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TUHFETÜ’l-EŞRÂF Skip to content Yûsuf b. Abdurrahman el-Mizzî’nin (ö. 742/1341) etrâf türünün en meşhur örneği olan eseri.
Tam adı Tuḥfetü’l-eşrâf bi-maʿrifeti’l-eṭrâf olup râvi isimlerine göre alfabetik düzenlenmiştir. Eser, Kütüb-i Sitte ’nin yanında Ebû Dâvûd’un el-Merâsîl ’i, Tirmizî’nin eş-Şemâʾilü’n-nebeviyye ’si, Nesâî’nin es-Sünenü’l-kübrâ ’sı ve ʿAmelü’l-yevm ve’l-leyle ’sindeki râviler dikkate alınarak hazırlanmıştır (Yûsuf b. Abdurrahman el-Mizzî, I, 3-4; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişleri, I, 18). Eserde râviler isimleri bilinenler, künyeleriyle meşhur olanlar, baba adıyla bilinenler, ismi bilinmeyenler ve kadınlar şeklinde beş grupta sıralanmakta, hadislerin senedleri eksiksiz verilmekte, metinlerin sadece baş tarafı yazılmakta yahut varsa hadisin meşhur ismi kaydedilmektedir.
Mizzî, etrâf kitapları içinde Halef el-Vâsıtî ve Ebû Mes‘ûd ed-Dımaşkī’nin Eṭrâfü’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn ’ları ile tertibini daha çok beğendiği Ebü’l-Kāsım İbn Asâkir’in el-İşrâf ʿalâ maʿrifeti’l-eṭrâf ’ını örnek almıştır (Tuḥfetü’l-eşrâf , I, 4). Bunlardaki eksiklikleri tamamlayan, yanlışları düzelten Mizzî eserinde hadislerin kaynaklarını şu rumuzlarla göstermiştir: ”ع“ Kütüb-i Sitte , ”خ“ Buhârî’nin el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’i, ”خت“ Buhârî’nin el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’te muallak olarak verdiği hadisler, ”م“ Müslim’in el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’i, ”د“ Ebû Dâvûd’un es-Sünen ’i, ”ت“ Tirmizî’nin el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’i, ”تم“ Tirmizî’nin eş-Şemâʾilü’n-nebeviyye ’si, ”س“ Nesâî’nin es-Sünen ’i, ”سى“ Nesâî’nin ʿAmelü’l-yevm ve’l-leyle ’si, ”ق“ İbn Mâce’nin es-Sünen ’i. Mizzî ayrıca kendisinin verdiği bilgileri “ziyade” anlamında ”ز“ , Ebü’l-Kāsım İbn Asâkir’e yaptığı istidrakleri ise ”ك“ rumuzuyla belirtmiştir (a.g.e. , I, 6).
Yirmi altı yılda tamamlanan (3 Rebîülevvel 722/22 Mart 1322) Tuḥfetü’l-eşrâf ’ı türünün önceki örneklerinden üstün kılan ve çok tutulmasını sağlayan yönü iç düzenidir. Özellikle râvilerin sıralanmasında izlenen yöntem sayesinde eserde aranan isim çok daha kolay bulunabilmektedir. Tuḥfe ’de sahâbîler alfabetik sıralandığı gibi çok hadis rivayet eden bir sahâbînin öğrencileri ve öğrencilerinin öğrencileri de kendi içinde alfabetik sırayla zikredilmektedir. İsimlere ait hadisler konusuna veya ilk kelimesine bakılmaksızın en çok geçtiği kaynaktan başlamak üzere verilmektedir. Mizzî’nin yöntemi daha sonra Ebü’l-Fidâ İbn Kesîr, İbn Hacer el-Askalânî ve Abdülganî b. İsmâil en-Nablusî gibi müelliflerce örnek alınmış (M. Abdurrahman Tavâlibe, s. 183-188), ancak musannifin isnadları baştan sona zikretmesi eleştirilmiştir (Abdülganî b. İsmâil en-Nablusî, I, 8).
