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UD Skip to content Telli mûsiki aletlerinden biri.
Türkiye’de ve hemen bütün Arap ülkelerinde aynı adla yaygın biçimde kullanılır. İran, Azerbaycan, Ermenistan ve Yunanistan’da da sevilen çalgılar arasındadır. İran’da bir adı barbat olup Yunanistan’da uti ismiyle anılır. Organalojide ud kısa saplı lavtaların tipik örneğidir; yeryüzündeki diğer bütün kısa saplı lavtalar (Avrupa lavtası, İstanbul lavtası, Çin pipası, Japon biwası, Rumen kobzası) udun veya atası olan çalgının birer türevidir (bk. LAVTA ). Ud benzeri ilk çalgının eski Mısır’da 19-29. sülâleler döneminde (m.ö. 1320-1085) yapıldığı sanılmaktadır. Bu dönemden kalma kil kabartmalardan birinde udun atası sayılabilecek bir çalgı tasvir edilmiştir. Milâttan önce VIII. yüzyıla tarihlenen kilden bir Elam figüründe de buna benzer bir çalgı vardır. Udun bundan yüzyıllar sonra müslüman Ortadoğu’da yeniden ortaya çıkıncaya kadarki tarihi iyi bilinmemektedir. Muhtemelen eski ud gibi bu yeni ud da tek bir ağaç parçasından oyularak yapılıyordu ve gövdesi bugünkü udunkinden daha küçüktü; göğsü ise deridendi. Sâsânîler bu çalgıya “barbat” (kaz göğsü) adını vermişlerdir. Bir bakıma uda barbatın Araplar tarafından geliştirilmiş biçimi denilebilir. Arap kaynakları, ünlü mûsikişinas Zelzel’e kadar (ö. 174/790) udun sapının ve gövdesinin aynı ağaç parçasından yontulup oyularak yapıldığını, müstakil sapın Zelzel tarafından getirilen bir yenilik olduğunu kaydeder. Gövdenin Zelzel’den sonra artık oyularak değil ağaç dilimleri yan yana getirilerek yapıldığı tahmin edilebilir. Esasen ud ile barbat arasındaki en önemli fark barbatın nisbeten küçük gövdeli ve deri göğüslü olması, udun ise daha büyük bir gövdesi ve bu yüzden tahtadan bir göğsünün bulunmasıdır. Arapça ud “öd ağacı” demektir; muhtemelen ilk udların göğsü bu ağaçtan yapılmıştır. Henry George Farmer da çalgıya ud adının bu ahşap göğsü dolayısıyla verildiğini ifade eder.
Ud kelimesi ilk defa VII. yüzyıla ait Arapça metinlerde geçer. Ancak sonraki İran ve Arap metinlerinde barbat, ud ve tumbur kelimeleri görülmektedir. Fârâbî’nin ud çaldığı ve bu çalgıda bazı değişiklikler yaptığı belirtilmektedir. Fârâbî döneminde de muhafaza edilen udun sapındaki “destan” adlı perde bağları X. yüzyılın sonuna doğru terkedilmiştir. En pest tel olan bam telinin ne zaman ve kimin tarafından eklendiği bilinmemektedir. XX. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğine kadar en tiz telin altına bağlanan bu tel tizden peste doğru sırayla bağlanan öbür tellerin düzenini bozuyordu. Bu durum bam telinin en üste alınmasıyla düzeltilmiştir. Ud önceleri tahtadan bir mızrapla çalınmaktaydı. Endülüslü mûsikişinas Ziryâb (ö. 230/845) kartal teleğinden yapılan mızrabı yaygınlaştırmış (günümüzde genellikle esnek plastikten mızraplar kullanılmaktadır), udun İspanya’ya geçişinde de önemli rol oynamıştır. Modern organalojinin kurucusu kabul edilen Curt Sachs, udun Avrupalılar’ca benimsendiğinde sapına yeniden perde bağlanışını Batılılar’ın değişkenliğe ve belirsizliğe değil kesinliğe önem vermesiyle açıklar. Halbuki müslümanlar udun sapındaki perde bağlarını, değişkenlik ve belirsizliklerden hoşlandıkları için değil nağmeye dayalı mûsikilerinin nazariyatçılarca tesbit edilen aralıklardan çok daha fazlasını gerektirmesinden çıkarmışlardır. Bugün Türkiye’de kullanılan udun diğer İslâm ülkelerindeki udlardan hemen hiçbir yapısal farkı yoktur. Ancak Arap udunun tel boyunun Türk udundan yaklaşık 1 cm. daha uzun olduğunu (59,5 cm.) ve Arap udlarının bir ses daha pest akortlandığını belirtmek gerekir (Arap udunun nevâ perdesi Türk mûsikisindeki çârgâh perdesine tekabül eder).
