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TURAN, Ali Skip to content (1864-1940)
Türk düşüncesinin önde gelen temsilcilerinden, bilim adamı, şair ve ressam.
8 Mart 1864’te Azerbaycan’ın Sâlyân şehrinde doğdu. Babası Molla Hüseyin Hüseyinzâde, Kruzma beylerinden Kâzım Hüseyinzâde’nin oğlu, annesi Hatice Hanım, Kafkasya Şeyhülislâmı Ahund Ahmed Hüseyinzâde’nin kızıdır. Orta öğrenimini tamamladıktan sonra (1885) Petersburg’da Fizik-Matematik Fakültesi’ni bitirdi (1889). Talebeliğinde Doğu Bilimleri Fakültesi’nin derslerini de izledi. Ardından İstanbul’a gidip Mekteb-i Tıbbiyye-i Askeriyye’ye girdi (1890). Burada İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’ni kuran gençler üzerinde etkili oldu ve aralarında yer aldı. Mezuniyetinden (10 Temmuz 1895) sonra Haydar Paşa Askerî Hastahanesi Deri ve Frengi Hastalıkları Kliniği’nde uzman yardımcısı olarak çalışmaya başladı. 1897 Türk-Yunan savaşında cephede hizmet etti. Savaşın ardından muallim muavini (doçent) sıfatıyla Askerî Tıbbiye’ye geçti (1900). İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’ne mensubiyeti dolayısıyla polis tarafından arandığı için bir müddet İstanbul’da saklanıp Azerbaycan’a kaçtı (1903).
Bakü’de Rusça yayımlanan Kaspi gazetesinde yazı yazmaya başlayan Hüseyinzâde Ali Bey, Azerbaycan ve Rusya müslümanlarının çeşitli problemleri hakkında toplumu aydınlatan etkili yazılarıyla dikkati çekti. 1904’te Rus-Japon savaşının ortaya çıkardığı fırsattan yararlanmak isteyen Rusya’daki müslüman aydınlar bölgelerinde heyetler oluşturuyor, bunları Petersburg’a göndererek problemlerini Rus hükümetine duyuruyor, çeşitli taleplerde bulunuyordu. Azerbaycan’da da Hüseyinzâde Ali Bey, Ahmet Ağayev (Ağaoğlu), Ali Merdan Topçubaşı, Âdil Han Ziyathan gibi aydınların öncülüğünde on bir kişilik bir heyet halk tarafından seçilip Petersburg’a yollandı. Başvekil Vitte ile görüşen heyet halkın isteklerini bildirdi ve ilk defa Hayat adlı günlük bir gazete çıkarma izni almayı başardı. 1905-1906 yıllarında yayımlanan Hayat ’ın sahibi Hacı Zeynelâbidin Tağıyev (Takiyef), sorumlu müdürü Ali Merdan Topçubaşı, başmuharrirleri Hüseyinzâde Ali Bey ve Ahmet Ağaoğlu idi. Ağaoğlu 102. sayıdan sonra gazeteden ayrılınca Ali Bey tek başına gazeteyi yönetti. Hayat Rus aleyhtarı bir siyaset takip ettiği, İslâmcılık-Türkçülük yaptığı gerekçesiyle kapatılınca (toplam 325 sayı) Ali Bey, Ahmet Ağaoğlu ile birlikte haftalık Füyûzât dergisini (otuz sekiz sayı) çıkardı. Hayat ve Füyûzât , sadece Azerbaycan Türkleri’nin değil bütün Rusya Türkleri’nin siyaset ve kültür hayatında derin izler bıraktı; modern fikir ve edebiyatın gelişmesini sağladı; Gaspıralı İsmâil’in önderlik ettiği Türkiye Türkçesi’ni (İstanbul ağzı) yazı dili olarak kullanma fikrini Azerbaycan’da hayata geçirdi; İslâm ve Türk dünyasında kardeşlik düşüncelerinin yerleşmesinde ve Kafkasya’da Şiî-Sünnî çekişmelerinin ortadan kalkmasında etkili oldu. Hüseyinzâde Ali Bey, Füyûzât ’ın kapatılmasından sonra İrşad , Terakkî , Hakikat gibi gazetelerde yazmaya devam etti. Ali Merdan Topçubaşı’nın hapsedilmesi üzerine Kaspi ’nin başyazarlığına getirildi (1907). Bir yandan da arkadaşlarıyla birlikte Bakü’de kurdukları Saadet Mektebi’nde Türkçe dersleri verdi, ders nâzırlığı yaptı (1908-1910).
