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UBEYDULLAH AHRÂR Skip to content Nâsırüddîn Ubeydullāh b. Mahmûd eş-Şâşî es-Semerkandî (ö. 895/1490)
Nakşibendî şeyhi.
806’da (1404) Taşkent’in Bâgıstan köyünde doğdu. Nakşibendî geleneğinde Hâce-i Ahrâr diye tanınır. Çocukluğunda hem mektebe devam etti hem de ziraatla uğraşan babasına yardımcı oldu. Yirmi iki yaşına geldiğinde dayısı Hâce İbrâhim onu ilim tahsili için Semerkant’a götürdü. Burada bir süre Mevlânâ Kutbüddin Sadr Medresesi’ne devam ettiyse de tasavvufa duyduğu meyil sebebiyle medrese eğitimini sürdüremedi. Bu dönemde tanıştığı Nakşibendî şeyhi Sa‘deddîn-i Kâşgarî ile birlikte Nizâmeddin Hâmûş’un sohbetlerine katıldı. Semerkant’ta iki yıllık ikametinin ilk yılında Mâverâünnehir’in muhtelif şehirlerini dolaşıp Nakşibendiyye tarikatının önde gelen şeyhlerini ziyaret etti. Ertesi yıl Herat’tan Semerkant’a gelen ve Kāsım-ı Envâr diye meşhur olan Safevî şeyhi Seyyid Muînüddin Ali Tebrîzî’nin sohbetlerinden faydalandı. Daha sonra Semerkant’tan ayrılıp Herat’a gitti. Herat’ta Kübrevî şeyhi Bahâeddin Ömer, Sa‘deddîn-i Kâşgarî ve Zeyniyye tarikatının pîri Zeynüddin el-Hâfî gibi sûfîlerin sohbetlerine katıldı. Herat’taki ikametinin dördüncü yılında (834/1431) Çagāniyân tarafındaki Hülgatû köyüne gidip Nakşibendî şeyhi Ya‘kūb-i Çerhî’ye intisap etti. Üç ay kadar Çerhî’nin sohbetlerinde bulundu ve şeyhinden hilâfet alarak Herat’a döndü. Ertesi yıl Taşkent’te irşad faaliyetine başladı, bir yandan da ziraat ve ticaretle meşgul oluyordu. 855’te (1451) Semerkant’ı ele geçirip başşehir yapan Timurlular’dan Ebû Said Mirza Han’ın daveti üzerine yirmi yıldır ikamet ettiği Taşkent’ten ayrılarak Semerkant’a yerleşti. Burada da ziraat ve ticaretle uğraşmayı sürdürdü. Mâverâünnehir’in Semerkant, Buhara, Taşkent, Karşı gibi şehirlerinde çok sayıda dükkân, bahçe, köy, mezraa ve sulama kanalı satın aldı; bunların bir kısmını cami, medrese ve tekkelere vakfetti. Sultan Ebû Said’in yerine geçen oğlu Sultan Ahmed Mirza ile Taşkent yakınlarında Şâhruhiye’de gayri müslim Moğol ve Özbek askeri arasındaki savaşı önledi ve barış yapılmasını sağladı (890/1485). Bu arada birçok kişinin İslâm’ı benimsemesine vesile oldu.
Ubeydullah Ahrâr 29 Rebîülevvel 895’te (20 Şubat 1490) Semerkant’ta vefat etti ve burada defnedildi. İki oğlu ve iki kızı olmuş, geride birçok vakıf eseri ve mürid bırakmıştır. Oğulları Muhammed Yahyâ ve Muhammed Abdullah ile Mîr Abdülevvel, Fahreddin Safî, Mevlânâ Şeyh Ahmed, Seyyid Ali Kürdî Maktûl, İsmâil Şirvânî, Mevlânâzâde Otrârî, Îsâ-yı Fâzıl Buhârî, Şeyh Ahta, Abdullah-ı İlâhî, Muhammed Kādî-i Semerkandî ve Muhammed Zâhid Vahşıvârî önde gelen halifeleridir. Nakşibendiyye tarikatı daha ziyade son üç halifesiyle devam etmiştir. XVIII. yüzyılda Mehmed Emin Tokadî tarafından Muhammed Kādî-i Semerkandî ile Muhammed Zâhid Vahşıvârî aynı kişi zannedilerek Kādî Muhammed Zâhid diye bir isim ortaya atılmış ve bu yanlışlık sonraki birçok eserde tekrarlanmıştır. Ubeydullah Ahrâr ile devam eden Nakşibendiyye silsilesine Ahrâriyye adı verilmiştir (bk. NAKŞİBENDİYYE ). Halka bizzat yardım eden Ubeydullah Ahrâr gençliğinde Semerkant’ta bazı hastalara hizmet etmiştir. Halkı sultanların zulmünden korumak için sultanlarla iyi ilişkiler kurmuş, savaşın eşiğine gelen yöneticileri barıştırarak halkı katliamlardan korumuş, bir hükümdarın yanında bulunup onun dine aykırı davranışlarını ve zulümlerini engellemenin, bir mazlumun gönlünü hoş etmenin nâfile ibadetlerden daha üstün sayıldığını söylemiştir. Ayrıca çalışıp kazanmaya önem verir, kimseden hediye kabul etmezdi.