Tuḥfe iki bölümden meydana gelmekte, birinci bölümde müsned, ikinci bölümde mürsel rivayetler yer almaktadır. Müsnedler bölümünde 986 sahâbîye ait 18.389, mürseller bölümünde 405 tâbiîye ait 1237 hadis vardır (toplam 19.626). Mürseller bölümündeki hadis numaraları önceki bölümden devam etmekte, nâşir bunun ikinci baskıda düzeltileceğini söylemektedir (Tuḥfetü’l-eşrâf , neşredenin girişleri, XIII, 8). İbn Hacer ve nâşir Abdüssamed Şerefeddin tarafından ilâve edilenler (a.g.e. , neşredenin girişi, I, 16) ve mükerrerlerle birlikte Tuḥfe ’deki hadis sayısı 19.959’a ulaşmaktadır.
Mizzî, kaynaklarının birden fazla rivayetini (meselâ Buhârî’nin iki, Ebû Dâvûd’un sekiz, Nesâî’nin dokuz) esas alarak (M. Abdurrahman Tavâlibe, s. 149, 151) gördüğü kusurları düzeltmeye çalışmışsa da, müdahale etmediği yerlerle ilgili olarak kendisi notlar hazırlamış, özellikle Nesâî’nin es-Sünenü’l-kübrâ ’sının İbn Ahmer rivayetinden hareketle yaptığı düzeltmelerden meydana gelen bu kitapçığa Laḥḳu’l-Eṭrâf adını vermiştir (İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, I, 5). Ayrıca Moğultay b. Kılıç’ın Evhâmü’l-Eṭrâf ’ı (et-Taʿaḳḳub ʿale’l-Eṭrâf ; DİA , XXX, 231), Ebü’l-Fidâ İbn Kesîr’in Câmiʿu’l-mesânîd ’inin çeşitli yerleri, Tuḥfe ’nin aynı zamanda muhtasarı olan Ebü’l-Mehâsin el-Hüseynî’nin el-Keşşâf fî maʿrifeti’l-Eṭrâf ’ı (bk. DİA , XIX, 23; el-Fihrisü’ş-şâmil , II, 1287), Zeynüddin el-Irâkī’nin kendisine ait Tuḥfe nüshası üzerine kaydettiği notlar, İbnü’l-Irâkī’nin el-İṭrâf bi-evhâmi’l-Eṭrâf ’ı (nşr. Kemâl Yûsuf el-Hût, Beyrut 1406/1986), Takıyyüddin İbn Fehd’in el-İşrâf ʿale’l-cemʿ beyne’n-Nüketi’ẓ-ẓırâf ve Tuḥfeti’l-eşrâf ’ı (Millet Ktp., Feyzullah Efendi, nr. 282) gibi Tuḥfe ’yi tamamlayan çalışmalar vardır. İbn Hacer, bunların çoğunu derleyip kendi notlarını ekleyerek el-İʿtirâf bi-evhâmi’l-Eṭrâf adıyla da bilinen (Tuḥfetü’l-eşrâf , neşredenin girişi, II, 8) en-Nüketü’ẓ-ẓırâf ʿale’l-Eṭrâf adlı eserini oluşturmuştur (bk. bibl.). Günümüzde Tuḥfe ’nin ilk üç cildinin neşir hazırlıklarına katılan Ebü’l-Eşbâl Sagīr Ahmed Şâgif el-Bâkistânî, eserin neşrinden sonra belirlediği eksikliklere dair kendi nüshasına kaydettiği notları el-Müstedrek adıyla yayımlamıştır (Riyad 1993). Eser üzerine Zehebî’nin Muḫtaṣarü’l-Eṭrâf ’ı (Abdullah Muhammed el-Habeşî, I, 552), Şehâbeddin Ahmed b. Endereşî’nin muhtasarı, İbn Kamer diye bilinen Muhammed b. Ali b. Ca‘fer’in İlṭâfü’l-eşrâf bi-zehri’l-Eṭrâf ’ı (Sehâvî, VIII, 176), Muhammed b. Abdurrahman el-Alkamî’nin et-Tuḥafü’ẓ-ẓırâf fî telḫîṣi’l-Eṭrâf ’ı (Abdullah Muhammed el-Habeşî, I, 552), Muhammed b. Hâşim b. Abdülgafûr es-Sindî’nin Tuḥfe ’den sadece Buhârî hadislerini derlediği Ḥayâtü’l-ḳārî bi-eṭrâfi Ṣaḥîḥi’l-Buḫârî ’si (Tuḥfetü’l-eşrâf , neşredenin girişleri, III, 15) gibi ihtisar çalışmaları da yapılmıştır (ayrıca bk. M. Abdurrahman Tavâlibe, s. 135-137).
