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UBEYDULLAH b. ZİYÂD Skip to content Ubeydullāh b. Ziyâd b. Ebîh (ö. 67/686)
Emevî valisi.
28 (648) yılında Basra’da doğdu. Ziyâd b. Ebîh’in oğlu olup annesi Mercâne Fars asıllıdır. Çocukluk ve gençlik dönemlerini babasının 45 (665) yılından itibaren valilik yaptığı Basra’da ve Kûfe’de geçirdi. Babası tarafından elçi olarak Dımaşk’a gönderildiğinde konuşmasında zayıflık ve telaffuz bozuklukları bulunduğunu gören Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân’ın tavsiyesiyle Arapça’sını geliştirmeye çalıştı. Babasının ölümünün (53/673) ardından Dımaşk’a gitti ve aynı yılın sonunda Horasan valiliğine tayin edildi. Mâverâünnehir’e ilk ciddi askerî harekâtı yapan Ubeydullah 54 (674) yılında düzenlediği Buhara seferinde 24.000 askerle birlikte Ceyhun (Amuderya) nehrini geçti ve Buhara hâkimini yenerek şehri ele geçirdi. Yapılan antlaşmaya göre şehrin hâkimi yıllık 1 milyon dirhem ve 2000 savaşçı verecekti. Bu sefer esnasında Beykend, Nesef, Râmîten ve Sagāniyân da fethedildi. Bunlar Mâverâünnehir’de müslümanların gerçekleştirdiği ilk fetihlerdir. Ubeydullah, Buhara’dan Basra’ya dönerken pek çok ganimetle birlikte Türk okçuları da getirmişti. Bu başarısının ardından 55’te (675) ayrıca Basra valiliğine getirilince Türk okçularını Basra’da es-Sikketü’l-Buhâriyye’ye yerleştirdi. Ertesi yıl Horasan valiliğinden azledildi, yerine Saîd b. Osman getirildi. Ubeydullah, Basra’da Hâricîler’le mücadele etti, babası Ziyâd’dan daha sert tedbirler aldı ve çoğunu ölümle cezalandırdı.
60 (680) yılında I. Yezîd’in halifelik makamına geçmesinin ardından Yezîd’e biat etmeyen Hz. Hüseyin’in Medine’den Mekke’ye, oradan Kûfe’ye gitmek üzere hazırlık yapmaya başlaması üzerine Ubeydullah b. Ziyâd’ın valilik hayatında yeni bir sayfa açıldı. Kûfeli taraftarlarının davet ettikleri Hüseyin’in şehirdeki durumu incelemek amacıyla gönderdiği Müslim b. Akīl çok sayıda Kûfeli’den Hz. Hüseyin adına biat almıştı. Yeni gelişmeler karşısında gerekli önlemleri alamayan Kûfe Valisi Nu‘mân b. Beşîr’i görevden alan Yezîd, Basra valiliğine ilâveten Ubeydullah’ı Kûfe valiliğine tayin etti. Ondan Müslim’i ortadan kaldırmasını yahut Kûfe’den çıkarmasını istedi. Kûfe’ye tek başına yüzüne peçe takarak giren Ubeydullah şehir halkı tarafından Hz. Hüseyin zannedilip büyük sevinç gösterileriyle karşılandı. Ubeydullah buna çok öfkelendi ve camide okuduğu hutbede Hz. Hüseyin taraftarlarını tehdit etti, ardından sert tedbirlere başvurdu; kabile reislerini uyardı. Bu durumda Müslim b. Akīl nüfuzlu bir kimse olan Hâni’ b. Urve’nin evine sığındı. Ubeydullah’ın, Kûfeliler’in hac ve umre dışında Hicaz’a gitmesine ve halkın Hz. Hüseyin’le irtibat kurmasına engel olmak için Husayn b. Nümeyr et-Temîmî kumandasında 4000 kişilik bir süvari birliğini Kûfe çevresinde görevlendirdiği zikredilmektedir (Dîneverî, s. 243).
