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TURHAN SULTAN Skip to content (ö. 1094/1683)
IV. Mehmed’in annesi vâlide sultan.
Rus asıllı olup 1627’de doğduğu ve on iki yaşında Kırım Tatarları’na esir düşerek Kör Süleyman Paşa tarafından Kösem Sultan’a hediye edildiği söylenir. Hatice Turhan ismini kendisine Kösem Sultan’ın verdiği ileri sürülmüşse de Osmanlı tarihçisi Uşşâkīzâde İbrâhim duyumlarına dayanarak Turhan (Tarhan) ismini önce, Hatice ismini sonra aldığını yazmıştır (Zeyl-i Şekāik , s. 612). Kaynaklarda adı Turhan Hatice, yeni araştırmalarda Hatice Turhan şeklinde geçer. Haremde yetişen ve Sultan İbrâhim’e sunulan ilk câriye olan Turhan Sultan, on beş yaşlarında 2 Ocak 1642’de IV. Mehmed’i dünyaya getirince haseki sultan unvanını aldı. Şehzadenin doğumu Osmanlı sülâlesinin kesilme tehlikesini ortadan kaldırdığı için büyük coşkuyla kutlandı. Sarayda eğitimiyle özel olarak I. Ahmed’in kızı Âtike Sultan görevlendirildi. Haseki sultanlık dönemi parlak geçmedi; oğlu IV. Mehmed’in tahta çıkışıyla (18 Receb 1058 / 8 Ağustos 1648) vâlide sultan oldu ve bu unvanı ölümüne kadar otuz beş yıl taşıdı.
Turhan Sultan’ın Osmanlı Devleti’nin oldukça sıkıntılı bir döneminde başlayan vâlide sultanlığının ilk sekiz yılı içeride ve dışarıda büyük çalkantılarla geçti. Bu dönemin ilk üç yılında, IV. Murad ve Sultan İbrâhim’in anneleri sıfatıyla yirmi beş yıldan beri vâlide sultan olan Kösem Sultan’ın nüfuzu karşısında geri planda kaldı. Aslında IV. Mehmed’in cülûsuyla birlikte Eski Saray’a gitmesi gerekirken kendisini destekleyen devlet adamlarının uygun görmesiyle babaanne olarak çocuk padişaha nâibelik yapmak üzere sarayda kaldığı için Kösem Sultan “büyük/kebîr/koca vâlide”, Turhan Sultan “küçük vâlide / vâlide-i sagīr” diye anıldı. Bu yıllarda Harem Dairesi âmirliği de Kösem Sultan’ın elindeydi. Kösem Sultan’ın maaşı yevmiye 3000, Turhan Sultan’ın 2000 akçe idi.
Kösem Sultan’ın Yeniçeri Ocağı ağaları ile iş birliği içerisinde bulunduğu büyük vâlidelik döneminde söz konusu ağalar yönetime hâkim oldu. Zamanla küçük vâlidenin etrafında da eski başlala Süleyman Ağa, padişah hocası Reyhan Ağa ve musâhip İsmâil Ağa gibi önde gelenlerden oluşan bir taraftar grubu ortaya çıktı. Böylece taraflar arasında nüfuz mücadelesi başladı. IV. Mehmed döneminin dördüncü vezîriâzamı Siyavuş Paşa devrinde vezîriâzamın ocak ağalarının tahakkümüne karşı direnmesiyle baş gösteren sıkıntı, Turhan Sultan’ın etrafında toplanmış saray ağaları ile Kösem Sultan’ın iş birliği içerisinde bulunduğu ocak ağalarını karşı karşıya getirdi. Ocak ağaları, Kösem Sultan’ın tahrikiyle Turhan Sultan taraftarı bazı ağaları bertaraf etmek üzere harekete geçti. Bu durum, sarayın Harem ve Enderun mensuplarında Kösem Sultan’a karşı büyük bir infiale yol açtı. IV. Mehmed’in büyük vâlide tarafından zehirletilerek Şehzade Süleyman’ın (II.) tahta geçirilmek istendiği haberi, Kösem Sultan’ın câriyelerinden olup iki vâlide ile temasta bulunan Melekî Kalfa tarafından Turhan Sultan’a bildirilince ortalık iyice karıştı. Turhan Sultan yanlısı on dört ağanın onayı ile Kösem Sultan’ın katli kararlaştırıldı. Lala Süleyman Ağa’nın (Lala Süleyman Ağa, bazı araştırmalarda 1704’te Dârüssaâde ağalığına getirilen Uzun Süleyman Ağa ile karıştırılmıştır; Ahmed Resmî, s. 55-56, 62-63) girişimleriyle Kösem Sultan’ın hayatına son verildi (16-17 Ramazan 1061 / 2-3 Eylül 1651), taraftarı olan ağalar da katledildi. Böylece Turhan Sultan sarayda bütün yetkileri kendi eline aldı. Fakat ilk beş yılında önemli olayların patlak vermesi (Çınar Vak‘ası), Venedikliler karşısındaki yenilgiler (Bozcaada ve Limni’nin düşüşü) onu zor durumda bıraktı.
