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TURAHAN BEY Skip to content (ö. 860/1456)
Osmanlı akıncı beyi.
Balkanlar’da fetih faaliyetlerinde bulunan Osmanlı uç beylerindendir. Tesalya fâtihi olarak da bilinir. Bazı araştırmalarda adı Turhan Bey şeklinde yazılır. Muhtemelen Batı Anadolu bölgesinden Trakya’ya gönderilmiş Türkmen gruplarına mensuptur. Muharrem 859 (Ocak 1455) tarihli vakfiyesinde adı Emîr Paşa Yiğitoğlu Hacı Turahan Bey şeklinde geçer (Ayverdi, s. 785-787). Ondan bahseden ilk kaynaklarda Türk Turahan diye de anılır (Neşrî, s. 259). Ailenin vakıf kayıtlarının Uzunköprü, Keşan, Malkara kesiminde yoğunlaşması ilk defa bu kesime yerleştiklerini gösterir. Hatta bu kesimde oturanlar tahrir kayıtlarında “Turahanlı” şeklinde geçer. Tarihî geleneğe göre babası Üsküp yöresinin fâtihi Paşa Yiğit Bey’dir. Paşa Yiğit Bey’in Üsküp’ü aldıktan sonra fetihlerini Tesalya taraflarına uzatmak için oğlu Turahan Bey’i bu istikamete yolladığı belirtilir. Ancak Tesalya bölgesinin Evrenos Gazi tarafından 796’da (1394) ele geçirildiği bilinmektedir. İbn Kemal’e göre bu fetih sırasında Turahan Bey de mîrâhur sıfatıyla onun yanında bulunmaktaydı (Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân , s. 225). Bu bilgi, Turahan Bey’in babası diye gösterilen Paşa Yiğit’in Üsküp fâtihi Paşa Yiğit olmayıp bir başkası olduğunu düşündürür. Paşa Yiğit ve oğlu Turahan’ın Evrenos Gazi’ye bağlı şekilde faaliyet gösterdikleri ve onun vefatının ardından bu uç bölgesinin sorumluluğunu üstlendikleri ileri sürülür (Kayapınar, sy. 10 [2005], s. 186-187).
Evrenos Bey’in Yenice-i Vardar’a gidişiyle onun tarafından Tesalya bölgesinde bırakılan Turahan Bey az zamanda meşhur uç beyleri arasına girdi. Dukas’a göre daha bu yıllarda Yıldırım Bayezid onu Trakya ve Bulgaristan’ın Karadeniz kıyılarındaki şehirlerine akın için yollamış, böylece İstanbul kuşatması ve ablukası sırasında (muhtemelen 798/1396) bu yolları kapattırmıştı (Tarih , s. 42). Turahan Bey’in adı daha sonra Osmanlı kaynaklarında Düzmece Mustafa olayı dolayısıyla geçer. Fetret döneminin çalkantılı yıllarında Rumeli’de diğer uç beyleriyle birlikte hareket ettiği ve komşularıyla iyi ilişkiler kurduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Özellikle Mihaloğlu Mehmed Bey’in diğer beyler gibi onun da üzerinde etkisi olduğu bilinmektedir. Nitekim Mehmed Bey’in Tokat’a hapsedilmesinden rahatsızlık duyan uç beyleri, taht iddiacısı diye ortaya çıkan Yıldırım Bayezid’in oğlu Mustafa Çelebi’nin yanında toplanmıştı; bunların arasında Turahan Bey de yer alıyordu. Ardından Mihaloğlu Mehmed Bey’i hapisten çıkaran II. Murad, amcası Mustafa’nın yanındaki bu uç beylerini ondan ayırmayı ve kendisine yeniden tâbi kılmayı başardı (825/1422).
