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UĞURSUZLUK Skip to content
1/2 Müellif: İLYAS ÇELEBİ Bölüme Git
Sözlükte “işlerin ters gitmesine yol açtığına inanılan nesne, olay, fiil ve durum” anlamına gelen uğursuzluk kelimesi “uğur, uğurlu şeyleri gösteren s…
2/2 Müellif: KÜRŞAT DEMİRCİ Bölüme Git
DİNLER TARİHİ. Antropolojide bâtıl inançlar kapsamında görülen uğursuzluk kavramı insanların, hatta bazı durumlarda bütün varlıkların başına felâket g…
Sözlükte “işlerin ters gitmesine yol açtığına inanılan nesne, olay, fiil ve durum” anlamına gelen uğursuzluk kelimesi “uğur, uğurlu şeyleri gösteren simge” anlamındaki fâl in zıddı olup “gören ve işiten kişinin nefret duyup reddettiği şey” demektir. Uğur ise insana mutluluk, iyilik ve şans getireceğine inanılan durumdur. “Uğursuz saymak” mânasındaki şe’m kökünden türeyen teşe’’üm , “uçmak” anlamındaki tayr kökünden türeyen tıyere (tetayyur ), tâir kelimesiyle birlikte kullanıldığında zecr , ayrıca “uğursuzluk, uğursuz” anlamındaki nahs kelimesi de aynı mânaya gelir. Uğursuzluk “insan ve hayvanlarla diğer bazı nesnelerin hareket, ses ve duruşlarını uğursuz sayma” şeklinde de tanımlanır. Başlangıçta fal hem uğur hem uğursuzluk içeriğiyle algılanırken daha sonra bilhassa İslâmî dönemde sadece uğurlu işler için kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.
Uğursuzluk bağlamında güvercin, karga, baykuş ve hüdhüd gibi kuşların uçuşundan anlam çıkarma anlayışı çok eski bir geçmişe sahip olup Bâbil ve Mısırlılar gibi yahudi ve hıristiyanlarda da mevcuttu. Câhiliye Arapları kuşların yanı sıra bir kısım özellikler taşıyan insanlarla kulağı yarık, boynuzu kırık hayvanları ve bazı sesleri de uğursuz kabul ederlerdi. Araplar’ın başvurduğu yöntemlerin en yaygını kuş uçurtma şeklinde yapılanıydı. “İyâfetü’t-tayr” denilen bu yönteme göre sabahleyin evinden çıkan kişi uçan bir kuşun uçtuğu yöne göre o günkü işini yorumlardı. Kuş soldan sağa doğru uçarsa (sânih) uğurlu, sağdan sola doğru uçarsa (bârih) uğursuz sayılırdı. Uçan kuş görülmediği takdirde bir kuşu uçurmak suretiyle aynı işlem uygulanırdı (bk. İYÂFE ). Uğursuz addetmenin ikinci türü bazı hayvanların adından, sesi ve renginden hareketle olumsuz anlam çıkarma biçimindedir. Câhiliye inancına göre karga gurbete ve garipliğe, hüdhüd ise hidayete delâlet ederdi. Uğursuz saymanın üçüncü türü ölü hayvanlara bakılması veya kesilirken gözlemlenmeleri sonucu tesbit edilen bulgulardan çıkarılan olumsuz anlamlar şeklindedir.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de “tıyere” kavramı inkârcıların kendilerini haklı göstermek için başvurdukları bir bahane olarak zikredilir. Bu çerçevede Yâsîn sûresinde (36/13-19) bir “karye” halkına (muhtemelen Antakya) gönderilen hak davetçileri (Taberî, XXII, 186-187) yaptıkları davete karşılık muhatapları tarafından yalancılıkla itham edilmiş ve uğursuzluk getirdikleri ileri sürülmüştür. Kur’an’da aynı mahiyette bir tepkiyi Hz. Sâlih’in kavmi Semûd ile (en-Neml 27/45-47) Hz. Mûsâ’nın muhatapları Firavun ve taraftarlarının (el-A‘râf 7/130-131) gösterdiği ifade edilmektedir. Hz. Peygamber hastalığın kendiliğinden sirayet etmediğini, kuşun uçmasıyla uğursuzluk meydana gelmediğini, safer ayında veya baykuşun ötmesinde uğursuzluk aranamayacağını (Buhârî, “Ṭıb”, 45, 54; Müslim, “Selâm”, 102), İslâm’da uğursuzluk anlayışının bulunmadığını, daima