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TULUMBACI Skip to content Osmanlı Devleti’nde asker veya sivil itfaiye neferi için kullanılan unvan.
İtalyanca “tromba” (boru, borazan) kelimesinden gelen tulumba bir tür basit yangın söndürme düzeneği iken zamanla onu kullanan kimselerin unvanı olmuştur. Su pompalarının XV. yüzyılda İtalya’da ortaya çıktığı ve kısa sürede Akdeniz havzasında yaygınlaştığı bilinmektedir. XVII. yüzyılda Osmanlılar’da gemilere dolan suyu tahliye eden bir tulumbacı esnafı mevcuttu. Türkçe’ye bir denizcilik terimi olarak giren tulumbacı, XVIII. yüzyılda yangın söndürmek için kurulan teşkilâtta suyu tahliye eden değil ateşi söndürmek üzere taşıyıp pompalayan zümreyi niteleyen bir anlam kaymasına uğradı; XIX. yüzyılda ise bunun yanı sıra “külhanbeyi, bıçkın, serseri” mânasında da kullanıldı.
Yangınlara tulumbayla müdahale edilmesi XVI ve XVII. yüzyıllarda başta Macaristan ve Fransa olmak üzere Avrupa’da giderek yaygınlaştı. Osmanlılar’da aynı dönemde evlerde çatıya kadar uzanan merdivenlerle su dolu fıçılar bulundurulması ve bunun yasakçılar tarafından kontrolü gibi birtakım önlemler alınmakta, İstanbul’da meydana gelen yangınlar yeniçeri kolluklarındaki neferler, sakalar, baltacılar ve halk tarafından söndürülmekteydi. Osmanlı Devleti’nde yangın söndürme teşkilâtının kurulması ve tulumbanın kullanılması, XVIII. yüzyıl başında donanmayla katıldığı Venedik seferinden (1715) dönüşte ihtida eden ve Fransız asıllı bir mühendis olan Gerçek Dâvud (David) tarafından 1132’de (1720) gerçekleştirildi. Temmuz 1718’deki Tüfenghâne ve ardından Tophane yangınlarında tulumba ile yangına müdahale eden ve hizmeti büyük takdir toplayan Gerçek Dâvud Ağa’yı Sadrazam Nevşehirli Damad İbrâhim Paşa 1720’de Tulumbacı Ocağı’nı (Dergâh-ı Âlî Yeniçerileri Tulumbacı Ocağı) teşkil etmekle görevlendirdi. Dâvud Ağa ölümüne kadar (1733) tulumbacıbaşılık vazifesini yürüttü. Şehzadebaşı semtinde Acemi Oğlanları Kışlası’na yerleştirilen Tulumbacı Ocağı başlangıçta sadece altı zâbit ve elli neferden müteşekkildi. Bu sebeple tamirat ve teknik işler cebehâne, tophâne ve tüfenghâne tarafından yapılıyordu. Daha sonra kışlalarda tulumbalar için kuyular açıldığı gibi hortum ve makinelerin tamiri için birtakım alet ve edevat alınarak bir “kârhâne” (imalâthane/tamirhane) oluşturuldu. Önceleri ocak mevcudunun yetersizliği sebebiyle yangına müdahale ve su tedarikinde sakalardan, yeniçeri ve cebecilerden yararlanıldı. Ardından “mütefennin amele” adıyla nitelikli işçiler/ustalar istihdam edildi.
Tulumbacılar acemi oğlanların sağlam ve çevik (“ayağı koşarlı, uçarlı”) olanlarından seçilirdi. Yangına müdahale esnasında başlarına üzerinde kendilerine ait numara bulunan çorba tasına benzer bakırdan bir miğfer (yangın tası) giyerlerdi. Yangın dışında günlük kıyafetleri sarık, “kartal kanat” denilen kırmızı kaput ve ayakta kırmızı bir yemeniydi, baldırları ise çıplaktı (baldırı çıplak). Yangına müdahale sırasında yaralananlara tazminat ödenir, çalışamayacak derecede zarar görenler ise emekli edilirdi. Tulumbacılık hizmeti başlangıçta sadece Yeniçeri Ocağı’na bağlı bir askerî birlik tarafından görülürken zamanla Topkapı Sarayı’nda ve Tersane’de bostancıbaşıya bağlı birer tulumbacı ocağı kuruldu. 1724’te ocaktaki nefer sayısı artarak 150’ye, 1755’te 461’e ulaştı. XVIII. yüzyıl sonlarında bütün devlet kurumlarında birer tulumbacı takımı teşkil edilince 1804 yılı itibariyle merkezdeki toplam sayıları 531’e yükseldi.