II. Murad’a bağlılık bildirdikten sonra tekrar Tesalya uç bölgesine döndüğü anlaşılan Turahan Bey, 826 Cemâziyelâhirinde (Mayıs 1423) Mora’da atlı birlikleriyle Germe Hisarı olarak da anılan Hexamilion (Eksamil/Isthmus) duvarına yönelik hücumlarda bulundu. II. Manuel tarafından yeni baştan yaptırılan istihkâmları yıktı ve Mora’ya girdi. Bu kesimdeki Arnavutlar’la yaptığı savaşta onları dağıttı. Mistra, Leondari, Gardiki, Dabia gibi şehirleri baskı altında tuttu. Mora’da sahil kesiminde, Venedik idaresi altında bulunan şehirler hariç neredeyse tamamen nüfuz tesis etti. Venedik kaynaklarına göre 1425’te Venedik donanması amirali barış ön görüşmelerini Turahan Bey ile yaptı. Tuz gelirlerinden yılda 20.000 akçe ödenmesi yolunda vaadde bulundu. Onunla bizzat tanıştığı anlaşılan diplomat ve tarihçi Georgios Sphrantzes’e göre Mora ve Lepanto kesiminde akınlar yaptığı gibi Mora Despotu Konstantin’in Patras şehrini almasını engelledi. Bu vesileyle Sphrantzes 1429 Eylül ayında Turahan’ın yanına Tırhala’ya giderek Patras işini görüştü.
833’te (1430) Selânik’in fethi sırasında Rumeli uç beyleriyle kuşatmaya katıldığı anlaşılan Turahan Bey 1431’de Korint berzahındaki surları yıktı. Ergirikasrı bölgesinde isyan çıkaran Zenebişi ve Aranitiler’i te’dib için yollanan Evrenosoğlu Ali Bey’in başarısızlığı üzerine Rumeli Beylerbeyi Sinan Paşa ile birlikte buraya gönderildi (1434). Oruç Bey de onun Arnavutluk taraflarına akınlarda bulunduğunu, Yanya ve bütün Arnavutluk ilini yağmaladığını kaydeder (Oruç Beğ Tarihi , s. 59). Bu sırada Ergirikasrı civarında Zenebiş topraklarını zaptettiği ve Kruya’daki (Akçahisar) Gjon Kastrioti’yi (İvan/Yuvan Kastriyota) Osmanlılar’a tâbi kıldığı da belirtilir (Imber, s. 22). 1435 yaz aylarında Teb (Tiva/Thebai) şehrini kuşatarak zaptetti. Hatta Sphrantzes, Tiva’da bulunan Turahan Bey’in yanına elçilikle gidince Turahan Bey, ona despotla iyi ilişkilerinden bahsederek bu şehri bir kere ele geçirmiş olduğunu ve bırakamayacağını söyledi (İstanbul’un Fethinin Bizanslı Son Tanığı , s. 172).
Bu bölgedeki faaliyetleri dışında Osmanlı kaynaklarında Turahan Bey’in Tuna sınırına yönelik akınlar yaptığına dair bilgiler vardır. II. Murad’ın emriyle Tuna ötesine geçip Eflak ilini tahrip eden akıncılar arasında o da bulunuyordu (841/1437). Bu tarihlerde Sırbistan’da Osmanlı kontrolü kurulduğu ve akın faaliyetleri Tuna ve ötesine kaydığı için II. Murad ona üs olarak Güvercinlik Kalesi’ni verdi. 846’da (1442) buradan Macar topraklarına yaptığı akınlardan birinde Sava ırmağı üzerinde Macar birlikleri karşısında yenilgiye uğradı. Bu münasebetle Macar kral nâibi János Hunyadi’nin bir mektubunda adı Güvercinlik Beyi Koca Turahan Bey diye geçer. Buradaki “koca” kelimesi onun bu sıralarda yaşının diğer beylere göre hayli ilerlediğine işaret eder. 1443-1444’te Macarlar’ın İzlâdi Derbendi’nde zorlukla durdurulduğu savaşlar sırasında görüşlerine başvurulduğunda kendisinin uç beyleri arasında en yaşlı ve tecrübeli kişi olduğunu söylemiştir. Bölgedeki faaliyetleri sırasında muhtemelen Sırp Despotu Georg Brankovič ile (Vılkoğlu) iyi münasebetler kurmuş, hatta savaş sonrası imzalanan antlaşmada aracı rol üstlenmişti. Bununla beraber dönemin Osmanlı tarihçileri İzlâdi’deki başarısızlığını onun gevşek tutumuna ve Vılkoğlu ile olan dostluğuna bağlar. Halbuki bu mücadeleler sırasında II. Murad’ın onun sözünü dinlediği, verdiği taktiklere uygun hareket ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Fakat geri çekilen Macar ordusunu takip işindeki başarısızlık az sonra rakibi olduğu anlaşılan Çandarlı Halil Paşa’nın etkisiyle Edirne’de tutuklanıp hapsedilmek üzere Tokat’a sevkedilmesine yol açtı.