iyimser ifadelerin kullanılması gerektiğini (Buhârî, “Ṭıb”, 44, 54) söylemiş, kuşun uçuşundan geleceğe yönelik kötü sonuçlar çıkarmanın şirk sayıldığını ısrarla vurgulamıştır (Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭıb”, 24; Tirmizî, “Siyer”, 47). Bir başka rivayette ise, “Uğursuzluk anlayışı yüzünden işinden vazgeçen kimse şirke düşmüş olur” demiş, bunun kefâretinin ne olduğu sorulduğunda, “Allahım! Senin hayrından başka hayır, senin takdirinden başka takdir ve senden başka ilâh yoktur” denmesini öğütlemiştir (Müsned , II, 220). Konuyla ilgili rivayetleri değerlendiren İbnü’l-Esîr uğursuzluk telakkisinin şirk sayılmasını, bunu icra edenlerin bazı işlemlerle menfaat sağlayacaklarına ve kendilerine dokunacak zararları gidereceklerine inanmalarına bağlamıştır (en-Nihâye , III, 152). Bir rivayete göre Hz. Peygamber, “Uğursuzluk ancak üç şeyde, atta, kadında ve evde olur” buyurmuş (Buhârî, “Cihâd”, 47, “Ṭıb”, 54, “Nikâḥ”, 17; Müslim, “Selâm”, 119), Ümmü Seleme’den gelen rivayette ise bunlara kılıç ilâve edilmiş, İbn Mes‘ûd da, “Bir şeyde uğursuzluk varsa iki çene arasındaki dildedir” demiştir. Bu rivayet hakkında Hz. Âişe’nin görüşü sorulduğunda, “Kur’an’ı Muhammed’e gönderen Allah’a yemin ederim ki Resûlullah böyle bir şey söylememiştir; o yalnız Câhiliye halkının kadınla, evle ve atla uğursuzluk oluşabileceği yolundaki inancını bildirdi” cevabını vermiştir. Abdullah b. Ömer de Resûl-i Ekrem’in yanında uğursuzluktan söz edildiğinde şöyle buyurduğunu nakletmektedir: “Bir şeyde uğursuzluk bulunsaydı atta, kadında ve meskende olurdu” (Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 17).
Kur’an’da uğursuzluk telakkisinden menfi şekilde bahsedildiği ve ilk rivayetin aksine diğer rivayetlerde bu anlayışın Câhiliye dönemine nisbet edildiği göz önünde bulundurulduğunda at, kadın ve evi uğursuz saymanın İslâm’a değil Araplar’ın İslâm öncesi dönemine ait bir âdet olduğu anlaşılır. Birinci rivayetteki karışıklık râvinin “eğer bir şeyde uğursuzluk olsaydı” ifadesini atlamasından kaynaklanmaktadır. İslâm toplumunda yönetici ve âlimlerin kanaati de bu yöndedir. Emevî Halifesi Ömer b. Abdülazîz, ay Boğa burcunda (deberân) iken yola çıktığında bunu iyi karşılamayan İbn Abdülhakem’e, “Sen bana ayın deberânda olduğunu söylemek istiyorsun; biz güneşe ve aya göre değil tek ve kahhâr olan Allah’a sığınarak yola çıkarız” demiştir (Taşköprizâde, I, 363). Falda olduğu gibi uğursuzluğu da nefis kuvvetiyle açıklayan İbn Haldûn, kuş uçurtmak suretiyle kehanette bulunan kimselerin gördükleri ve işittikleri şeylerin hayal güçlerine destek olduğunu, böylece bir anlayışa vardıklarını kaydeder (Mukaddime , I, 389). İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye tıyerenin ondan korkan kişiye zarar vereceğini, korkmayana ise hiçbir etkisinin olmayacağını belirterek içinde bu tür vesveseler hisseden kimsenin, “Allahım! Senin takdirinden başka takdir, senin verdiğin hayırdan başka hayır, senden başka ilâh yoktur; iyilikler ancak senden gelir, kötülükleri ancak sen giderirsin; güç ve kudret tamamen sana aittir” demesini tavsiye etmiştir (Miftâḥu dâri’s-saʿâde , II, 272). Ayrıca uğursuzluğun ondan korkan kimseye zarar vermek için selden daha hızlı geleceği, duyduğu ve gördüğü şeylerde o kimseye vesvese kapılarını açacağı kaydedilmektedir (Sıddîk Hasan Han, II, 368-369).
