yazılarını Eğrikapılı Mehmed Râsim, ta‘lik hattını Fındıkzâde İbrâhim, Kâtibzâde Mehmed Refî ve Dedezâde Mehmed efendilerden meşketmiştir. Geçimini yazma kitap istinsahıyla sağladığından -kendi ifadesiyle- ancak “okunabilir yazı yazmayı imkân nisbetinde” öğrenebilmiştir. Zamanımıza ulaşan bir hüsn-i hat örneği yoktur. Müstakimzâde imzasıyla rastlanan hat eserleri onun amcası Müstakimzâde Mustafa Vefâ Efendi’ye aittir. Müstakimzâde’nin en mühim eserleri arasındaki Tuhfe-i Hattâtîn ’in ismi aynı zamanda yazılmaya başlandığı 1173 (1759-60) tarihini ebced hesabıyla göstermektedir. Esasen müellifin hususiyetlerinden biri, eserinde yıl olarak tesbit edilen tarih rakamlarının yanında ebcedle karşılıklarını da bulmasıdır. Verilen tarih çok defa konusuna uygun bir veya birkaç kelimeden ibarettir. Bazan da hiç alâkası bulunmayan, sayı itibariyle ebcede uyması yeterli görülen bir kelime olabilir. Müstakimzâde çeşitli tarihler düşürür, hattatlar için başkaları tarafından söylenilmiş tarih mısralarını da nakleder. Böylece Tuhfe-i Hattâtîn ’de ebcedle tesbit edilmiş binlerce tarih karşılığı bulunmaktadır. Müellif Tuhfe ’yi hazırlarken 170’i aşkın yazma eserden faydalanmış, bunları ya müellifin ya da kitabın adını veya her ikisini yazarak belirtmiştir. Bir kısmı artık bilinmeyen bu eserleri incelediği, hatta Gülzâr-ı Savâb , Devhatü’l-küttâb gibi bazılarını kütüphanesi için önceden istinsah ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Zaman zaman kaynaklardaki hatalara işaret ederek bunları tashih etmiştir. Osmanlı devri için şifahî tesbitleri de ayrı bir gayret gerektirmiştir.
Kendi döneminden önceki on bir asırlık İslâm tarihinde yetişmiş kalem ehlini kaynaklardan tesbit eden Müstakimzâde, “emsalsiz bir hat-şinâs” vasfıyla andığı Kirişçizâde Yahyâ’dan Tuhfe ’deki mâlûmatın toplanmasında gördüğü yardımı da belirtmektedir (s. 579). Müellif, eski hattatları yazarken uygulayamadığı bir ilkeyi Osmanlı hattatları hakkında gerçekleştirmiş ve hiç olmazsa bir eserini bile görmediği kimseler için müstakil hal tercümesi vermemiştir. Bu hususa örnek olarak kitaptaki şu hâşiye gösterilebilir (s. 144): Elsiz ve ayaksız bir garibin Bolu’dan İstanbul’a gelip Suyolcuzâde’den hat öğrendikten sonra padişahın huzurunda yazarak ihsanlara nâil olması keyfiyetine kendisinin Râşid Târihi ’nde rastladığını belirtmiş, “Lâkin bir eser ibkası vâki olmamakla dercolunmadı” cümlesiyle, bu hattata ancak hâşiyede yer vermiştir.