Bir Fransız/Frenk tarafından imal edildiği için “didon” olarak adlandırılan ilk tulumbalar çok hantaldı ve 120 kilodan ağırdı. Taşıma güçlüğü sebebiyle zamanla “didon bozması” denilen daha hafif emme-basma tulumba modelleri geliştirildi. Üstü açık, resimlerle süslenmiş boyalı bir sandık içine yerleştirilen düzeneğin taşınmasını kolaylaştırmak amacıyla dört sırık ve altına yerle temasını engellemek için dört adet çıkıntılı bölüm (tırnak) eklendi. Makinenin çardak kısmı ile tepelik ve deve boynu denilen, hortum takılan ağzı açıkta ve su alıp veren haznesi sandık içindeydi. Tek hazneli ilk tulumbalar yetersiz kaldığından 1737’de Tulumbacıbaşı Ali Sâdık Ağa tarafından iki hazneli (çifte kazganlı) tulumba geliştirildi (BA , Cevdet-Belediye, nr. 123/6135). Bu icat, sadece çeşme bulunan yerlerde kullanılabilmesi ve masraflı oluşu yüzünden yaygınlaşmadı. 1754’te Bostancı Ocağı tulumbacısı Mehmed Ağa, uzun hortumlarıyla bahçe kuyularından su çekip pompalayabilen yeni bir tulumba yaptı. Ancak bu da kuyulara bağımlılık sebebiyle her yangında kullanılamadığından mekanik özellikleri ve boyut bakımından farklı türdeki geleneksel tulumbaların kullanımı sürdü.
İstanbul’un çeşitli semtlerinde yangına müdahaleyi kolaylaştırmak amacıyla bostancı ocaklarından sonra Temmuz 1798’de humbaracı ve lağımcı ocaklarında da itfaiye teşkilâtı kuruldu (BA , Cevdet-Askerî, nr. 126/5601, 503/23623). Ayrıca küçük yangınlara süratle müdahale için şehrin çeşitli semtlerine kolluklar konuşlandırılırken deniz aşırı yangınlara müdahale için “ateş kayıkları” denen sandallara tulumbalar monte edildi (BA, A.MKT.MHM , nr. 134/70). İstanbul’da yangın gözetlemek üzere ilki 1750’de inşa edilen ve Beyazıt, Galata, Vaniköy’ün arkasında İcadiye’de olmak üzere üç yangın kulesi bulunmaktaydı. Yangın/duman kulelerden görülmüşse gündüz bir kırmızı/sarı bayrak veya iki yana sepet asılırdı. Yangın gece vuku bulursa kırmızı bir fener ve maytap yakılarak İcadiye Kulesi’ne bildirilir, oradan top atılarak bütün İstanbul’a duyurulurdu. Bu amaçla kulelerden davul/kös çalındığı dönemler de olmuştur. Yangın duyurulduktan sonra seraskerlik binasının avlusunda bulunan Harîk Köşkü’nde yangını gözetlemeye memur, “köşklü” (önceleri dîdebân) adı verilen nöbetçi ulaklar durumu mahalle bekçileri ve tulumbacılara haber verirdi.
Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın 1826’da kaldırılmasının ardından Tulumbacı Ocağı da kaldırıldı. Tıphâne olarak kullanılması kararlaştırılan Tulumbacıbaşı Konağı’nda (BA , HAT, nr. 19308) ve ocakta bulunan tulumbalar seraskerliğe nakledildi (BA , Cevdet-Belediye, nr. 37/1826; Kānunnâme-i Askerî Defteri , I, 57). Kısa süre sonra 2 Ağustos 1826’da büyük Hocapaşa yangını çıkınca tulumbacı ocağının ihyası gündeme geldi. Bu sebeple yeni kurulan Asâkir-i Mansûre’ye bağlı yangıncı taburları teşkil edildi. Tulumbacı kelimesinin yerine “yangıncı”nın tercih edilmesi ilkinin yeniçeriliği ve önceki dönemi hatırlatmasındandı. İtfaiye hizmetlerinin aksamadan yürütülebilmesi amacıyla yangıncılar bir müdüriyet şeklinde yeniden teşkilâtlandırıldı (Eylül 1827). Ayrıca dışarıdan alınan ustalar (hortumcu, çilingir, kancacı, baltacı, borucu vb.) tulumba kârhânesi müdürünün maiyetinde istihdam edildi. Hocapaşa yangını tulumba teşkilâtının süratle ihyasını ve nefer sayısının arttırılmasını zorunlu kıldığından çıkarılan ferman gereği İstanbul halkı her semte, her mahalleye bir tulumba tedarik etti; böylece sonraları çok ün kazanacak olan mahalle tulumbacılığı ortaya çıktı (1868). Bu tulumbalar başlangıçta müslüman mahallelerinde mescidlere, hıristiyan mahallelerinde kiliselere kondu.