Tuḥfetü’l-eşrâf , Mizzî’nin talebesi Ebü’l-Fidâ İbn Kesîr’in nüshasından 13 Şâban 774’te (7 Şubat 1373) istinsah edilen bir nüsha esas alınmak suretiyle (Tuḥfetü’l-eşrâf , neşredenin girişi, II, 19) neşredilmiş (nşr. Abdüssamed Şerefeddin, I-XIV, Bombay 1965-1982), bu neşirden ofset baskılar yapıldığı gibi (Beyrut, ts.; Beyrut 1999) eser başka nâşirler tarafından ayrıca basılmıştır (nşr. Züheyr eş-Şâvîş, Beyrut 1983; nşr. Beşşâr Avvâd Ma‘rûf, Beyrut 1999; Beyrut 2001). Nâşir Abdüssamed Şerefeddin eserin her cildine Tuḥfe ’nin tanıtımını yaptığı, hadis ilminin çeşitli meseleleri ve bazı sahâbîler hakkında bilgi verdiği Arapça ve İngilizce takdim yazıları koymuştur. Hadisleri ve râvileri ayrı ayrı numaralandıran nâşir, her tabakadaki isimlerin birbirinden kolayca ayırt edilebilmesi için sahâbî isimlerini iri harflerle yazmış, tâbiîn tabakasına bir, tebeu’t-tâbiîn tabakasına iki, sonraki tabakaya üç yıldız işareti koymuştur. Mizzî’nin kısaltmalarını metin içinde muhafaza ettiği gibi bunları her hadisin sıra numarasının altında ayrıca yazmıştır. Tuḥfe ’deki tahrîclerde sadece kitap adları zikredildiği halde nâşir bunların yanına bab ve hadis numaralarını da eklemiş, Mizzî’nin hadisler arası atıflarını hadis numaralarıyla göstermiştir. Okunması zor isim ve kelimeleri harekelemiş, eserde adı geçen bazı şahıs ve kitaplar hakkında bilgi vermiş, metne kendisinin eklediği bilgileri parantez içine almıştır. Her sayfada rivayeti yer alan sahâbînin ve öğrencisinin adını sayfanın üstünde, Tuḥfe ’deki kısaltmaların karşılıklarını ise sayfanın altında belirtmiştir. Mizzî’nin kaynakları için el-Keşşâf ʿan ebvâbi merâciʿi Tuḥfeti’l-eşrâf bi-maʿrifeti’l-eṭrâf adıyla bir fihrist hazırlayan nâşir (Tuḥfetü’l-eşrâf , neşredenin girişi, I, 17-18) bu fihristi eserin XIV. cildi olarak II. ciltle birlikte neşretmiş (Bombay 1386/1966), neşrine Tuḥfe ’den sonra başlanan Nesâî’nin es-Sünenü’l-kübrâ ’sına ait fihristi de ayrıca yayımlamıştır (Bombay 1981). Hadislerin ilk kelimelerine göre alfabetik bir fihrist yapmayı planlayan nâşir (Tuḥfetü’l-eşrâf , neşredenin girişi, XII, 9; XIII, 20) bu isteğini gerçekleştirememiş, söz konusu fihristi daha sonra Muhammed Abdülkādir Atâ hazırlamıştır (Beyrut 1990, 1994). Tuḥfe hakkında ayrıca Müessesetü’l-kütübi’s-sekāfiyye tarafından çeşitli fihristler yayımlanmıştır (I-VI, Beyrut 1994). Bu fihristlerin Taḳrîbü Tuḥfeti’l-eşrâf bi-maʿrifeti’l-eṭrâf adını