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TURTÛŞÎ Skip to content Ebû Bekr Muhammed b. Velîd b. Muhammed b. Halef el-Fihrî et-Turtûşî (ö. 520/1126)
Endülüslü Mâlikî fıkıh âlimi ve muhaddis.
26 Cemâziyelevvel 451’de (10 Temmuz 1059) Kuzeydoğu Endülüs’te Turtûşe (Tortosa) şehrinde doğdu. Bir yıl sonra Sarakusta Emirliği’nin (Hûdîler) hâkimiyetine geçen bu şehirde ilk eğitimini aldı. İbn Ebû Rendeka diye tanındı. İbn Hallikân “rendeka”nın Frenkçe olduğunu ve “buraya gel” anlamı taşıdığını belirtir; bazı Batılı araştırmacılar da bu anlamda Fransızca ve İspanyolca iki kelimeden (rend-aca) oluştuğunu söyler (Sirâcü’l-mülûk , neşredenin girişi, s. 12). Turtûşî gittiği Sarakusta’da çeşitli hocalardan ders gördü ve icâzet aldı. Ebü’l-Velîd el-Bâcî’den Arapça, fıkıh, hadis, ferâiz ve hilâf okudu. Makkarî ve İbn Hallikân onun İşbîliye’de İbn Hazm’dan Arap edebiyatı tahsil ettiğini söyler. Ancak İbn Hazm’ın vefatı sırasında (456/1064) henüz beş yaşında olduğuna göre ya bu bilgi yanlıştır veya küçükken onun derslerine götürülmüştür.
476’da (1084) hac görevini yerine getirdikten sonra bir süre Irak, Suriye ve Mısır’ın çeşitli şehirlerinde ikamet ederek âlimlerin ders halkasına katıldı. Bağdat’ta Nizâmiye Medresesi’nde Şâfiî fakihleri Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Ahmed eş-Şâşî, Ebû Sa‘d Abdurrahman b. Me’mûn el-Mütevellî ve Ebû Ahmed el-Cürcânî’den fıkıh dersleri aldı. Hanefî kādılkudâtı Muhammed b. Ali ed-Dâmegānî, Hanbelî âlimi Ebû Muhammed Rızkullah et-Temîmî, Muhammed b. Fütûh el-Humeydî ve başkalarından hadis dinledi; Basra’da Ebû Ali Muhammed b. Ahmed et-Tüsterî’den Sünen-i Ebû Dâvûd ’u okudu. Bu sırada tasavvufa yöneldi. Kudüs’te Gazzâlî ile görüştüğüne veya oraya vardığında Gazzâlî gitmiş olduğundan kendisiyle görüşemediğine dair farklı rivayetler nakledilir. Dımaşk, Kudüs, Cebelilübnan ve Reşîd’de bir süre kaldı. Hac yolculuğuna çıkan Endülüs ulemâsının uğrak yeri İskenderiye’ye geçip oraya yerleşti. Talebesi Ebü’t-Tâhir İbn Avf’ın teyzesiyle evlendi. O sırada babasının ölümü üzerine (487/1094) Fâtımî veziri olan Efdal b. Bedr el-Cemâlî, birkaç ay sonra vefat eden Halife Müstansır-Billâh’ın yerine büyük oğlu Nizâr’ı değil daha kolay etkisi altına alabileceği küçük oğlu Ahmed’i (Müsta‘lî-Billâh) halife ilân edince Nizâr İskenderiye’ye kaçmış, Efdal de onu takip ederek ortadan kaldırmıştı (488/1095). Bu esnada birçok âlim öldürülmüş veya başka yerlere göç etmiş, şehir ilim ve eğitim faaliyetleri bakımından fakir hale gelmişti. Turtûşî, bu ortamda eşinin kendisine ayırdığı evin alt katını medreseye dönüştürüp ders vermeye başladı. Bir kısmı medresede barınan talebelerinin sayısı kısa sürede 100’leri buldu ve şöhreti Mısır’ın dışına yayıldı. Kendisinden ilim tahsil edenler arasında Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî, Bâcî’nin halkasında ders arkadaşı olan Ebû Ali es-Sadefî, Muvahhidler Devleti’nin kurucusu İbn Tûmert, İbn Zafer es-Sıkıllî, Sadrülislâm Ebü’t-Tâhir İbn Avf, Ebû Hâmid el-Gırnâtî, İbrâhim b. Ahmed el-Gırnâtî, Muhammed b. İbrâhim el-Gassânî, Kādî Sened b. İnân el-Ezdî, İbn Bürtıle (Abdullah b. Mûsâ) ve Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Hüseyin el-Mayurkī gibi isimler anılmaktadır. Kādî İyâz da kitâbet yoluyla bütün rivayetleri ve eserleri konusunda kendisinden icâzet aldı. İbn Haldûn, Mâlikî mezhebinde Kurtuba, Kayrevan ve Irak mektepleriyle bu sonuncusuna tâbi olan Mısır mektebinden söz ederken Kahire ve İskenderiye ulemâsının Turtûşî vasıtasıyla Endülüs mektebinin esaslarını alarak kendi Mısır ekolleriyle birleştirdiklerine dikkat çeker (The Muqaddimah , III, 16-17).