Tulumba sandığı sadece basit bir yangın düzeneği değil mahallenin yiğitlik, şeref ve namus sembolü telakki edilirdi. Bir mahallenin tulumbacıları koğuş adı verilen bir kahvehaneyi veya büyükçe bir odayı merkez edinir, sandık ve edevatını buraya koyar, duvarlarına dizlik denilen pantolonlarını ve keçe külâhlarını asarlardı. Bekâr tulumbacılar genellikle toplu halde bu koğuşlarda kalırlardı. Mahalle ihtiyar heyeti tarafından seçilen ve alâmet-i fârikası deri bir kırbaç olan birinci reis âmir konumundaydı. Birinci reis kabiliyetlerine göre sandığın vasıfsız neferleri sayılan uşaklar arasından ikinci reis, fenerci (yol gösterici), borucu (su fışkırtma aksamından sorumlu görevli) ve kökenci/künkçü (hortumcu, borunun hortumdan çıkmamasını sağlamakla görevli) tayin ederdi.
Tulumbacı sandıkları kenarlarındaki sırıklara omuz veren dört kişi tarafından taşınırdı; bu sebeple birbirlerine “omuzdaş” derlerdi. Sandığı taşıyan dört uşak bir takım teşkil ederdi ve nöbetleşe taşınan her sandığın birkaç takımlık efradı bulunurdu. Dört takımlık sandıklar büyük sandık kabul edilirdi. Kendilerine mahsus bir “haaayt” ile başlayan nâralar (meselâ Eyüp tulumbacılarının nârası “hazret-i ziyaretli” idi) ve manilerle yangına gidiş, dönüşte öndeki sandığı geçmek tulumbacılar tarafından büyük bir zafer sayılırdı. Bu rekabet sebebiyle kavgalar eksik olmaz, bazan ölümle biten hesaplaşmalar yaşanırdı. Beledî bir hizmetin ifası yanında bir gösteri de sunan tulumbacıların yangına gidişleri ve dönüşleri halk tarafından büyük ilgiyle izlenirdi. Mahalle tulumbacılığı gönüllü/fahrî yapılan bir kamu hizmetiydi. Buna karşılık devlet tulumbacılara birtakım vergi muafiyetleri sağlayarak bu hizmeti özendirmiştir. Ayrıca tulumbacılar söndürdükleri yangınlardan bahşiş, elbise ve kurbanlık koyun alarak veya semtin belli yerlerinde işportacılık yapma imtiyazıyla geçimlerini temin ederlerdi. Yine bayramlarda klarnet ve darbuka eşliğinde bahşiş toplar, elbise isterlerdi.
1846’da Zaptiye Müşirliği kurulunca tulumbacılık teşkilâtı bu yeni birime bağlandı. Yangınlara süratle müdahale edilebilmesi için İstanbul’un belli yerlerine havuzlar inşa edildi (BA , İ.MSM, nr. 25/673). 1855’te şehremaneti kurulmakla birlikte belediye dairelerinin teşkili ve itfaiye hizmetlerinin bu yeni kuruma devri 1868’i buldu. Ayrıca yangınlara süratli ve etkin müdahale amacıyla her mahalleye bir tulumba tedarik etme şartı getirilmesiyle mahalle tulumbacılığı daha da yaygınlaştı. Bundan dolayı halk dilinde belediye tulumba teşkilâtına ocak/daire sandığı, ahali tarafından oluşturulanlara ise mahalle sandığı denilmeye başlandı. 1870’teki büyük Beyoğlu yangınından sonra mevcut itfaiye sisteminin Avrupa standartlarında yeniden teşkilâtlandırılması gündeme geldi. Araştırmalar neticesinde en mükemmel sistemin Budapeşte’de olduğuna karar verildi; Macaristan’dan Kont Ödön Széchenyi 1871’deki ilk ziyaretinin ardından 1874’te uzman sıfatıyla İstanbul’a davet edildi. Széchenyi Paşa, ordu bünyesinde ayrı bir tabur halinde eğitilen neferlerden modern bir itfaiye bölüğü yetiştirdi. Yangın yerine karga tulumba gitme usulü terkedilerek iki yahut dört at koşulu tulumba arabaları kullanılmaya başlandı. Zamanla Deniz İtfaiye Birliği’nin (Bahriye Taburu) kurulmasıyla dört tabura ulaşan ve kendilerine üniforma giydirilen itfaiye alayı ve alınan buharlı tulumbalar itfaiye teşkilâtının modernleştirilmesinde önemli adımlar oldu. Bu çerçevede belediye tulumba teşkilâtları yeniden yapılandırılırken mahalle tulumbaları da varlığını sürdürdü. 1885’te tulumbacıların kıyafetinde yeni bir düzenleme yapıldı. Sandık kolu altındaki gösterişli kıyafetler sadeleştirildi. Her sandık için bir yangın rotası, iş başı üniforması, futbol kulüplerinin oyuncularına giydirdiği gibi bir forma belirlendi.
