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TURTÛŞE Skip to content Endülüs’ün kuzeydoğusunda tarihî şehir.
Endülüs’ün kuzeydoğusunda Ebro nehrinin oluşturduğu deltanın başlangıcında bir dağ eteğinde kurulmuştur. Himyerî’ye göre şehrin etrafını çeviren surlar Endülüs Emevîleri zamanında inşa edilmiş olup şehrin dört kapısı vardır. 95 (714) yılında müslümanlar tarafından fethedilen Turtûşe (Tartûşe/Tortosa) Lâride (Lesida), İfrâga, Tutîle (Tudela), Veşka (Huesca), Miknâse şehirlerini içine alan ve es-Sağrüla‘lâ diye bilinen kuzey sınır bölgesinde yer almakta, muhtemelen Mürsiye (Murcia), Belensiye (Valencia) ve Sarakusta’yı da (Saragossa) kapsayan Arbûne (Narbonne) bölge valiliğinin yönetimi altında bulunmaktaydı. Endülüs Emevî Emîri I. Abdurrahman, Arbûne’yi yönetmek için Abdurrahman b. Ukbe’yi görevlendirdi. Şehir en parlak dönemini Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nin idaresi altında yaşadı ve bu devirde hükümdarların desteğiyle gelişti. 161’de (778) Sarakusta’da ayaklanan Hüseyin b. Yahyâ el-Ensârî’nin oğlu Saîd güçlükle Turtûşe’ye sığındı.
I. Hakem döneminde Turtûşe, bölgedeki âsilerin ve Benî Kasî gibi mahallî hânedanların siyasî emelleri yüzünden zor günler geçirdi; şehir bunlarla merkezî otorite arasında kaldı. 181 (797) yılında Sarakusta ve Turtûşe bölgesinden başlayarak etki alanını gittikçe genişleten Behlûl b. Merzûk’un isyanı görülürken 193’te (809) Franklar, Hakem’in başka sorunlarla uğraşmasını fırsat bilerek Turtûşe’yi muhasara etti. Ancak Hakem oğlu Abdurrahman’ı gönderip onları yenmeyi başardı. 844 yılında Normanlar’ın Endülüs’e yönelik saldırısından sonra II. Abdurrahman bir taraftan tersanelerin ve gemilerin yapılmasını emrederken diğer taraftan denizcilik eğitimi verilmesini sağladı. Hemen hemen aynı dönemlerde Turtûşe ve Belensiye’den hareket eden gemiler 224-236 (839-850) yılları arasında Franklar’a ait Marsilya kıyılarına hücumlar düzenledi; ayrıca Saint Tropez Limanı’nı üs olarak kullanan pek çok Turtûşeli denizci, rivayete göre bir asır boyunca Fransa ile İtalya arasındaki ticarî faaliyetleri kontrol altında tuttu. III. Abdurrahman zamanında şehirde merkezî otorite tam anlamıyla sağlandı. Halife 317-328 (929-940) yıllarında buraya yedi vali tayin edip güvenliğin devamı için çaba gösterdi. Halkı tersane ve liman yapımı konusunda teşvik etti, bu teşvikler sonucunda 333’te (945) şehirde bir tersane yapıldı. Halife, Medinetüzzehrâ’yı inşa ederken harcamalarından dolayı kendisini çok eleştirecek olan Münzir b. Saîd el-Bellûtî’yi şehrin kadılığına getirdi.
Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nin 1008 yılından itibaren zayıflamaya başlaması ve ardından yıkılması sürecinde Turtûşe 1009-1060 yılları arasında sakālibeye mensup kumandanlardan Lebîb, Mukātil, Ya‘lâ ve Nebîl tarafından idare edildi. Nebîl’in yönetimi esnasında Turtûşe halkı 452’de (1060) isyan edince Nebîl şehri Sarakusta Emîri Muktedir-Billâh Ahmed’e teslim etti. Böylece Turtûşe, Sarakusta ve civarında hüküm süren Hûdîler’in eline geçti. Muktedir’den sonra oğlu Münzir’in payına düştü (1082-1091). Ancak sınıra yakın olduğundan hıristiyanların dikkatini çekmekteydi. Nitekim Murâbıt Hükümdarı Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn’in Kastilya Kralı VI. Alfonso’ya karşı 1086 yılında kazandığı Zellâka Savaşı öncesinde Alfonso’nun yardıma çağırdığı kişiler arasında o esnada Turtûşe’yi kuşatmakta olan Aragon-Navarra Kralı I. Sancho Ramirez de bulunmaktaydı. Ardından Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn’in Endülüs’e hâkim olması ve izlediği genişleme siyaseti kısa sürede kendini gösterdi. Bunun neticesi Turtûşe’de de görüldü ve Ali b. Tâşfîn 1110’da Hûdî hâkimiyetine son verip şehri kendi idaresi altına aldı. Turtûşe, 512 (1118) yılında hıristiyan saldırısına uğradıysa da kurtulmayı başardı. Daha sonra hıristiyanların hedefi olmaya devam etti. Aragon Kralı I. Alfonso 1129’da Akdeniz’e ulaşabilmek için Turtûşe’nin zaptedilmesi gerektiğini anladı ve harekete geçti. Sarakusta’dan yola çıkarak İfrâga ve Lâride üzerinden Belensiye’ye geldi ve Murâbıtlar’la savaşa girişti. Çok şiddetli geçtiği kaydedilen savaşta Murâbıtlar yenildi. Ancak savaşın ardından Murâbıt yönetimi bölgenin hıristiyan işgalinden kurtarılması için çalışmalar başlattı. Kral Alfonso, Murâbıtlar’dan korktuğu için kazandığı zaferden istifade edemeden geri çekilmek zorunda kaldı.