Turtûşî, İskenderiye’de bir taraftan öğretim faaliyetini yürütürken diğer taraftan toplumun ahlâk bakımından ıslahı için çalıştı, İslâmî esaslara aykırı sosyal ve idarî uygulamaları, şehrin kadısının tasarruflarını eleştirdi, yöneticileri uyardı. Bu tavrı yanında çevresinde geniş bir talebe halkasının oluşması ve Bizans’tan getirilen peynirlerin haram olduğuna dair fetvaları sebebiyle kadı Mekînüddevle İbn Hadîd tarafından Vezir Efdal’e şikâyet edilince Kahire’ye çağrıldı. Turtûşî daha önce de Kahire’ye gidip vezire öğütlerde bulunmuştu. Efdal kendisini iyi karşılamakla birlikte Fustat’ta mecburi ikamete tâbi tutup halktan tecrit etti. Efdal’in 515’te (1121) öldürülmesinin ardından vezir tayin edilen Me’mûn el-Batâihî göreve gelince muhtemelen bir yıldan az süren sürgün hayatı sona erdi ve İskenderiye’ye dönerek öğretim faaliyetini sürdürdü. Ertesi yıl Kahire’ye gidip ünlü eseri Sirâcü’l-mülûk ’ü Batâihî’ye sundu. Turtûşî, çevresindeki yöneticilere öğüt verdiği gibi muhtemelen 495 (1001) yılında Endülüs’e dönen talebesi Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî vasıtasıyla Murâbıt Hükümdarı Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn’e de bir mektup yazarak tavsiyelerde bulunmuştur. 26 Cemâziyelevvel 520’de (19 Haziran 1126) İskenderiye’de vefat eden Turtûşî’nin ölüm yılını Dabbî ve Süyûtî 525 olarak kaydeder. Kabri şehrin önemli ziyaret mekânlarındandır. İskenderiye’nin eski kesiminde Turtûşî’nin 516’da (1122) yaptırdığı, içinde kabri bulunan ve kendi adını taşıyan mescid günümüzde de varlığını sürdürmektedir.
Eserleri. 1. Sirâcü’l-mülûk . 4 Receb 516’da (8 Eylül 1122) tamamlanan ve siyâsetnâme (nasihatnâme) türünün ilk örneklerinden olan eserde müellif siyaset felsefesi, siyaset ahlâkı, devlet yapısı ve kamu hukukunun temel ilkelerine dair görüşlerini altmış dört bölüm halinde kaydetmiştir. İbn Haldûn, Turtûşî’nin bu konuları kendisinden önce ve hemen hemen kendi kitabının muhtevasını kapsayacak biçimde işlediğini söyler, eserde meselelerin tam olarak ortaya konulup değerlendirilemediğini, daha çok nakil ve öğütlerden meydana gelen bir derleme niteliği taşıdığını öne sürerek bazı eleştiriler yöneltir (Muḳaddime , I, 334; II, 524, 728). Ancak Turtûşî’nin amacı, İbn Haldûn gibi konuyu ilmî açıdan incelemek olmayıp yöneticilere ahlâkî erdemleri hatırlatmak, başarı ve başarısızlıkta siyaset-ahlâk ilişkisini ortaya koyarak onlara yol göstermektir. Dolayısıyla Gazzâlî’nin aynı dönemde kaleme aldığı Naṣîḥatü’l-mülûk adlı eseri gibi nasihat gayesi güttüğünden başarılı olduğu açıktır (Şeyyâl, II, 797-799). 992 (1584) yılında Kazasker Vüsûlî Mehmed Çelebi Sirâcü’l-mülûk ’ün otuz iki bölümünü Şem-i Hidâyet adıyla, ağdalı bir üslûpla, ekleme ve çıkarmalarla Türkçe’ye çevirmiş (Süleymaniye Ktp., Reîsülküttâb Mustafa Efendi, nr. 772), eseri ayrıca Sait Aykut tercüme etmiştir (Sirâcü’l-mülûk: Siyaset Ahlâkı ve İlkelerine Dair , İstanbul 1995). Eseri Takıyyüddin Muhammed Sadreddin 1036 (1626) yılında Abdürrahim Han’a sunulmak üzere Farsça’ya (Brockelmann, GAL , I, 601; Suppl. , I, 829-830), Maximiliano Alarcon İspanyolca’ya (Lampara de los principes , I-II, Madrid 1930-1931) çevirmiştir. Birçok baskısı yapılan eser (Bulak 1289; İskenderiye 1289, 1299; Kahire 1306, 1317, 1319 [kenarında Gazzâlî’nin eseriyle birlikte]; Kahire 1311 [İbn Haldûn’un Muḳaddime ’sinin kenarında; Kahire 1354]) Ca‘fer el-Beyâtî (London 1977, 1990), Muhammed Fethî Ebû Bekir (I-II, Kahire 1414/1994) ve Nu‘mân Sâlih (Riyad 1426/2005) tarafından tahkik edilerek yayımlanmıştır.