Ubeydullah b. Ziyâd, Müslim b. Akīl’in faaliyetleri hakkında bilgi edindi ve onun davetine katılanları takibe başladı. Müslim’i evine kabul eden Hâni’ b. Urve’nin kendisine karşı bir suikast düzenlemesinden çekinerek onu huzuruna çağırıp sorguya çekti. Müslim’i teslim etmeye yanaşmayan Hâni’e işkence yapıldı ve tutuklandı. Bunu duyan Mezhic kabilesi vali konağının önünde toplandı. Kalabalığı yatıştırmakla görevlendirilen Kadı Şüreyh, Hâni’in bir soruşturma için tutulduğunu, hayatının emniyette olduğunu söyleyince kalabalık dağıldı. Öte yandan Hâni’in tutuklandığını öğrenen Müslim etrafında toplanan 4000 kişiyle valilik konağını kuşattı. Ubeydullah bunları dağıtmak için konağa çağırdığı yirmi kadar kabile reisinden yararlandı; onlardan, Suriye’den gelecek ordu ile ve karşılaşacakları diğer sıkıntılarla isyancıları korkutmalarını istedi; ayrıca mahallelere gidip kadınları harekete geçirmelerini söyledi. Böylece Müslim’in taraftarlarını dağıttı. Bir eve sığınan Müslim’i ihbar sonucu yakalatıp ortadan kaldırdı, ardından Hâni’ b. Urve öldürülerek her ikisinin başı Yezîd’e gönderildi.
Daha sonra Kûfe’deki yeni gelişmelerden habersiz olarak şehre gelmekte olan Hz. Hüseyin’in yolu kesildi. Ubeydullah ona karşı gönderdiği Hür b. Yezîd’e kafilenin müstahkem yerlere sığınmasına engel olmasını ve Fırat nehrinden uzak tutulmasını emretti. Hz. Hüseyin’in kafilesi Kerbelâ’ya ulaşınca burada konaklamaya mecbur edildi (2 Muharrem 61 / 2 Ekim 680). Ubeydullah, ayrıca Ömer b. Sa‘d b. Ebû Vakkās’ı 4000 kişilik bir kuvvetle Hz. Hüseyin’i Kûfe’ye getirmek üzere gönderdi ve Yezîd adına ondan biat almasını tembih etti. Biatı reddeden Hüseyin, geldikleri yere geri dönmelerine veya Yezîd ile görüşmek üzere Dımaşk’a ya da Sugūr bölgelerinden birine gitmesine izin vermesini istedi. Önce bu isteği Halife Yezîd’e bildirerek gelecek cevaba göre hareket etmeyi düşünen Ubeydullah, rivayete göre Ömer b. Sa‘d ile Hz. Hüseyin’in geceleri bir araya gelip konuştuklarının kendisine bildirilmesi üzerine Hüseyin’in isteğinde samimi olmadığını düşünüp bundan vazgeçti. Ömer b. Sa‘d’a Hz. Hüseyin’le beraberindekileri Kûfe’ye göndermesi, bunu kabul etmedikleri takdirde onlarla savaşmasını emretti. Neticede Hz. Hüseyin’le beraberindeki yetmiş iki kişi Kerbelâ’da 10 Muharrem 61’de (10 Ekim 680) şehid edildi. Öldürülenlerin kesik başları ve sağ kalanlar Kûfe’ye götürüldü. Ubeydullah’ın elindeki sopa ile (kadîb) Hz. Hüseyin’in başına ve yüzüne vurduğu için Enes b. Mâlik tarafından eleştirildiği bildirilmektedir. Ardından Ubeydullah kesik başları ve sağ kalanları Dımaşk’a gönderdi. Ubeydullah’ın, Hz. Hüseyin’in isteğini yerine getirmediği ve son anda Yezîd’i bilgilendirip onun tâlimatına göre davranmadığı için Kerbelâ Vak‘ası’nda en büyük sorumluluğu taşıdığı kabul edilmekte ve kendisine lânet okunmaktadır.
Bu olayın ardından Yezîd’e karşı başlayan muhalefet daha da şiddetlendi. Abdullah b. Zübeyr, Mekke’de kendi adına davet başlattı, Medineliler de Yezîd’e itaatten ayrıldı. Yezîd Medine’deki isyanı bastırıp Abdullah b. Zübeyr’e karşı gitmek üzere Hicaz’a bir ordu göndermeye karar verince ordunun başına Ubeydullah b. Ziyâd’ı geçirmek istedi. Ancak Ubeydullah bunu kabul etmedi, hasta olduğunu ileri sürerek görevden affedilmesini talep etti. Daha sonra Basra’ya geldi. I. Yezîd’in ölümünün ardından onun yerine halifelik makamına oturan II. Muâviye b. Yezîd’i tanımadı, Basra’da kendi adına biat almaya kalkıştı. Ancak başarılı olamadığı gibi Temîm kabilesinin çıkardığı isyan yüzünden şehirden kaçmak zorunda kaldı. O sırada başlarına birer vali seçen Kûfe ve Basra halkı Abdullah b. Zübeyr’e katıldı. Ubeydullah, halifeliği bırakan ve kısa bir süre sonra ölen II. Muâviye’nin ardından Dımaşk’a gitti. Onun bu yolculuğu esnasında, Abdullah b. Zübeyr’e biat etmek için Dımaşk’tan Mekke’ye doğru yola çıkan Mervân b. Hakem’le karşılaştığı, İbnü’z-Zübeyr’e katılmasının büyük bir hata olacağını ve halifeliğin onun hakkı olduğunu söyleyip Mervân’ı halifeliği üstlenmesi konusunda ikna ettiği bildirilmektedir.