Mimar Kasım Ağa’nın vezîriâzamlığa uygun gördüğü hemşerisi Köprülü Mehmed Paşa’nın adı gizlice Turhan Sultan’a bildirildi. Onun mevcut sorunların üstesinden gelmeye gücü yeteceği, vezîriâzamlığa lâyık olduğu yolundaki tavsiyeler üzerine Turhan Sultan bu tayini uygun gördü. Saraya getirilen Mehmed Paşa ile görüştü ve onun ileri sürdüğü dört şartı (1. Telhisleriyle bildirdiği meselelere karşı çıkılmayarak icraya konulmasının temini; 2. En faydalı olan ricâli istihdam edebilmek için tevcîhat hususunda asla ricada bulunulmaması; 3. Vüzerâ veya vükelâdan birine teveccüh gösterilerek kendi salâhiyet alanına dahil ettirilmemesi, 4. Kendisi hakkında konuşmak isteyecek garazkâr kimselere fırsat verilmemesi) “Vallāhü’l-azîm bu ricalarına müsaade olunur” diyerek kabul etti (Naîmâ, IV, 1701).
1657 sonbaharından itibaren IV. Mehmed’in seferler dolayısıyla Edirne’de uzun süreli ikametleri sırasında Turhan Sultan da onun yanında bulundu. Padişahın kısa süreli Edirne’den ayrılışlarında gözetimi için çoğunlukla vezirlerden biri görevlendirildi. Oğlunun uzun süreli seferde bulunduğu esnada zaman zaman İstanbul’a gitti. Edirne’ye gidiş dönüşlerin başlamasından birkaç yıl sonra 1072’de (1661-62) saray içinde oğlu adına bir daire (Avcı Sultan Mehmed Han Dairesi / Dolmabahçe Kasrı) yaptırdığı bilinmektedir. Turhan Sultan, Lehistan seferi için 8 Safer 1083’te (5 Haziran 1672) törenle Edirne’den çıkıp Kamaniçe yönünde hareket eden oğluyla birlikte Babadağı’na kadar gitti. Ordu seferden dönünceye kadar burada kalmaya karar verdi ve kubbe vezirlerinden İbrâhim Paşa muhafazasıyla görevlendirildi. Bu sırada sekiz yaşında bulunan torunu Şehzade Mustafa da onun yanındaydı. Ancak Babadağı’ndaki ikameti ordunun dönüşüne kadar sürmedi. Ordu sefer dönüşü Edirne’ye vardığında Turhan Sultan İstanbul’da idi. Padişah bir hafta geçmeden musâhip ikinci vezir Mustafa Paşa’yı annesini getirmek üzere İstanbul’a gönderdi.
Turhan Sultan, Köprülü Mehmed Paşa’nın vezîriâzamlığından sonra giderek devlet işlerinden uzaklaştı. 1656’dan itibaren vefatına kadar yirmi yedi yıl nisbeten sakin geçti. Turhan Sultan’dan Köprülü Mehmed Paşa’yı vezîriâzamlığa getirmesindeki rolü dolayısıyla övgüyle söz edilmiştir. Köprülü’nün damadı Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa’nın Yanıkkale seferinin yönünü Viyana’ya çevirmesiyle başlayan sıkıntılı dönemi ise görmedi. Ordunun Viyana’ya yaklaştığı ve oğlunun Belgrad’da bulunduğu sırada 10 Receb 1094 (5 Temmuz 1683) tarihinde Edirne’de vefat etti (vefat tarihi bazı kaynaklarda 10-11 Şâban diye verilmiştir; bu muhtemelen Silâhdar Tarihi ’ndeki “mâh-ı mezbûr” ifadesinden kaynaklanmıştır). Cenazesi ertesi günü kethüdâsı Hüseyin Ağa kontrolünde İstanbul’a gönderildi, perşembe günü ikindi vakti Yalı Köşkü’ne getirildi. Kaymakam ve ulemâ tarafından karşılanarak aynı gün (12 Receb 1094 / 7 Temmuz 1683) Eminönü’nde kendi yaptırdığı Yenicami yanındaki türbeye defnedildi.