Eserde Müstakimzâde’nin faydalandığı kaynaklardan veya şahsî dalgınlığından doğan bazı hatalar vardır. Kilisli Rifat Bilge, Muʿcemü’l-büldân adlı eserin Yâkūt el-Hamevî’ye ait olduğu halde Tuhfe ’de (s. 577) Yâkūt-ı Mevsılî’ye nisbet edildiğini (Gülzâr-ı Savâb , s. 40), İbnü’l-Bevvâb’ın İbnü’s-Sitrî olan diğer ismini Müstakimzâde’nin (Tuhfe-i Hattâtîn , s. 331) İbnü’ş-Şerî diye tesbit ettiğini (Gülzâr-ı Savâb , s. 43) yazmaktadır. Devhatü’l-küttâb ’ın 14-15. sayfalarındaki hâşiyelerde Tuhfe ’nin 67 ve 124. sayfalarında görülen iki hataya işaret edilmektedir. Ayrıca eserde şu yanlışlar göze çarpmaktadır: 1. Süleymaniye’deki Mimar Sinan Sebili ve Merkadi’nin hattı Ahmed Karahisârî’ye ait olamaz (s. 94), çünkü kendisi 963’te (1556) vefat etmiştir, halbuki bunlar 996 (1588) tarihlidir. 2. II. Bayezid’in tahta çıkmadan önce hacca gittiği sadece Karamanî Târihi ’ne dayanılarak kabul edilmektedir (s. 140-141). 3. Kûfîden sülüse nâkil-i hakîkînin Hasan-ı Basrî olduğu kanaati (s. 164) bugün artık geçerliliğini kaybetmiş, sülüsün müstedir yazıdan doğduğu anlaşılmıştır. 4. Abdurrahman es-Sâbiğ adı (s. 253) Abdurrahman İbnü’s-Sâiğ olacaktır. 5. “Ebrî tâbir olunan münakkaş, musanna‘ kâğıt” Ayasofya hatibi Mehmed Efendi’nin icadı (s. 386) olmayıp yüzyıllar öncesinden beri yapılıyordu. Ancak bu zat “Hatîb ebrîsi” tarzını bulmuştur. 6. Kasîde-i Râiyye, İbn Mukle’nin değil (s. 429) İbnü’l-Bevvâb’ındır. 7. Müstakimzâde, Edirneli Yahyâ Sûfî’yi (ö. 882/1477) ondan 100 küsur yıl önce İran sahasında yaşayan bir başka Yahyâ Sûfî ile karıştırıp bu sonuncuya kitabında hiç yer vermemiştir (s. 583). Gülzâr-ı Savâb ’da her iki hattat ayrı ayrı kayıtlıdır. 8. Osmanlılar’da ta‘lik denilen nesta‘lik hattının Mîr Ali Tebrîzî tarafından vazedildiği bilgisi de (s. 688-689) artık geçerliliğini kaybetmiştir. 9. İmâd-i Hüseynî adı (s. 695) İmâd-i Hasenî olacaktır. Bu liste, daha derin araştırmalarla genişletilebilir.
Müstakimzâde’nin bir ifade hususiyeti de bazan şahısların vefatını doğrudan yazmayıp onların mesleğine uygun bir tarzda anlatışıdır. Meselâ bir hattat için, “Kalem-i cismini vaz‘-ı kubûr eyledi” denilmesi onun kalem benzeri bedeninin kubûr denilen kalem kutusuna konulmasıdır; kubûr aynı zamanda kabir kelimesinin çoğuludur. Hattın yanı sıra okçuluk sporuyla da uğraşan bir başkasının ölümü, “Tîr-i rûhu kemân-ı bedenden hedef-i âlem-i er-vâha küşâd bulmuş” (Ruh oku beden yayından ruhlar âlemini hedef alarak açılmış) cümlesiyle anlatılır. Bunun gibi daha birçok örnek verilebilir. 1173’te (1759-60) başladığı Tuhfe-i Hattâtîn ’in yazımını on yılı aşkın bir müddet içinde bitiren Müstakimzâde eserini 1184’te (1770) temize çektiğini belirtmektedir (s. 6). Bu tarihten sonra eserini hayli zaman dinlendirmiş, elde ettiği yeni bilgilerin yanı sıra arada vuku bulan hattat ölümlerini de hemen kaydetmiştir. Nitekim 23 Şevval 1202’de (27 Temmuz 1788) vuku bulan kendi vefatından evvel ölen hat erbabının 1202 yılı Muharreminin sonlarına (Kasım 1787) kadar kitapta tesbit edildiği görülmektedir. Yaşadıkları tarih itibariyle Tuhfe ’de bulunması gereken İsmâil Zühdü, Mustafa Râkım ve Abdülkadir Şükrü gibi -o sıralarda henüz genç olan- hattatların kitapta yer almayışı herhalde temize çekilme esnasında ilâve edilmelerinin unutulmasındandır.