II. Meşrutiyet’in ardından Bahâeddin Şâkir ve diğer bazı İttihatçılar’ın davetiyle İstanbul’a gelen Ali Bey, bir müddet İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nin merkez-i umûmî ve İstanbul merkezi üyeliğinde bulundu. Türk Ocağı’nın ve Türk Yurdu dergisinin kurulmasında emeği geçti. Türkiye’ye bu gelişinde yazılarından çok sohbetleriyle etkili oldu, tıp konusunda araştırmalara yöneldi. Bir imtihanı kazanarak İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Deri ve Frengi Hastalıkları Kliniği’nde şef olarak göreve başladı (1910). Daha sonra muallim muavinliğine ve muallimliğe (1925), ardından müderrisliğe (1926) tayin edildi. 1931’de emekliye ayrıldıysa da 1933 yılı sonunda Dârülfünun’un lağvedilmesine kadar ders vermeye devam etti.
Hüseyinzâde Ali Bey, Balkan ve I. Dünya savaşlarında Hilâliahmer’de çalıştı ve bazı cemiyetlerde faaliyet gösterdi. Kafkas Türkleri Neşr-i Maârif Cemiyeti üyesi (1913), Türk-Macar Dostluk Yurdu Cemiyeti genel merkez üyesi (1916), Maarif Vekâleti Âsâr-ı İlmiyye ve Milliyye Tedkik Cemiyeti üyesi (1917) ve Meclis-i Âlî-i Sıhhiyye üyesi (1917) oldu. Aynı zamanda Millî Tâlim ve Terbiye Cemiyeti’nin kurucularındandır (1916). I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Türk dünyasının problemlerini anlatmak üzere Avrupa ülkelerine gönderilen Turan Heyeti’nde yer aldı. Heyet üyeleri çeşitli yerlerde konferanslar verip yazılar yayımladı. Stockholm’de toplanan Milletlerarası Sosyalist Konferansı’na Âkil Muhtar ve Nesim Muhlis’le birlikte gönderildi (1917). Heyet Hollanda-İskandinav Komitesi’ne Türkler’in haklarını savunan bir muhtıra verdi. 1918’de Kafkasya halkları Mâverâ-yi Kafkas Hükümeti’ni kurmuşlardı. Hariciye Nâzırı Halil Paşa, Batum’da Türkiye ile bu hükümet arasında bir barış antlaşması yapmaya çalışıyordu. O sırada Ali Bey, Ahmet Ağaoğlu ile birlikte siyasî müşavir sıfatıyla Kafkasya’ya gönderildi. Bunlar, Mâverâ-yi Kafkas federasyonunun bozulması ve her halkın kendi bağımsızlığını ilân etmesi üzerine Gence’de bulunan Nûri Paşa’nın yanına gidip Azerbaycan aydınları ile Osmanlı hükümeti arasındaki görüşmelere katıldılar ve Azerbaycan’da bir cumhuriyetin kurulması işinde hizmet ettiler.
Damad Ferid Paşa hükümeti zamanında iki defa tutuklanan Ali Bey aylarca Bekir Ağa Bölüğü’nde hapis yattı (1919) ve Malta adasına gönderilmekten tesadüfen kurtuldu. 1926’da Bakü’de toplanan I. Milletlerarası Türkoloji Kongresi’ne katılan Türkiye heyetinde M. Fuad Köprülü ile birlikte yer aldı. Konferansın çalışmalarına aktif biçimde katıldı. Bu sırada tuttuğu birkaç defterden ibaret notları henüz tam yayımlanmamıştır. 1926’da Mustafa Kemal’e karşı düzenlenen İzmir suikastı davasına adı karışıp tutuklandıysa da mahkemede beraat etti. İstanbul’da toplanan III. Türk Dil Kurultayı’nın çalışmalarına katıldı (1936). 17 Mart 1940’ta İstanbul’da öldü ve Karacaahmet Mezarlığı’na defnedildi.