Bu durum muhtemelen, II. Murad’ın uğranılan başarısızlığı akıncı beylerine bağlayarak onların güçlerini kırmak veya mağlûbiyetin mesuliyetini bu tanınmış akıncı beyine yükleyip ortaya çıkması muhtemel tepkileri dengelemek istemesinden kaynaklanmıştır. Nitekim hemen ardından hapisten çıkarılıp yeniden Mora’ya yollandı (850/1446). Âşıkpaşazâde, Varna Savaşı’nda kazanılan başarı üzerine Azap Bey’in aracılığıyla affedildiğini yazar (Târih , s. 185). Bihiştî ise 1446’da Mora seferine çıkmaya karar veren II. Murad’ın onu Tokat’tan çağırtıp bu hususta görüşlerine başvurduğunu ve tavsiyeleri uyarınca hareket ettiğini bildirir. Chalkokondyles de Mora seferindeki rolünü anlatarak Germe Hisarı’nın yıkılmasından ve yaptığı akınlardan söz eder. Ayrıca Turahan Bey’in II. Kosova Savaşı sırasında (852/1448) kuvvetleriyle orduda hazır bulunduğunu yazar.
Turahan Bey, II. Mehmed’in tahta ikinci defa cülûsu sırasında onun yanında yer aldı ve Karamanoğlu üzerine yaptığı sefere katıldı. Sefer dönüşü yeniçeri isyanında yer alan elebaşılarının katledilmesi için padişahı teşvik etti. Ancak padişah bu nazik siyasî ortamda böyle bir harekete girişmeyi doğru bulmadı. Turahan Bey, İstanbul’un fethine taraftar olanlarla birlikte hareket etti ve Halil Paşa’ya karşı olan grubu destekledi. İstanbul’un fethi için yapılan hazırlıklar esnasında 1452 Aralık ayında Mora’dan gelecek yardımları önlemek üzere Ahmed ve Ömer adlı iki oğluyla birlikte önemli faaliyetler gerçekleştirdi. Korint berzahının savunma duvarlarını ele geçirdi, Arkadia’ya kadar indi, Tripolis ovasından geçip İthome dağının Messenia bölgesine ulaştı. Koron körfezine geldi, Navarin’i aldı. Böylece Mora’dan İstanbul’a gelmesi muhtemel yardımları engellemiş oldu. Bu harekât sırasında Turahan Bey’in oğlu Ahmed, Sparta Despotu Demetrios tarafından esir edildi ve 1454 Aralık ayında diğer oğlu Ömer tarafından kurtarıldı. Turahan Bey’in İstanbul’un kuşatmasında hazır bulunduğuna dair kayıtlar vardır. Muhtemelen fetihten sonra yeniden Tesalya’ya dönmüş ve oğlunun kurtarılması işiyle uğraşmıştır. 1455 Ekiminde Edirne’ye gelerek padişahla buluşan Turahan Bey ertesi yıl yaşı sekseni geçmiş olduğu halde vefat etti (860/1456 yılı ortaları). Uzunköprü Kırıkkavak köyünde yaptırdığı caminin yanındaki türbesine defnedildi. Babinger türbesinin Larissa’da bulunduğunu yazar (İA , XII/2, s. 105), ancak başka bir yerde Kırıkkavak’taki türbesinde medfun olduğunu bildirir (Fatih Sultan Mehmed , s. 151). Vakfiyesinde “Hacı” unvanıyla anılması onun hacca gittiğine delil teşkil eder. Muhtemelen bu yolculuk II. Kosova Savaşı’nın ardından gerçekleşmiştir.