İnsanlar çevrelerinde gördükleri birtakım şeylerde ve tabiat olaylarında uğursuzluk bulunduğuna inanagelmiştir. Çağımızda da bu anlayışı benimsemiş pek çok kişiye rastlamak mümkündür. Bu kişiler uğursuz kabul ettikleri şeylerden kendilerine kötülük ve zarar geleceğini sanır, onlardan uzak durmaya çalışır, bu yüzden de korku ve endişe içinde yaşarlar. Aslında hiçbir şeyde uğursuzluk bulunmadığı gibi hiçbir şey başlangıçta uğurlu da değildir. Uğursuzluk herkesin kendinde, kendi yorumunda ve anlayışındadır. Halk arasında kullanılan, “Uğurlu geldi, uğursuzluk getirdi” gibi sözler birer zan ve kuruntudan ibarettir. Ay ve güneş tutulması, köpeklerin uluması, baykuşun ötmesi, kedi ve köpeğin yürüyen bir kişinin önünden geçmesi, ayrıca merdiven altından geçmek, salı günü işe başlamak veya yola çıkmak, gece aynaya bakmak, tırnak kesmek vb. pek çok şeyde uğursuzluk bulunduğunun kabul edilmesi birer temelsiz inançtır. Bir nesneyi veya olayı mutlaka bir şeye yormak gerekirse Hz. Peygamber’in tavsiyesine göre iyiye yormak gerekir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de açıkça beyan edildiği üzere Cenâb-ı Hak fizik âlemin işleyişini kanunlara bağladığı gibi sosyal hayat için de kanun ve kurallar koymuştur. Canlı cansız bütün tabiat Allah’ın emir ve iradesi altındadır. O’nun emrinin dışına çıkılması sadece insanlar için söz konusu olup bu da Allah’ın insan türüne verdiği bir irade ve seçim imkânından ibarettir. Güneş, ay, yıldızlar, dağlar, ağaçlar, hayvanlar gibi tabiatı teşkil eden nesneler ve yaratıklar Allah’a secde eder (el-Hac 22/18); yani O’nun varlığını, birliğini, engin ilmini, derin hikmetini, sınırsız irade ve kudretini halleri veya dilleriyle ispat ve kabul eder. İslâmiyet’in asıl ilkesi tevhiddir. Hayır ve şer Allah’tan beklendiğine göre eşya kendi kendine uğurlu veya uğursuz olamaz; onun iyi kullanılması hayır, kötü kullanılması şer getirir. Kullanımdan kaynaklanan hataları nesne ve olaylara atfederek onları uğursuz kabul etmek doğru değildir. Ayrıca bir şeyi uğursuz sayma, dinin yanı sıra ilim, akıl ve gerçekle de bağdaşmamaktadır (ayrıca bk. HURAFE ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “ṭyr” md.
İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye fî ġarîbi’l-ḥadîs̱ , Kahire 1311, III, 150-152, 406.
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ṭyr”, “şʾem” md.leri..
Tehânevî, Keşşâf (Dahrûc) , II, 1143.
Kāmus Tercümesi , II, 1025-1026.
Müsned , II, 220.
Câhiz, Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân , I, 438.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân (nşr. Sıdkī Cemîl el-Attâr), Beyrut 1415/1995, XXII, 186-187.
İbn Abdürabbih, el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd , Kahire 1305, II, 160.
İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, Miftâḥu dâri’s-saʿâde , Kahire 1323, II, 261-273.
İbn Haldûn, Mukaddime (trc. Süleyman Uludağ), İstanbul 1982, I, 389.
Bedreddin el-Aynî, ʿUmdetü’l-ḳārî , Kahire 1392/1972, XVII, 383.
Tecrid Tercemesi , VIII, 312-313.
Taşköprizâde, Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde , I, 362-363.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1216.