Zamanımızdaki yapısını ud bazı küçük değişiklik dışında yaklaşık bin yıldan beri korumaktadır. Çalgının insan kucağını dolduran iri gövdesini yirmi kadar hilâl biçimli ahşap dilim oluşturur. Sap bir takoz aracılığıyla gövdeye takılır. Burguluğa doğru daralan bu yassı sapın gövdeyle birleştiği yerdeki genişliği yaklaşık dört parmaktır. Sapla 45 derecelik bir açı yapan burguluk dar ve uzun bir “S” çizer; “kulak” adı da verilen akort burguları burguluğa yandan girer. Bam teli dışındaki öbür beş tel çifttir. Günümüzde naylon tellerin kullanıldığı en alttaki iki çift tel (nevâ ve gerdâniye telleri) eskiden bağırsaktandı. Diğer tellerin hepsi ipek üstüne gümüş veya bakır sargılıdır. Bu teller en yaygın biçimde tizden peste doğru gerdâniye, nevâ, dügâh, hüseynîaşiran, kaba bûselik ve kaba ırak yahut kaba hüseynîaşiran (sol, re, la, mi, si ve fa# veya mi) perdelerine akortlanır. Her tel doğrudan, göğse yapışık olan tel takozundan (udda bu aynı zamanda ana eşiktir) çıkar ve burgulukla sapın birleştiği yerdeki dip eşikten aşarak burgusuna sarılır. Udun göğsü yaklaşık 1 mm. kalınlığında ladin veya köknar tahtasından bir levhadır. Bunu alttan destekleyen çıtalara “balkon” adı verilir. Göğüste çoğunlukla, ikisi küçük ve yanda bulunan üç yuvarlak delik vardır. Bunlar gül veya kafes denen süslü oymalarla kapatılmıştır. Avrupa lavtası gibi göğsünde büyükçe tek bir delik yer alan udlar da vardır. Böyle udlara daha çok Araplar’da rastlanır. Son yıllarda Arap ülkelerinde Bağdat kökenli, yuvarlak olmayan, oval delikli ve kafessiz udlar da yaygınlaşmaktadır. Oturularak kucağa alınan ud üstten sağ kolla, alttan sağ bacakla sıkıştırılır; sağ eldeki mızrapla çalınır, tellere ise sol elin parmaklarıyla basılır.