Turahan Bey’in ele geçirdiği Tesalya onun idarî bölgesi durumundaydı. Buraya İslâmî bir karakter kazandırmış, Anadolu’dan pek çok Türk göçmeni bölgeye yerleştirilmiştir. Larissa (Yenişehr-i Fener) onun zamanında önemli bir merkez olmuş, burada cami ve başka hayır eserleri yaptırmıştır. Ayrıca oğullarının bu şehirde pek çok hayır eseri mevcuttu. Tırhala da yine bu dönemde bir İslâm şehri özelliği kazanmıştır. Tırnova’nın bir kasaba haline gelişini sağlamış, bölgede İvlaho (Evlahoyanni), Tırnova, Farsala gibi merkezler kurulmuştur. Turahan Bey’in 850 (1446) tarihli vakfiyesinde Larissa’da bir cami, medrese, zâviye, hamam, Tırhala’da bir cami, Platamona ve Çitroz’da birer kervansaray yaptırdığı kayıtlıdır. Bu eserlerden hiçbiri günümüzde ayakta değildir. Ayrıca vakıf kayıtlarına göre Kırıkkavak’ta bir cami, imaret, Malkara’da yine bir cami ve medrese inşa ettirmiştir (Gökbilgin, s. 340-341). Kırıkkavak’taki cami ve imareti harap duruma gelmiş, cami yakın zamanda restore edilmiş, türbesi ise 1930’lu yıllardan sonra yıkılmış, geriye bir mezar yeri kalmış, ardından buraya bir türbe yapılmıştır.
Turahan Bey’in akıncı beyi oldukları anlaşılan iki oğlundan Ahmed, Tesalya’nın idaresini babasından sonra üstlendi. Bununla birlikte Ömer Bey’in de Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in 860 (1456) Mora seferinin ardından bölgenin muhafazasıyla görevlendirildiği bilinmektedir. İki kardeşin ortak hareket ettiği, fakat kaynaklarda daha çok Ömer Bey’in adı geçtiği söylenebilir. Bizans tarihçilerinden Chalkokondyles özellikle Ömer Bey hakkında geniş bilgi verir. Ahmed’in de hacca gitmeye teşebbüs ettiğini, Ömer’in ise Tırhala beyi olarak faaliyet gösterdiğini yazar. Ömer Bey 1456’da Atina’nın aşağı kesimlerini ele geçirdi, Haziran 1458’de şehre tam anlamıyla hâkim oldu. Ertesi yıl Mora’da çıkan karışıklıklardan kendisini sorumlu tutan Fâtih Sultan Mehmed tarafından azledildi. Mora seferinden sonra yeniden Tesalya ve Selânik yöresinin idareciliğine getirildi. Bu unvanla Bosna seferine katıldı. Ardından Mora’ya döndü, Venedikliler’ce kuşatılan Gördüs Kalesi’nin yardımına koştu. Venedikliler’i geri püskürttü ve onların elindeki kalelere saldırı düzenledi. Modon ve Koron’a kadar ilerledi (1463). 1466’da Balyabadra’ya saldıran Venedikliler’i çekilmeye zorladı, onları yendi ve aldığı esirlerle birlikte İstanbul’a gitti. 1473’te Uzun Hasan ile yapılan Otlukbeli Savaşı’nda ilk çarpışmalar sırasında esir düştü. Onun 882’de (1477) Venedikliler’i İsonza’da (İsonso/Aksu) yendiği, ertesi yıl Arnavutlar’la çarpıştığı bilinmektedir. Ömer Bey’in Muharrem 889 (Şubat 1484) tarihli bir vakfiyesi mevcuttur. Ömer Bey, 908 Rebîülâhirinde (Ekim 1502) vefat ederek Malkara’da yaptırdığı caminin yanındaki âbidevî türbeye defnedildi. Oruç Bey onun doksan altı yaşında olduğunu yazar (Oruç Beğ Tarihi , s. 220; burada muhtemelen istinsah hatasıyla adı Tura Beyoğlu Mehmed Bey şeklinde kayıtlıdır). Ömer Bey’in Hasan ve İdris adlı iki oğlundan Hasan Bey mahallî bir idarecidir. Onun da Şevval 937 (Mayıs 1531) tarihli bir vakfiyesi vardır. Niğde ve Bayburt sancak beyliklerinde bulunduğu anlaşılan İdris Bey’in bir şair olarak ün kazandığı, dönemin tezkirecilerinin kayıtlarından anlaşılmaktadır. Durak Bey adlı bir başka oğlunun yine sancak beyliği yaptığı tesbit edilmektedir. Turahan Bey ailesi XIX. yüzyıl başlarına kadar bu bölgede oturmuştur. Hasan Bey’in oğlu Ömer Bey 961’de (1554) akıncı kumandanı olarak görülür ve bu durum onun aile geleneğini sürdürdüğüne işaret eder.