taşıyan I-III. ciltleri (nşr. Ebû Abdullah Saîd el-Mendûh – Ebü’l-Fidâ Sâmî et-Tûnî) sahâbî isimlerine göre alfabetik olup hadislerin tahrîci sadece kitap adlarına göre değil Kütüb-i Sitte ’nin matbu versiyonlarının hadis veya cilt ve sayfa numaralarına göre yapılmıştır. Aynı kişiler tarafından hazırlanan Fehârisü Tuḥfeti’l-eşrâf adlı IV. cilt ise isnadlarda geçen bütün râvilere dair alfabetik fihristtir ve eserden istifadeyi oldukça kolaylaştırmaktadır. Söz konusu fihristlerin V ve VI. ciltleri ise Muhammed Abdülkādir Atâ’nın hazırladığı fihristin yeniden neşridir. Muhammed Abdurrahman Tavâlibe, el-Ḥâfıẓü’l-Mizzî ve’t-taḫrîc fî kitâbihî Tuḥfeti’l-eşrâf bi-maʿrifeti’l-eṭrâf adıyla eser ve müellif hakkında bir doktora tezi hazırlamıştır (1997, Câmiatü’z-Zeytûniyye [Tunus]; ayrıca bk. bibl.).
Tuḥfe ve benzeri eserler sayesinde bir hadisin hangi kaynaklarda geçtiğini tesbit etmek, bütün tariklerini görmek, rivayet kusurlarını farketmek, bir müellifin eserine alıp hakkında hüküm vermediği hadislerin durumunu başka müelliflerin kanaatlerinden öğrenmek, bir râvinin bütün rivayetlerini görmek ve Kütüb-i Sitte ’nin nüshaları arasındaki farkları anlamak mümkün olmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Yûsuf b. Abdurrahman el-Mizzî, Tuḥfetü’l-eşrâf bi-maʿrifeti’l-eṭrâf (nşr. Abdüssamed Şerefeddin), Bombay 1965-82, I, 3-6; XIII, 134; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişleri, I, 13, 16-18; II, 8, 19; III, 15; XII, 9; XIII, 4, 8, 20.
İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, en-Nüketü’ẓ-ẓırâf ʿale’l-Eṭrâf (Tuḥfetü’l-eşrâf ’la birlikte nşr. Abdüssamed Şerefeddin), Bombay 1965-82, I, 5.
Sehâvî, eḍ-Ḍavʾü’l-lâmiʿ , VIII, 176.
Abdülganî b. İsmâil en-Nablusî, Ẕeḫâʾirü’l-mevârîs̱ fi’d-delâle ʿalâ mevâżıʿi’l-ḥadîs̱ (nşr. Abdullah Mahmûd M. Ömer), Beyrut 1419/1998, I, 8.
el-Fihrisü’ş-şâmil: el-Ḥadîs̱ (nşr. el-Mecmau’l-melekî), Amman 1991, II, 1287.
M. Abdurrahman Tavâlibe, el-Ḥâfıẓü’l-Mizzî ve’t-taḫrîc fî kitâbihî Tuḥfetü’l-eşrâf bi-maʿrifeti’l-eṭrâf , Amman 1998, s. 135-137, 149, 151, 183-188.
Abdullah Muhammed el-Habeşî, Câmiʿu’ş-şürûḥ ve’l-ḥavâşî , Ebûzabî 1425/2004, I, 552.
Tayyar Altıkulaç, “Hüseynî, Ebü’l-Mehâsin”, DİA , XIX, 23.
M. Yaşar Kandemir, “Etrâf”, a.e. , XI, 499.
a.mlf., “Moğultay b. Kılıç”, a.e. , XXX, 231.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 357-358 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.