Tuhfe-i Hattâtîn ’in birinci kısmında aklâm-ı sitte adıyla anılan sülüs, nesih, muhakkak, reyhânî, tevkī‘, rikā‘ yazılarının tamamı yahut bir kısmıyla ve bu yazıların celî denilen iri şekliyle, ayrıca kûfî vb. kadim yazılarla meşgul olan 1697 hattatın hayatı ve eserleri tanıtılmaktadır. Müellifin bahsi geldikçe “Tuhfe-i Kübrâ” (bir yerde “Mecelle-i Erbâb-ı Sülüs”, s. 683) ismiyle andığı bu bölümdeki maddeler elifbâ sırasına göre kaydedilmiş, haklarında fazla mâlûmat toplanabilmiş kimselere daha geniş yer verilmiştir. İkinci kısım Osmanlılar’da ta‘lik, İran’da nesta‘lik adıyla anılan hatla meşgul 372 hattata ayrılmıştır. Müellif eserinin bu bölümünü “Cerîde-i Suğrâ-yı Ta‘lîkıyyân, Cerîde-i Ta‘lîkıyyân, Tuhfe-i Suğrâ, Tuhfe-i Ta‘lîkıyye” isimleriyle anmaktadır. Birinci kısımda yazıldığı halde ta‘likle meşgalesi dolayısıyla ikinci kısımda da ayrı maddeyle tanıtılan hattatlar mevcuttur. Bütün kitapta -mükerrerleriyle birlikte- 2069 isim yer almaktadır. Buna metin dışındaki hâşiyelerde bahsedilen şahıslar dahil değildir. Müstakimzâde, tarih boyunca İslâm coğrafyasında yetişmiş bulunan tesbit edebildiği hattatları eserine almıştır. Osmanlı’nın hat sanatı cihetinden çok faal devresi olan XVIII. yüzyıl daha tafsilâtlı yazılmıştır. Kitabında müzehhiplere ayrı bahis açmayan Müstakimzâde bir hattatın hal tercümesini verirken onun eserlerinin tezhibini işleyen sanatkârlara dair bilgiler de aktarmaktadır.
Müstakimzâde, “Tuhfe-i Kübrâ”ya yazdığı mukaddimeye besmelenin İslâm’daki mevkiini tahlil ederek başlayıp hüsn-i hat noktasından ele almakta (s. 1-6), hatta dair kırk hadisi sıralayıp açıkladıktan sonra (s. 7-20) bu babdaki ifadesinde hüsn-i te’vîle başvurmaktadır (s. 20-21, zeyil). “Resûlullah Muhammed Mustafa Mahmud Ahmed” başlığıyla Hz. Peygamber’i konu alan son bölümde onun ümmîliği üstünde durmakta (s. 21-24), mukaddime faslı ebcedin izahıyla bitmektedir (s. 24-25). Ta‘lik dışındaki yazı nevileriyle meşgul olanların tanıtıldığı bölüm 26-597. sayfalar arasında devam etmektedir. Tuhfe ’nin kübrâ ve suğrâ bölümleri arasına yerleştirilmiş çok değerli bir nazariyat faslı mevcuttur. Bunun “Hâtimetü’l-kitâb” başlığıyla verilmesinden (s. 598-636) aslında kitabın kübrâ kısmıyla tamamlandığı, “Tuhfe-i Suğrâ”nın sonradan tasarlandığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Sânihaların münderecatı şöyledir: 2. sâniha hattatlıkta kullanılan alet ve edevata dair mühim mâlûmat ihtiva etmektedir; her biri kadim adlarıyla verilmiştir. 6, 7 ve 8. sânihalar kaleme dairdir. 10 ve 11. sânihalar harflerin hat nevileri, 14. sâniha harflerin noktaları, 15. sâniha ta‘lik ve nesta‘lik yazıları, 16. sâniha kadim hat çeşitleri, 17. sâniha kâtiplerin sınıflandırılması, 18. sâniha kalemin mecazi mânaları, 20. sâniha hat ve 21. sâniha rıh dökme ve mushaf hakkındadır. Bu sânihada dikkate değer bir mâlûmat yer alır: Hâfız Osman ve onun yolundan giden hattatlar, mushaf yazarken imlâ hatasını önlemek için harflerin gerekli nokta ve harekelerini koymadan cüzün tamamını bitirir, önce nokta ve harekelerini, daha sonra kırmızı mürekkeple secâvend işaretlerini koyarak yazdıklarını iki defa daha elden geçirmiş olurlardı. 23. sâniha hat tâliminde hocanın iyilikle davranmasına, 24. sâniha üstat elinin öpülmesine, 28. sâniha is ve mürekkebe, 28-32. sânihalar yazmakla ilgili bazı tecrübelere dairdir. 33. sâniha Şeyh Hamdullah’tan (ö. 926/1520) Müstakimzâde’nin devrine kadar hattatlar silsilesinin manzum olarak sıralanışıdır. Bunların sonuna eklenen sekiz sayfalık “hâtimetü’l-hâtime” harfleri muhtelif bakış açılarından ele alan mühim bir bölümü hâvidir. Daha sonra “Tuhfe-i Suğrâ” başlamaktadır.