Vahdet-i vücûd düşüncesini benimseyen Ubeydullah Ahrâr’ın sohbetlerinde Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî’nin eserlerinden nakiller yaptığı belirtilir. Fıḳarât adlı eseri bu düşünceler ışığında kaleme alınmıştır. Cezbe anında söylenen şathiyeleri mâkul şekilde izah etmeye çalışan Ubeydullah “enelhak” demenin kolay, “ene”den (benlik) uzaklaşmanın zor olduğunu belirtirdi. Müridin bazan mânevî halini yitirebileceğini, İslâmî kurallara aykırı bir söz ya da fiilin, bir kişinin gıybetini yapmanın, hatta bir köpeği rahatsız etmenin buna yol açabileceğini söylerdi. Tasavvuf yolunda ilerlemenin ölümden sonra da sürdüğüne inanır, sohbetlerinde bazı âyet ve hadisleri işârî yolla açıklar, meselâ, “Unuttuğun zaman rabbini zikret (hatırla)” âyetini (el-Kehf 18/24), “Ondan başkasını, kendini ve zikrini unuttuğun zaman rabbini zikret” diye açıklar ve bunu, “Allah’tan gayrısını unutmadıkça zikrin hakikatine ulaşılamaz” diye yorumlardı.
Eserleri. 1. Fıḳarât . Tevhid, fenâ, kurb, tecellî, zikir, vukūf-ı kalbî gibi konulara dair Farsça bir eserdir. Bazı küçük makalelerden oluştuğu için bu adla anılan eser muhtemelen 890 (1485) yılında veya daha sonra kaleme alınmıştır. Makalelerden bir kısmının müridlere yazılmış mektup parçaları olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Ubeydullah Ahrâr’ın vefat ettiği 895 (1490) yılında Semerkant’ta istinsah edilen bir nüshası İstanbul’da Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlıdır (Ayasofya, nr. 2143, vr. 16b -158b ). Eser Taşkent’te (Taşkent 1910) ve Hindistan’da (Haydarâbâd, ts. [Matba-ı Âyîn-i Dekken]) yayımlanmış, Osmanlı döneminde Hızır Bey ve Mustafa b. Hüseyin Sâdıkī Nakşibendî tarafından iki defa Türkçe’ye, Muhammed Murâd Remzî Minzelevî tarafından Arapça’ya çevrilmiştir.
2. Risâle-i Ḥavrâʾiyye (Şerḥ-i Ḥavrâʾiyye ). Ebû Saîd-i Ebü’l-Hayr’ın “havrâ” (hûriler) kelimesiyle başlayan Farsça rubâîsinin şerhidir. Ubeydullah Ahrâr rubâînin bazı hastaları iyileştirdiğini duymuş, mânalarını araştırmaya başlamış, bu şiirin hastaya ölümü ve âhireti hatırlattığını, gönlünde Allah sevgisi bulunan ve Allah’ın cemâlini ancak öldükten sonra müşahede edebileceğini bilen insanların ölümü hatırlayınca büyük sevinç duyduklarını, bu psikolojik rahatlamanın hastalığın iyileşmesine yardım ettiğini anlamıştır. Eseri ilk defa Jukovski Esrârü’t-tevḥîd fî maḳāmâti’ş-Şeyḫ Ebî Saʿîd ’in ekinde (Saint Petersburg 1899, s. 488-493), daha sonra Saîd-i Nefîsî Süḫanân-ı Manẓûm-i Ebû Saʿîd-i Ebü’l-Ḫayr adlı eserin içinde (Tahran 1334 hş., s. 126-131), son olarak Ârif Nevşâhî İslâmâbâd’da yayımlanan Dâniş dergisinde (bk. bibl.) neşretmiştir. Risâle-i Ḥavrâʾiyye ’yi Osmanlı döneminde Hızır Bey Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Bağdatlı Vehbi Efendi, nr. 2047, vr. 155a -158b ).
3. Risâle-i Vâlidiyye . Ubeydullah Ahrâr bu küçük eseri, babasının kendisinden yüksek mânevî makamlara ulaşmaya vesile olacak hususları yazmasını istemesi üzerine kaleme almıştır. İbadet, mârifetullah, Hz. Peygamber’e uymak, zikir ve Allah sevgisi gibi konuların ele alındığı risâleyi Ârif Nevşâhî neşretmiştir (bk. bibl.). Risâle-i Vâlidiyye ’yi Bâbür Şah 935’te (1528) manzum olarak Çağatay Türkçesi’ne, Hızır Bey, Mehmed Emin Tokadî, Mehmed Rifat Kādirî ve Harputlu Beyzâde Ali Efendi Türkçe’ye, adı bilinmeyen bir kişi el-ʿUrvetü’l-vüs̱ḳā li-erbâbi’l-irtiḳā adıyla Arapça’ya çevirmiştir.