Turtûşe, Murâbıtlar’ın 1147’de yıkılmasından sonra meydana gelen otorite boşluğunun ardından hıristiyanların ele geçirmeyi en çok istedikleri şehirlerden biri oldu. Aslında bu dönemde Turtûşe burada doğmuş, Belensiye, Mürsiye ve Turtûşe’nin de aralarında bulunduğu pek çok yere hâkim olan aslen İspanyol asıllı bir aileye mensup Muhammed b. Sa‘d b. Merdenîş’e görünürde bağlılık arzetmişti. İbn Merdenîş hıristiyanlarla iyi geçinerek durumunu devam ettirmekteydi. Turtûşe aynı devirde hıristiyan sahillerini baskı altında tutan müslüman denizcilerin sığınağı haline geldi; bu durum hıristiyanları endişeye sevkediyordu. Aragon, Katalonya, Cenova, Piza ve Templier şövalyelerinden oluşan hıristiyan Haçlı ordusu Barselona Kontu IV. Raymond Berenger’in kumandasında 1148’de Turtûşe’yi hem karadan hem denizden kuşatma altına aldı. Turtûşe halkı yaklaşık kırk gün hıristiyanlara karşı direnmeye çalıştı. Bu direnmede şehrin surlarının sağlamlığı da etkili olmuştu. Ancak sonuçta hiçbir yerden yardım alamadıklarından şehri düşmana teslim etmek zorunda kaldılar (17 Şâban 543 / 31 Aralık 1148). Turtûşe’nin ardından es-Sağrüla‘lâ içinde yer alan diğer sınır şehirleri Lâride, İfrâga ve Miknâse de hıristiyanların eline geçti; böylece Kuzey Endülüs’te sınır bölgelerindeki müslüman hâkimiyeti sona ermiş oldu. İbn Merdenîş, hıristiyanların şehri zaptetmesine onlarla arasını bozmamak için hiç tepki göstermedi.
Hıristiyanlar 478’de (1085) Tuleytula’yı ele geçirdiklerinde müslümanlara tanıdıkları can, mal, din ve ibadet özgürlüğünü buradaki müslümanlara da tanıdılar. Fakat zamanla bütün İspanya’da müslümanları zorla hıristiyanlaştırmaya yöneldiler. Turtûşe’nin de aralarında bulunduğu Belensiye ve Barselona bölgesinde zengin İspanyollar’ın toprakları müslümanlar tarafından işletilmekteydi. Müslümanların hıristiyanlaşması, İspanyollar’ı müslümanlardan aldıkları vergiden ve maddî pek çok şeyden mahrum bırakacaktı. Bu sebeple 1429 ve 1495 yıllarında Turtûşe’deki asiller meclisi, Kastilya Kralı IV. Enrique ve Aragon Kralı Ferdinand’dan müslümanların kendi istekleriyle hıristiyan olabilecekleri, din değiştirmeye kimsenin zorlanmayacağı hususunda garanti aldı.
Turtûşe, Endülüs Emevîleri döneminde başşehir Kurtuba’dan uzaklaştırılan kişiler için sürgün yeri olarak da kullanıldı. Abdülmelik b. İdrîs el-Cezîrî, İbn Ebû Âmir el-Mansûr tarafından Turtûşe’de tutulmuş, o da uzun bir kaside yazarak şehri övmüştü. Emevîler döneminde Turtûşe geleneksel yapıda evlere, çarşı ve pazarlara sahip bir ticaret şehriydi. Şehirde III. Abdurrahman’ın 345 (956-57) yılında inşa ettirdiği bir ulucami bulunmaktaydı. Turtûşe zamanla kalabalıklaştı ve surların dışına yeni mahalleler kuruldu. Şehirde çok zengin çam ormanları bulunmakta ve bu ağaçlar kolay kolay çürümemekteydi. Kurtuba Ulucamii’nin tavanı bu ağaçlardan yapılmıştı. Turtûşe Limanı ihracatın yapıldığı bölgelerin başında gelmekteydi. Buradan pamuk, şeker, deri, bakır, ipek, baharat, çivit ve kızılağaç gemilerle İslâm ülkelerine gönderilmekteydi. Ayrıca yahudi köle tüccarları tarafından Orta Avrupa’dan sevkedilen Slavlar Turtûşe’ye getirilmekte, buradan ülkenin diğer taraflarına yollanmaktaydı. Geçmişteki önemini günümüzde kaybetmiş bir nehir limanı olan Turtûşe’nin nüfusu 30.000 civarında duraklamış bulunmaktadır (1930’da 28.000, 1950’de 38.300, 2000 yılı tahminlerine göre 30.000). Turtûşe’nin en önemli âlimleri arasında hadis âlimi Ahmed b. Saîd b. Meysere el-Gıfârî ile İbn Ebû Rendeka diye tanınan Ebû Bekir et-Turtûşî zikredilebilir.
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Câsim el-Ubûdî, “Sarakusta”, a.e. , XXXVI, 113-114.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 429-430 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.