Tuhfe-i Hattâtîn ’in müellif nüshası zamanımıza intikal etmemiştir. Fakat Müstakimzâde’nin ölümünden hemen sonra istinsah edilmiş olan Murad Molla (nr. 1448) nüshası mevcuttur. Ayrıca Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi (Yeniler, nr. 722), Millet (Ali Emîrî Efendi, nr. 796-8) ve İstanbul Üniversitesi (TY, nr. 6194) kütüphanelerinde de yazma nüshaları bulunmaktadır. İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal, Türk Tarih Encümeni adına Murad Molla nüshasını esas alarak Ali Emîrî Efendi ve İstanbul Üniversitesi, ayrıca Muallim Bahaettin Ersin nüshalarını sabırla yürüttüğü karşılaştırmalar sonunda Tuhfe ’nin güvenilir ve sağlam bir metnini ortaya koymuş, Müstakimzâde’nin hayatı ve eserlerini konu alan uzun bir incelemesini de ilâve ederek (s. 3-85) eseri neşre hazırlamıştır. Tuhfe-i Hattâtîn harf inkılâbının arkasından eski harflerle basılan son kitaptır (İstanbul 1928). Tuhfe lugatlı, secili, zaman zaman sade veya nükteli bir üslûpla Türkçe, Arapça, Farsça şiir ve güzel sözlerin ilâvesiyle kaleme alınmıştır. Bazı cümlelerinde anlaşılma güçlüğü veya ifade zafiyeti bulunuşu, kelimeler arasında bağ kurulamayışı, mâna çıkarma zorluğu gibi hususlar, çok zahmetli geçmiş bir hayatın mahsulü olan 756 sayfalık bir telifte tabii karşılanmalıdır. İbnülemin de bu gibi hataların kendi dikkatsizliğinden doğmadığını belirttikten sonra müellifin ifade tarzını, eksiklikleri, hatta imlâsını değiştirme veya düzeltme hakkını kendinde bulmadığını açıklamıştır (s. 23). Müstakimzâde, Tuhfe ’de hat ve hattatlarla ilgili bilgilerin yanında iktisat, lugat, edebiyat ve tasavvuf gibi farklı bilim ve sanat alanındaki bilgi birikimini de sırası geldikçe satır aralarına sıkıştırmıştır. Tuhfe-i Hattâtîn , hat sanatları alanında yapılan araştırmalarda genellikle ilk başvurulan kaynaktır. Hat sanatına dair Türkçe yayımlanmış ilk eser olan Hat ve Hattâtân ’da Mirza Habib Efendi, Osmanlı devrini Tuhfe ’den aynen aktarmıştır. Cumhuriyet Türkiyesi’nde hatla ilgili araştırma ve yayımlarda da Tuhfe ’den yararlanılmıştır. Batı’da hat vb. kitap sanatlarıyla sanatkârları üzerine hâlâ en geniş kaynak sayılan Les calligraphes et les miniaturistes de l’Orient musulman ’ın (Paris 1908) müellifi Clément Huart da eserinin telifinde Tuhfe-i Hattâtîn ’den çok faydalanmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Müstakimzâde Süleyman Sâdeddin, Tuhfe-i Hattâtîn (nşr. İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal), İstanbul 1928, tür.yer.; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, s. 3-85.
Gülzâr-ı Savâb , s. 40, 43.
M. Uğur Derman, “Osmanlı Çağında Hat Sanatına ve Hattatlara Dâir Yapılan Araştırmalar”, TTK Bildiriler , XIII (2002), II, 57-70.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 351-353 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.