1889’da Tersane’de bahriye efradı ve Bahriye Nezâreti’ne bağlı müstakil bir deniz itfaiye taburu teşkil edildi. Kara itfaiye teşkilâtının dört taburunun seraskerlik dairesiyle üç kışlada (Kasımpaşa Bahriye, Taksim ve Selimiye kışlaları) toplu halde bulunması uzak semtlerde çıkan yangınlara müdahaleyi güçleştirdiğinden 1908’de Meşrutiyet’in ilânından sonra taburlar bölüklere ayrılarak semt karakollarına dağıtıldı. 1911’de birkaç otomobille motorlu tulumbalar satın alındı. Balkan savaşları ve I. Dünya Savaşı’nda itfaiye bölüklerinin de cepheye sevki zarureti ortaya çıktı. Bu sebeple askerî itfaiye devre dışı kalınca yangın söndürme görevi belediye ve mahalle sandıklarına kaldı. Bu durum itfaiye hizmetlerinin askeriyeden belediyeye devrini gündeme getirdi. Neticede itfaiye hizmetleri 1923’te İstanbul valisi ve şehremini Haydar Bey zamanında belediyeye devredildi. Mahalle tulumbacılığı Ağustos 1924’te yasaklandı, atlı ve kırbalı sakalarla birlikte tarihe karıştı. İtfaiyecileri çağdaş meslekî teknik ve pratik bilgilerle donatmak için 1937’de Saraçhane’de bir itfaiye okulu açıldı.
Tulumbacılık, bir yangın söndürme işinden ziyade özellikle İstanbul’da gündelik yaşamın ve folklorun önemli unsurlarından biriydi. Tulumba takımlarının isimleri de ilginçti: Toygartepeliler, Çengelköy Türkleri, Hasköy Mûsevîleri, Kazlıçeşmeliler vb. İstanbul gençleri ve özellikle ayak takımından gençler arasında tulumbacılık bir sevda halini alınca pazı kuvveti, pençe ve koşarlı ayak iddiaları başladı ve bir mahallenin tulumba sandığı semt sakinlerinin yiğitlik, şeref ve namusunun timsali oldu. Sadece çevik ve gözü kara tipler olarak değil aynı zamanda semâi, mani ve destan okumakla da ün salan tulumbacılar XIX. yüzyıl İstanbul hayatının önemli tiplerinden biriydi. Çoğunluğu yetimhanelerden ve bekâr odalarından yetişen bu insanlar kendilerinden esirgenmiş hayatı elde etme ideali peşinde koşar, sonuçta kaybeden de kazanan da efsaneye dönüşürdü. Tulumbacılık aslında bir tür şehir kabadayılığıydı. Mintanları, rütbe alâmetleri, kahvehane ve koğuş muhabbetleri, keçe külâh, yalın ayak ve dizlik fanila şahbazlığı, pırpırlığı ile zamanın gençlerini sarmış bir heves halini almıştı. Bazı tulumbacıların kanunsuz işlere karıştıkları, gayri ahlâkî bir hayat tarzı içinde oldukları da belirtilmiştir. Aralarında kavganın eksik olmadığı tulumbacılar kendilerine has bir argo ile konuşurlardı. Çoğu edep dışı bu tür konuşmalar tulumbacı ağzı şeklinde anılırdı. Genelde tulumbacı tiplemesi, ayyaş, serseri ve küfürbaz şeklinde takdim edilirdi. Tavırları ve kıyafetleriyle İstanbul’un en renkli zümrelerinden biri olan tulumbacılar, İtalyan ressamları Preziosi ve Fausto Zonaro tarafından resmedilmiştir. Edebiyatta ise Nâbizâde Nâzım’ın Zehra (İstanbul 1954) ve Sermet Muhtar Alus’un Onikiler (İstanbul 1999) adlı romanlarının kahramanları yine tulumbacılardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Çelebizâde Âsım, Târih , İstanbul 1282, s. 255-257.
Lutfî, Târih , I, 251, 282.