4. Ruḳaʿât (Mürâselât) . Ubeydullah Ahrâr’ın dostlarına yazdığı mektuplar bir araya getirilip iki ayrı mecmua oluşturulmuştur. Bunlardan biri, Sultan Ebû Said Mirza Han’a yazdığı on dört mektubu ihtiva eden adı geçen mecmua olup bir nüshası İstanbul’da Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ndedir (Esad Efendi, nr. 1688, vr. 121b -128a ). Bu mektuplar Ârif Nevşâhî’nin Aḥvâl ve Süḫanân-ı Ḫâce ʿUbeydullāh Aḥrâr adlı eseri içinde neşredilmiştir (Tahran 1380 hş./2002). Çoğu Ali Şîr Nevâî’ye gönderilen mektupları ihtiva eden diğer mecmuanın (Mecmûʿa-i Mürâselât ) yazma nüshası Taşkent’tedir (Özbekistan Fenler Akademisi Bîrûnî Şarkiyat Enstitüsü Ktp., nr. 2178). Ali Şîr Nevâî tarafından derlendiği kabul edilen bu mecmuadaki mektuplardan 134 ya da 128’i Hâce Ahrâr’a aittir. Mektuplar genelde kısa mesajlar şeklinde olup dönemin siyasal ve sosyal konularına dair bazı düşünceleri ve dinî-ahlâkî tavsiyeleri içerir. Eser İngilizce tercümesiyle birlikte yayımlanmıştır (The Letters of Khwāja ʿUbayd Allāh Aḥrār and his Associates , nşr. Jo-Ann Gross – Asom Urunbaev, Leiden 2002).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ubeydullah Ahrâr, Fıḳarât , Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 2143, vr. 16b -158b .
Muhammed b. Burhâneddin Kādî-i Semerkandî, Silsiletü’l-ʿârifîn ve teẕkiretü’ṣ-ṣıddîḳīn (nşr. İhsânullah Şükrullâhî), Tahran 1388 hş.
Mîr Abdülevvel Nîşâbûrî, Melfûẓât-ı Aḥrâr (Aḥvâl ve Süḫanân-ı Ḫâce ʿUbeydullāh Aḥrâr içinde, nşr. Ârif Nevşâhî), Tahran 1380 hş., s. 141-324.
Molla M. Emîn Kerekî, Melfûẓât-ı Aḥrâr (a.e. içinde), s. 497-540.
Mevlânâ Şeyh, Ḫavâriḳ-i ʿÂdât-i Aḥrâr (a.e. içinde), s. 592-682.
Fahreddin Ali Safî, Reşeḥât-ı ʿAynü’l-ḥayât (nşr. Ali Asgar Muîniyân), Tahran 1977, tür.yer.
Jo-Ann Gross, Khoja Ahrar: A Study of the Perceptions of Religious Power and Prestige in the Late Timurid Period (doktora tezi, 1982), New York University.
a.mlf., “Authority and Miraculous Behavior: Reflections on Karāmāt Stories of Khwāja ‘Ubaydullāh Ahrār”, The Legacy of Mediæval Persian Sufism (ed. L. Lewisohn), London-New York 1992, s. 159-171.
a.mlf., “The Waqf of Khoja ‘Ubayd Allah Ahrār in Nineteenth Century Central Asia: A Preliminary Study of the Tsarist Record”, Naqshbandis in Western and Central Asia (ed. Elisabeth Özdalga), Istanbul 1999, s. 47-60.
M. Takī Enver Alevî Kâkûrivî, Ḥażret-i Sulṭânü’l-evliyâʾ Ḫâce ʿUbeydullâh , Feyzâbâd 1986.
Bâtûrhân Hil‘atpûr Velîhâce, Ḫâce Aḥrâr-ı Velî (nşr. Rahîm Müselmâniyân Kubâdiyânî), Tahran 1376 hş.
Necdet Tosun, Bahâeddîn Nakşbend: Hayatı, Görüşleri, Tarîkatı , İstanbul 2002, s. 155-188.
J. Paul, “Forming a Faction: The Himayat System of Khwaja Ahrar”, IJMES , XXIII (1991), s. 533-548.
Ârif Nevşâhî, “Risâle-i Vâlidiyye-i ʿUbeydullāh Aḥrâr-i Semerḳandî”, Taḥḳīḳāt-ı İslâmî , IX/1-2, Tahran 1373 hş., s. 65-77.
a.mlf., “Ḥavrâʾiyye”, Dâniş , sy. 60-61, İslâmâbâd 1379 hş./2000, s. 179-186.
a.mlf., “Aḥrâr”, DMBİ , VI, 651-654.
J. M. Rogers, “Aḥrār”, EIr. , I, 667-670.
Hamid Algar, “Aḥrār”, EI2 Suppl. (İng.) , s. 50-52.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 19-20 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.