XV ve XVI. yüzyıllarda Osmanlı sarayında büyük rağbet gören ud XVII. yüzyılda terkedilmiştir. Nâyî Osman Dede’ye (ö. 1142/1729) kadar bütün nazariyatçılar perdeleri udun sapı üzerinde işaret etmişlerdi. İlk defa Osman Dede perdeleri ney üzerinde göstermiştir. Kantemiroğlu da aynı dönemde perdeleri tamburun sapı üzerinde işaretlemeyi tercih etmiştir. Böylece Osmanlı dönemi mûsikisinde birinci ud dönemi nazarî yönden kapanmıştır. Gerçekte bu husus bestekârlıkta Osmanlı üslûbunun doğduğu döneme rastlar ve nazariyatın da Osmanlılaşması anlamına gelir. XIX. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru ud yeniden klasik Türk mûsikisi çalgıları arasına katılmıştır. Ancak eski udun göğsünün iki yanındaki ardıç yanaklar kaybolmuş, tel sayısı beşten altıya çıkmıştır. Bu ikinci dönemde İstanbul’da ud çalanların sayısında büyük artış görülmeye başlanmış, bu arada pek çok ud imalâthanesi açılmıştır. İmalâtçıların en ünlüsü Rum asıllı Manol Usta idi. Aynı dönemde sayıları hızla artan mûsiki dükkânlarında bir yandan ud satışı yapılmakta, bir yandan da ud eğitimi verilmekteydi. Bu devirde amatör veya profesyonel pek çok ûdî yetişmiştir. Bunların içinde fasıllarda ve plaklarda çalan Ûdî Âfet (Hapet Mısırlıyan), Ûdî Arşak (Çömlekçiyan), Mısırlı İbrâhim, Ûdî Sâmi Bey, bazı plaklarda Tanbûrî Cemil Bey’in kemençesine eşlik eden Ûdî Fethi Bey, daha çok konaklardaki meclislerde görünen Ûdî Nevres Bey (Orhon), Avrupaî virtüozluğun ilk temsilcilerinden Ali Rifat (Çağatay), Sedat (Öztoprak) ve Refik Talat (Alpman) beylerle ilk ud ve viyolonsel derslerini Ali Rifat Bey’den alan Şerif Muhittin Targan ve özellikle 78 devirli plak döneminin “hâkim”i konumundaki Yorgo Bacanos anılmalıdır (Türkiye’de yapılan ilk plak kayıtlarında en önemli iki çalgı ud ve kemandı).
Yumuşak ve temiz ses çıkarmak için kösele mızrap kullanan Nevres Bey’in tarzı mızrabı eşikten olabildiği kadar uzağa vurmaya dayalıydı. Muhtemelen bu çığırı Ali Rifat Bey açmıştır. Öğrencisi Şerif Muhittin de aynı tarzı benimsemiş, kendisine Avrupalı virtüozları örnek alarak udun tekniğini görülmemiş ölçüde geliştirmiştir. Daha sonra Bağdat Konservatuvarı’nda yetiştirdiği Cemil ve Münir Beşir kardeşlerle Selman Şükür aracılığıyla onun tekniği bütün Arap âlemine yayılmıştır. Nevres Bey’inkinden daha sert bir mızrap kullanan Yorgo Bacanos, mızrabı eşiğe yakın vurarak güçlü ve enerji dolu bir ses elde etmeyi tercih etmiştir. Cemil Bey’in tamburunu andıran çalışıyla Yorgo Bacanos kendinden sonraki hemen bütün ûdîleri etkilemiştir. Cinuçen Tanrıkorur ile ud icrası yeni bir üslûp kazanmış, o da Cemil Bey’in tamburundan etkilenmiştir. Fakat Bacanos’un tersine bol vibratolu ve glissandolu, ancak az mızrap kullanmaya dayalı bir çalışa yönelmiştir. Tanrıkorur’un üslûbunda tını birliğini bozmamak için bir nağme tamamlanıncaya kadar aynı telde kalınması, ileri pozisyonlar kullanılarak çalgının pest telleriyle melodinin desteklenmesi de önemlidir (Tanrıkorur’un hazırladığı “Ud Metodu” 1970’te Türkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu tarafından ödüle lâyık görülmüş, ancak eser henüz yayımlanmamıştır). Günümüzde gerek Türkiye’de gerekse Arap ülkelerinde geleneksel sayılan üslûbu yaşatmaya yönelenlerin yanı sıra udu gitar gibi kullanmayı seçen icracılar da yetişmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Habib Hassan Touma, La musique arabe , Paris 1996, s. 91-95.
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İsmail Baha Sürelsan, “Uda Dâir”, MM , sy. 211 (1965), s. 197-198.
C. E. Bosworth v.dğr., “ʿUd”, EI2 (İng.) , X, 767-773.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 39-41 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.