Kaynaklarda, genellikle devlet işlerinde mutedil bir tavır ve doğru olanı yapma gayreti içerisinde olduğu, kendisine mâkul görünmeyen teklifleri güvendiği devlet adamlarının fikirlerini alarak sonuçlandırdığı üzerinde durulur. Bu arada katil olaylarını kısmen engellediği de belirtilir. Gülnûş Emetullah Sultan’ın etkisiyle oğulları Mustafa (II.) ve Ahmed’in (III.) doğumundan sonra kardeşleri Süleyman (II.) ile Ahmed’i (II.) boğdurmak isteyen IV. Mehmed’e engel olduğu, aynı şekilde Vezîriâzam Siyavuş Paşa’nın görevden alınmasının ardından katledilmesini, Sabatay Sevi’nin ölümle cezalandırılmasını önlediği bildirilir. Fakat Anadolu kazaskerliği sırasında doğru sözlülüğüyle takdirini kazanmış olan Şeyhülislâm Hocazâde Mesud Efendi’nin o günkü entrika ve rekabet ortamı içerisinde uğradığı suçlamalar (IV. Mehmed’in yerine Şehzade Süleyman’ı geçirme gayreti içerisinde olması) sonucu katli (Osmanlı Devleti’nde görevinden alındıktan sonra katledilen ikinci şeyhülislâmdır) Turhan Sultan’ın bilgisi dahilinde gerçekleşmiştir. Oğlu üzerinde büyük bir nüfuzu vardı. IV. Mehmed’in de annesine çok bağlı olduğu açıktır. Onu karşılayıp uğurlaması, vedalaşması sırasında hüzünlenip ağladığı kaynaklarda belirtilir. Devlet idaresindeki rolü ölümünün ardından söylenen, “Devletin rükn-i a‘zamı gitti” (Silâhdar, II, 116); “Devletin bir rükn-i rekîni … idiler” (Defterdar Sarı Mehmed Paşa, s. 156) gibi ifadelerde belirtilmiştir. Dine bağlılığı, cömertliği, hayır severliği ve hırslı olmayışı gibi özelliklerinden övgüyle bahsedilmiştir. Turhan Sultan’ın bir de kızının olduğu zikredilir. Yûsuf Ağa adlı bir kardeşinin İstanbul’da yaşadığı bilinmektedir.
Turhan Sultan’ın bilinen ilk hayır eseri 1063’te (1653) Beşiktaş’ta yaptırdığı çeşmesi olup günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Venedikliler’le olan savaş sırasında (1645-1669) duyulan ihtiyaç sonucu Çanakkale Boğazı’nın her iki yakasında Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in İstanbul’un fethinden sonra inşa ettirdiği iki kalenin (Rumeli tarafında Kilitbahir, Anadolu tarafında Kal‘a-i Sultâniyye) güneyinde birer kale (Rumeli tarafında Seddülbahir, Anadolu tarafında Sultâniye/Kumkale) yaptırmıştır. Her birinde birer cami, sıbyan mektebi, hamam ile ev, dükkân ve çarşılar bulunuyordu. Kaleler padişah tarafından 1659 sonbaharında inşaat devam ederken, 1661 yazında inşaat tamamlanmak üzere iken ve 1665 sonbaharında ziyaret edilmiştir. İkincisinde Turhan Sultan da bulunmuştu. İnşasını III. Murad’ın zevcesi ve III. Mehmed’in annesi Safiye Sultan’ın başlattığı Eminönü’ndeki Yenicami, Turhan Sultan tarafından tamamlatılmıştır. 1598’de başlayıp (Selânikî, II, 733, 761) denize yakınlığı dolayısıyla zor ve masraflı ilerleyen inşaat, III. Mehmed’in 1603’te ölümü ve Safiye Sultan’ın 1605’te Eski Saray’a naklinin ardından yarım kalmıştı. Pencere altına kadar yükselmiş durumdaki bina, elli altı yıllık bir aradan sonra bir cami yaptırmak isteyen Turhan Sultan tarafından mimarbaşı Mustafa Ağa’nın yönlendirmesiyle bitirilmiş (1074/1663-64), 20 Rebîülâhir 1076’da (30 Ekim 1665) Cuma günü açılışı merasimle yapılmış, inşasına toplam 