Ubeydullah b. Ziyâd, Kûfe’de Süleyman b. Surad liderliğinde ortaya çıkan ve kendilerini Hz. Hüseyin’in katili ilân eden Tevvâbîn’in birinci hedefi oldu. Ancak Ubeydullah emrindeki birliklerle Aynülverde Savaşı’nda Tevvâbîn ordusunu ağır bir yenilgiye uğrattı, Süleyman ve çok sayıda taraftarı öldürüldü (24 Cemâziyelevvel 65 / 6 Ocak 685). Daha sonra Abdullah b. Zübeyr’e itaat eden Karkīsiye üzerine gönderilen ve orayı zaptedince Irak’a yürümesi emredilen Ubeydullah, el-Cezîre bölgesinde bulunduğu sırada Mervân’ın ölüm haberini aldı. Yeni halife Abdülmelik b. Mervân onu görevinde bıraktı. Muhtâr es-Sekafî’nin 66 (686) yılında Kûfe’yi Abdullah b. Zübeyr’e bağlı validen almasının ardından Musul’a yönelip bölgeyi ele geçirdi. Muhtâr’ın Yezîd b. Enes kumandasında gönderdiği kuvvetleri bozguna uğrattı. Ancak Muhtâr’ın İbrâhim b. Eşter kumandasında sevkettiği orduyla Musul yakınında Hâzir ırmağı kıyısında meydana gelen çetin savaşta ağır bir hezimete uğradı. Başta kendisi ve Husayn b. Nümeyr olmak üzere askerlerinden pek çok kişi öldürüldü (9 Muharrem 67 / 5 Ağustos 686). Onun ve yetmişten fazla kişinin başı kesilerek Kûfe’deki Muhtâr es-Sekafî’ye gönderildi. Kûfe’de teşhir edildikten sonra Mekke’de bulunan Muhammed b. Hanefiyye’ye gönderilen kesik başların Mescid-i Harâm’ın kapısında bir defa daha teşhir edilmesinin ardından Mekke’de gömüldüğü bildirilmektedir.
Babası Ziyâd’dan sonra Emevîler döneminde Basra ve Kûfe’nin (Irâkeyn) yönetimini birlikte yürüten ilk vali olan Ubeydullah, Buhara seferi dolayısıyla kaynaklarda “deve üzerinde Ceyhun nehrini geçip Buhara’ya ulaşan ilk Arap” şeklinde takdim edilmiştir. Döneminde her iki şehirde nüfus ve malî açıdan önemli gelişmeler olmuştur. Basra’da büyük paralar harcayıp Beydâ ve Hamrâ saraylarını inşa ettiren Ubeydullah, Basra ve Kûfe mescidlerini genişletmiş, su ihtiyacını karşılamak üzere Basra’da bir sarnıç yaptırmıştır. Basra’nın nüfusu 90.000 muharip ve onların 100.000 kişilik aile fertleriyle birlikte 190.000, Kûfe’nin nüfusu 140.000 civarındaydı. Ancak onun döneminde Basra’nın kısmen boşaldığı da söylenir. Sevâd bölgesinin yıllık haracı 145 milyon dirhem tutuyordu. Ubeydullah devrinde Hâricî isyanları daha da şiddetlenmiş, devlet bu isyanları bastırmak için Dîvânü’l-atâ’ya kayıtlı olmayan Arap ve Acemler’i görevlendirmiştir. Sertliği yanında cömertliğiyle de bilinen Ubeydullah’ın Basra ve Kûfe’de yaptığı çeşitli konuşmalar Arap edebiyatı açısından önemlidir. Câhiz’e göre uğur getirmesi için evinin önüne köpek, arslan ve koç kabartması yaptırmıştır. Ebû Mihnef Ḫaberü’l-Muḫtâr ve İbn Ziyâd adıyla bir eser yazmıştır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 29-30 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.