Osman Nuri Ergin, Mecelle-i Umûr-ı Belediye (İstanbul 1330-38), İstanbul 1995, II, 1077-1097; III, 1119-1255.
a.mlf., “Tulumbacılar”, İstanbul İçin Şehrengiz , İstanbul 1991, s. 113-117.
a.mlf., “İstanbul İtfaiyesi”, İstanbul Belediye Mecmuası , sy. 51, İstanbul 1928, s. 140-165.
Uzunçarşılı, Kapukulu Ocakları , I, 82-86.
Tahir Alangu, Çalgılı Kahvelerde Külhanbey Edebiyatı ve Numuneleri , İstanbul 1943.
M. Halit Bayrı, İstanbul Folkloru , İstanbul 1947, s. 22-33.
İtfaiye Tarihçesi ve İstatistiği 1714-1948 , İstanbul 1948.
Reşat Ekrem Koçu, İstanbul Tulumbacıları: Yangın Var , İstanbul 1981.
İ. Hakkı Soyyanmaz, Tulumbacılar ve Edirne Tulumbacıları , Edirne 2002.
Sermet Muhtar Alus, “Eski Tulumbacılar”, YM , sy. 13 (1939), s. 27-28.
Enver Behnan Şapolyo, “Tulumba Teşkilâtı: Gerçek Davut”, İller ve Belediyeler Dergisi , X/112, Ankara 1955, s. 101-105.
Mehmet Tarcan, “Batı Devletlerinde ve Bizde İtfaiye Teşkilatı”, İdare Dergisi , sy. 279, Ankara 1962, s. 67-83.
M. Herterich, “İtfaiye Pompalarının Tarihçesi: El Tulumbasından Türbinli Pompaya” (trc. Şefik Okday), Mühendis ve Makina , XI/130, Ankara 1968, s. 325-331, 338.
İhsan Birinci, “İtfaiye Teşkilatımızın Tarihçesi”, İller ve Belediyeler Dergisi , sy. 277, Ankara 1968, s. 550-552.
a.mlf., “Tulumbacılar”, Mesleki ve Teknik Öğretim , sy. 203, Ankara 1970, s. 22-23.
A. Süheyl Ünver, “Bizde İlk Fennî Tulumbayı Kuran Dâvud Gerçek”, Hayat Tarih Mecmuası , IX/2, İstanbul 1973, s. 8-10.
Aliye Önay, “Türkiye’de İlk İtfaiye Teşkilâtı”, a.e. , XIII/5 (1977), s. 63-67.
Turgut Kut, “Ülkemizde Yangın Tulumbasını İlk Kez İmal Eden Gerçek Davud’un ve Bazı Tulumbacıların Mezar Taşları”, TD , XXXII (1979), s. 771-788.
Uğur Göktaş, “Kartpostallarda Tulumbacılar”, İlgi , sy. 51, İstanbul 1987, s. 30-32.
a.mlf., “Tulumbacılık”, DBİst.A , VII, 301-303.
Mehmet Arslan, “Tulumbacı Nârâları”, Türk Dünyası Tarih Dergisi , sy. 58, İstanbul 1991, s. 46-47.
a.mlf., “Osmanlı Saray Şenliklerinde Tulumbacılar”, a.e. , sy. 63 (1992), s. 41-49.
Mehmet Ergün, “Külhanbey-Tulumbacı Destanları”, Toplumsal Tarih , XV/86, İstanbul 2001, s. 4-12.
Hüseyin Özgür-Sedat Azaklı, “Osmanlıda Yangınlar ve İtfaiye Hizmetleri”, Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi , III/1, Ankara 2001, s. 153-172.
Erkan Tural, “Türkiye, Hollanda, İngiltere ve Amerika’da Modern İtfaiye Teşkilatının Kuruluşu ve Harik (Yangın) Nizamnameleri”, Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler , XIII/1, Ankara 2004, s. 67-91.
Kemalettin Kuzucu, “Széchenyi Paşa ve Osmanlı İtfaiyesinin Modernleştirilmesi (1874-1922)”, Türk Kültürü İncelemeleri Dergisi , sy. 14, İstanbul 2006, s. 31-52.
Abdurrahman Kılıç, “Tulumbacı Ağzı”, Yangın ve Güvenlik , sy. 125 (2009), s. 8-10.
Cengiz Orhonlu, “Tulumbacı”, İA , XII/2, s. 50-54.
Stefanos Yerasimos, “Ṭulumbad̲j̲i”, EI2 (İng.) , X, 616.
“Gerçek Davud Ağa”, İst.A , VIII, 4287-4289.
M. Sabri Koz, “Tulumbacı Destanları”, DBİst.A , VII, 301.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 369-371 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.