2. Kitâbü’l-Ḥavâdis̱ ve’l-bidaʿ . İbn Vaddâh el-Kurtubî’nin (ö. 287/900) kitabından sonra bid‘at konusunda günümüze ulaştığı bilinen ilk çalışmalardan olup muhtelif neşirleri yapılmıştır (nşr. Muhammed et-Tâlibî, Tunus 1959; nşr. Abdülmecîd et-Türkî, Beyrut 1410/1990; nşr. Beşîr Muhammed Uyûn, Dımaşk-Tâif 1412/1991; nşr. Maribel Fierro, bir inceleme ve İspanyolca’ya tercümesiyle birlikte, Kitâb al-Havâdith wa-l-bida‘. El libro de las novedades y las inovaciones , Madrid 1993; nşr. Ali b. Hasan b. Ali b. Abdülhamîd, Demmâm 1417/1996).
3. Birrü’l-vâlideyn (nşr. Muhammed Abdülhakîm el-Kādî, Beyrut 1986; nşr. Ahmed Ferîd el-Mezîdî, Beyrut 1422).
4. ed-Duʿâʾü’l-meʾs̱ûr ve âdâbüh (nşr. Muhammed b. Rıdvân ed-Dâye, Beyrut 1988; nşr. Abdullah Mahmûd Muhammed Ömer, Beyrut 1423).
5. Kitâbü’l-Esrâr . Turtûşî Sirâcü’l-mülûk ’te (I, 272; II, 719) bu kitaba atıfta bulunarak aklın hakikati, kısımları, mahalli, ahkâmı ve tevfikle ilgili konuları orada ele aldığını ifade eder. Ca‘fer el-Beyâtî eserin Gazzâlî’nin İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn ’ine bir eleştiri niteliği taşıdığını ileri sürer (Sirâcü’l-mülûk , s. 19; Sirâcü’l-mülûk , tercüme edenin girişi, s. 15).
6. Kitâbü Taḥrîmi’l-ġınâ ve’l-lehv ʿale’ṣ-ṣûfiyye fî raḳsihim ve semâʿihim . Abdülmecîd Türkî tarafından Risâle fî taḥrîmi’l-cübni’r-Rûmî ile birlikte yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1997).
7. Risâle ilâ Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn (Rabat 1976; İspanyolca trc. Maria Jesus Viguera, “Las cartas de al-Ghazâlî y al-Turtûchî al Soberano almpravid Yûsuf b. Tâchufîn”, al-Andalus , XLII/2, 1977, s. 341-374).
8. Muḫtaṣaru tefsîri’s̱-S̱aʿlebî (Brockelmann, GAL , I, 429; Suppl. , I, 592).
9. Muḫtaṣaru (İḫtiṣâru) Aḫlâḳi’n-Nebî . Ebü’ş-Şeyh el-İsfahânî’ye ait eserin muhtasarıdır (Millet Ktp., Feyzullah Efendi, nr. 1308/2, vr. 36a -68a ).
10. Kitâbü Taḥrîmi’l-istimnâ (Brockelmann, GAL , I, 601).
11. Risâletü’l-ʿUdde ʿinde’l-kürûb ve’ş-şidde (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 4795/3).
Turtûşî’nin bunların yanı sıra kaynaklarda başka eserleri de kaydedilir: Şerḥu Risâleti İbn Ebî Zeyd el-Ḳayrevânî , Kitâbü’l-Fiten , Taʿlîḳa fî mesâʾili’l-ḫilâf (Taʿlîḳa fi’l-ḫilâfiyyât, el-Kitâbü’l-Kebîr fî mesâʾili’l-ḫilâf, eṭ-Ṭarîḳa fi’l-ḫilâf ve’l-cedel) , Zâdü’l-müsâfir , Nüzhetü’l-iḫvâni’l-müteḥallîne fillâh , Muḫtaṣar fî fürûʿi’l-Mâlikiyye , Kitâbü’z-Zühd ve’t-taṣavvuf , Kitâbü’r-Red ʿale’l-İḥyâʾ li’l-Ġazzâlî , es-Suʿûd fi’r-red ʿale’l-yehûd , el-Kelâm fi’l-ġınâ ve’l-faḳr , el-ʿUmde fî uṣûli’l-fıḳh .
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 430-431 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.