Turahan Bey’in oğullarından Ahmed Bey’in 917’de (1511) tescil edilen bir vakfiyesi vardır. Diğer oğlu Hızır Bey de bir mescid yaptırmıştır. Ömer Bey’in ise vakıfları çok zengindir. Larissa, Tırhala, Tırnova, Platamona, Çatalca, Fener, İzdin, Livadya, Serez, Drama, Malkara, Semendire’de cami, mescid, tekke, imaret, hamam, kervansaray, köprü, mektep gibi eserler yaptırmıştır (Kiel, s. 150-151). Onun oğullarından Hasan, Mustafa, Hamza, Eyüb ve İbrâhim beylerin de hayır eserleri inşa ettirdikleri kayıtlıdır. Turahan Bey’in Mehmed adlı bir başka oğlunun daha olduğu ve bundan Hacı Mustafa Bey adlı bir torunu bulunduğu, bu zatın da Tırhala’da bir mescid yaptırdığı (924/1518) tesbit edilmektedir (Kayapınar, sy. 10 [2005], s. 192-193). Yine bu aileden Fâik Paşa, Rumeli valiliği yapmış ve Mart 1643’te yetmiş yaşlarında İstanbul’da idam edilmiştir (Naîmâ, II, 975-976).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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İstanbul’un Fethinin Bizanslı Son Tanığı Yorgios Sfrancis’in Anıları -Chronicon Minus- (trc. Levent Kayapınar), İstanbul 2009, s. 72, 144-152, 166, 172, 272, 294, 300, 374-376.
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L. Chalkokondyles, Historiarum Demonstrationes (ed. E. Darkó), Budapest 1922-23, I, 205; II, 30, 58, 82-89, 148, 172.
Tursun Bey, Târîh-i Ebü’l-Feth (nşr. A. Mertol Tulum), İstanbul 1977, s. 114, 127, 162.
Oruç Beğ Tarihi: Giriş, Metin Kronoloji, Dizin, Tıpkıbasım (haz. Necdet Öztürk), İstanbul 2007, s. 56, 58-60, 63-64, 124, 130, 220.
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İbn Kemal, Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân , IV. Defter, s. 221-230.
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Rûhî Târîhi (TTK Belgeler , XIV/18 [1992] içinde, tıpkıbasımı ile birlikte nşr. Yaşar Yücel – Halil Erdoğan Cengiz), s. 447.
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J. Philip Fallmerayer, Doğu’dan Fragmanlar (trc. Hüseyin Salihoğlu), Ankara 2002, s. 290-293.
Gökbilgin, Edirne ve Paşa Livâsı , s. 340-341, XIII. Vakfiye (s. 250-253).
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a.mlf., “Turahan Bey”, İA , XII/2, s. 104-106.
C. Imber, Varna Savaşı (trc. Ayda Arel), İstanbul 2007, s. 22, 36-37, 247-250.
Stavros G. Gouloulis, Ta Aphierotiria ton Turahanidon , Larissa 2009.
Akdes Nimet Kurat, “Bizansın Son ve Osmanlıların İlk Tarihçileri”, TM , III (1935), s. 191-196, 198-201.
Levent Kayapınar, “Teselya Bölgesinin Fatihi Turahan Bey Ailesi ve XV.-XVI. Yüzyıllardaki Hayır Kurumları”, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi , sy. 10, Bolu 2005, s. 183-196.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 405-407 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.