3080 kese akçe sarfedilmiştir (Abdurrahman Abdi Paşa, s. 214) Yenicami (Vâlide Sultan Camii / Yeni Vâlide Camii) Külliyesi cami, hünkâr kasrı, dârülkurrâ, sıbyan mektebi, sebil, çeşme ve türbe ile Mısır Çarşısı’ndan oluşmaktadır (bk. YENİCAMİ KÜLLİYESİ ). Turhan Sultan camiye kitap vakfetme geleneğine uyarak hem Çanakkale Boğazı kıyısında yaptırdığı kaleler içindeki camilere hem de Yenicami’ye kitaplar vakfetmiştir (bk. TURHAN VÂLİDE SULTAN KÜTÜPHANESİ ). Ayrıca Kandiye Kalesi’nin alınmasının (1669) ardından kale içerisindeki binaların tamiri Turhan Sultan adına yapılmış, Saint Salvador Manastırı onun adına camiye çevrilmiştir. Kardeşi Yûsuf Ağa adına Rumelikavağı’nda bir cami (Yûsuf Ağa Camii; Ayvansarâyî, II, 144), İstefe’de bir han, Resmo’da bir cami ve mektep inşa ettirmiştir. Diğer bazı vakıflarıyla ilgili vakfiyesi de mevcuttur (27 Receb 1073 [7 Mart 1663] Tarihli Vakfiyesi: Süleymaniye Ktp., Turhan Vâlide Sultan, nr. 150 m.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Turhan Sultan Kütüphanesi Katalogu , Süleymaniye Ktp., Yazma Bağışlar, nr. 2740, vr. 1a-b , 12a .
Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli) , II, 733, 761.
Karaçelebizâde Abdülaziz Efendi, Ravzatü’l-ebrâr Zeyli (haz. Nevzat Kaya), Ankara 2003, s. 271-272.
Mehmed Halîfe, Târîh-i Gılmânî , İstanbul 1340, s. 23, 38, 42-44.
Abdurrahman Abdi Paşa, Vekāyi‘nâme (haz. Fahri Ç. Derin), İstanbul 2008, tür.yer.
Naîmâ, Târih (haz. Mehmet İpşirli), Ankara 2007, III, 953, 1165, 1324-1352, 1411; IV, 1648-1655, 1697-1701, 1716-1717.
Defterdar Sarı Mehmed Paşa, Zübde-i Vekayiât (haz. Abdülkadir Özcan), Ankara 1995, s. 23, 34-35, 72, 82, 156.
Silâhdar, Târih , II, 116-117.
Uşşâkīzâde İbrâhim, Zeyl-i Şekāik (nşr. H. J. Kissling), Wiesbaden 1965, s. 608, 611-612.
Râşid, Târih , I, 415.
Îsâzâde Târihi (haz. Ziya Yılmazer), İstanbul 1996, s. 179.
Ahmed Resmî, Hamîletü’l-küberâ (haz. Ahmet Nezihi Turan), İstanbul 2000, s. 55-56, 62-63.
Devhatü’l-meşâyih , s. 64-66.
Ayvansarâyî, Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ , I, 20-22; II, 144.
Mehmed Zihni, Meşâhîrü’n-nisâ , İstanbul 1294, I, 137.
Ahmet Refik [Altınay], Turhan Valide , İstanbul 1931.
Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi , III/1, s. 252-259, 290-306, 422; III/2, s. 588-589.
A. D. Alderson, The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty , Oxford 1956, s. 53, 81, 83, 105, tablo XXXVII/n. 6.
Çağatay Uluçay, Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları , Ankara 1992, s. 56-59.
L. P. Peirce, Harem-i Hümayun: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Hükümranlık ve Kadınlar (trc. Ayşe Berktay), İstanbul 2002, s. 144, 260, 280, 339-341, 342-343.
Lucienne Thys-Şenocak, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Kadın Baniler: Hadice Turhan Sultan (trc. Ayla Ortaç), İstanbul 2009.
Şehabeddin Tekindağ, “XVII. Yüzyıl Türk Sanat Eserlerinden Bir Âbide: Yenicâmi Külliyesi”, TD , sy. 28-29 (1975), s. 167-191.
C. Woodhead, “Ṭurk̲h̲ān Sulṭān”, EI2 (İng.) , X, 679.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 423-425 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.