Eserleri. Hüseyinzâde Ali Bey’in ilk yazısı tıp öğrencisi iken kaleme aldığı, Abdullah Cevdet’in Ramazan Bahçesi ’nde yayımlanan Ömer Hayyâm’la ilgili makaledir. İlk manzum eserleri “Sâlyânî” imzasıyla Ma‘lûmât dergisinde ve İrtikā gazetesinde çıkmıştır. İrtikā ’da basılan, İngiliz şairi Milton’un “Kaybedilmiş Cennet”inden çevirdiği yazı “Körlükten İştikâ” adlı parçadır. Tıpla ilgili ilk yayını Mehmed Refî ile birlikte Nenter’den tercüme ettikleri Veba ve Mikrobu ’dur (1318/1900). Türk Ocağı’nda sifilis hastalığına dair verdiği konferanslar Tanin gazetesinde neşredilmiş (15-16 Haziran ve 12-15 Temmuz 1916), ancak bu hastalıkla ilgili ders notlarından oluşan araştırması basılmadan kalmıştır. Kemal Cenap’la beraber hazırladığını söylediği “Ansiklopedik Tıp Lugatı” da yayımlanmamıştır. Bir gazeteci ve fikir adamı sıfatıyla ilk yazısı, Mısır’da çıkan Türk gazetesinde Yusuf Akçura’nın “Üç Tarz-ı Siyâset” makalesi hakkında A(yın) Turanî imzasıyla yazdığı “Mektûb-i Mahsûs”tur (24 Teşrînisânî 1904, sy. 56). Çehov’dan uyarladığı Abd-i Gılâf ve Mahfaza istibdat dönemi İstanbul hayatını anlatır (Bakü 1906). Hayat ve Füyûzât ’la diğer Azerbaycan gazetelerinde yazdığı makaleler arasında özellikle “Türkler Kimdir ve Kimlerden İbarettir?” (Hayat , 1905, 8 tefrika) ve Siyâset-i Fürûset (İrşâd , Terakkî ve Hakîkat gazetelerinde tefrika edilmiştir, 1908) en tanınmış eserleri arasında yer alır. F. Schiller’den yaptığı manzum çeviri Kefalet yahut Vefakâr Dostlar adıyla basılmıştır (İstanbul 1923). 1926’da Bakü’de verdiği bir konferansın metni olan Garbın İki Destanında Türk ’ün içinde (Bakü 1926) kendisinin Avrupalı şairlerden çevirdiği manzum kısımlar da bulunmaktadır. Uzun yıllar üzerinde çalıştığı Goethe’nin Faust adlı eserinin manzum tercümesinin bir kısmını bastırabilmiştir (İstanbul 1932). Adam Smith’in bir eserini Servet-i Milel adıyla Maarif Vekâleti adına çevirmiş, Latin harflerinin kabulü üzerine kitap basılamamıştır; el yazması nüshası kendi arşivindedir. Şiirlerini ve şiir çevirilerini bir defterde topladığı Ebedî Güzellik başlıklı eseri de arşivinde bulunmaktadır. Ali Bey’in hayatı ve eserleri hakkında son zamanlarda Türkiye’de ve Azerbaycan’da lisans ve yüksek lisans tezleri yapılmış, fakat henüz hiçbiri neşredilmemiştir. Kendi arşivine dayanan ayrıntılı bir araştırma Ali Haydar Bayat tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir: Hüseyinzâde Ali Bey (2. bs., Ankara 1998). Azerbaycan’da Ofeliya Bayramlı, Ali Bey’in çeşitli eserlerini ve yazılarını derleyerek birkaç kitap halinde ayrı ayrı bastırdıktan sonra Eli Bey Hüseyinzâde: Seçilmiş Eserleri adıyla iki cilt olarak neşretmiştir (Bakü 2008). Hüseyinzâde Ali Bey’in arşivi kızı Feyzaver Alpsar tarafından Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü Arşivi’ne bağışlanmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Hüseyinzâde Ali, Tercüme-i Hâl Varakası (23 Ramazan 1329 / 4 Eylül 1327), Hüseyinzâde Ali Turan Arşivi, vr. 1-3.
a.mlf., Biyografik Muhtasar Mâlûmat (Şubat 1935), Hüseyinzâde Ali Turan Arşivi, vr. 1-8 (şiirlerini topladığı defterin başında).
Saide Santur, Ali Hüseyinzâde (Ali Turan) 1864-1940: Türk Düşünürü, Yazar , Hüseyinzâde Ali Turan Arşivi.
Ergun, Türk Şairleri , II, 475-482.
Hilmi Ziya Ülken, Türkiye’de Çağdaş Düşünce Tarihi , Konya 1966, s. 425-439.
a.mlf., “Türkçülüğün ve Türk Sosyalizminin Babası Ali Turan”, Yeni İnsan , VII/84, İstanbul 1969, s. 6-11, 21-28; VIII/85 (1970), s. 6-11, 21-25.
İsmet Ergin, Ali Bey Hüseyinzâde’nin Hayatı, Eserleri ile Füyûzat Dergisi ve Hayat Gazetesindeki Bir Kısım Makaleleri (mezuniyet tezi, 1970), İÜ Ed.Fak.
İlham Habibullayev, Hüseyinzade Ali Bey (Turan) Hayatı ve Fikirleri (yüksek lisans tezi, 2001), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Azer Turan, Eli Bey Hüseynzade , Moskva 2008.
Yusuf Akçura, “Hüseyinzâde Ali Bey”, TY , I. seri: VIII/81 (1331/1915), s. 2550-2556; II. seri: sy. 82 (1331), s. 2566-2570; III. seri: sy. 83 (1331), s. 2581-2585 (makalenin Latin harfli baskısı için bk. [haz. Sabahattin Çağın], Kardaş Edebiyatlar , sy. 23, Ankara 1992, s. 32-44).
İnci Enginün, “Turan, Hüseyin Ali”, TDEA , s. 384-385.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 408-410 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.