Sıddîk Hasan Han, Ebcedü’l-ʿulûm , Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye), II, 368-369.
Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , VI, 786-787.
Ayşe Duvarcı, Türkiye’de Falcılık Geleneği ile Bu Konuda İki Eser: “Risâle-i Falnâme lî Ca‘fer-i Sâdık” ve “Tefe’ülname” , Ankara 1993, s. 28.
İlyas Çelebi, İslâm İnancında Gayp Problemi , İstanbul 1996, s. 50-52.
a.mlf. – Bekir Topaloğlu, Kelâm Terimleri Sözlüğü , İstanbul 2010, s. 315-316.
Ahmet Baydar, Kur’ân Açısından Korku ve Büyü , İstanbul 1999, s. 100-102.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 51-52 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
DİNLER TARİHİ. Antropolojide bâtıl inançlar kapsamında görülen uğursuzluk kavramı insanların, hatta bazı durumlarda bütün varlıkların başına felâket getirdiğine inanılan birtakım olguları, olayları ve işaretleri ifade eder. Tarihsel veriler bu inancın, insanla tabiat arasındaki ilişkinin animistik bir sebep-sonuç mantığı çerçevesinde örüldüğü tarih öncesi dönemlerden itibaren var olduğunu göstermektedir. Birtakım tabiat hadiseleri, hayvan veya insan hareketleri, bunların çeşitli görünümleri, gök cisimlerinin astrolojik durumları, şekiller, sayılar, renkler vb. pek çok fenomen eski çağlardan itibaren uğurlu-uğursuz diye iki kategoriye ayrılıp algılanmıştır. Bu anlayış kısmen dinî bir çerçeveye oturtulmuş ve genelde ilâhî güçlerin insanla iletişim kurma çabasının uzantısı olarak yorumlanmıştır. İnsanların söz konusu fenomenleri anlama kaygısı kehanet kavramının ortaya çıkmasına yol açmış, uğurlu ya da uğursuz kabul edilen işaretlerin neye delâlet ettiğinin ancak uygun ritüeller eşliğinde yapılan birtakım kehanetlerle anlaşılabileceğine inanılmıştır. Böylece evrendeki her yapı veya durum kehanetle okunması gereken şifreli bir harita konumuna getirilmiştir. Tekin olmayan bu dünyada gündelik hayatta her an karşılaşılan bu şifreli fenomenlerin çözülmesinin gerekliliği, kehanet kurumunun güçlenmesine katkıda bulunan en önemli unsurlardan birini oluşturmuştur. Fakat uğursuz sayılan fenomenlerin niçin bu şekilde yorumlandığı konusu açık değildir. Muhtemelen kâinatın veya tabiatın alışılmış düzenine aykırı görülen her fenomen uğursuz sayılmış veya tekin kabul edilmemiştir. Şüphesiz bazı durumlarda, sonucunun olumsuz olduğu gözlemlenen birtakım pratik tecrübeler ve muhtemel bir hatanın önüne geçme çabası da uğursuzluk kavramının gelişimini etkilemiştir. Tarihsel anlamda ortaya çıkış gerekçesi ne olursa olsun, antik dinlerde her uğursuzluğun ilâhî alanın ihmali veya ihlâli şeklinde vuku bulduğuna dair bir kabul vardır. Bu kabul uğursuzluğun bertaraf edilmesini, bir ritüel eşliğinde felâketin önlenmesini gerektirmiştir. Bu durumda her uğursuzluk önceden hissedilmeli (kehanet) ve önleyici bir eylemle (ritüel) bertaraf edilmelidir.
Uğursuzluk fenomeni üzerine yapılan çalışmalar bu konuda çeşitli kültürlerden binlerce örneğin ortaya çıkmasına sebep olmuştur. Yazının bulunuşundan önceki dönemlere ait bilgiler ancak etno-arkeoloji gibi bilim dallarının tahminî verilerine dayandırılabilir. Mevcut belgelere göre ilk örnekler eski Mezopotamya’da ele geçen çivi yazılı dokümanlardan gelmektedir. Bunların en açık bilinenleri ise çoğunlukla astronomik olaylarla ilgilidir. Bilhassa ayın etkisiyle meydana gelen birtakım gök olayları eski Ortadoğu halklarının günleri uğurlu-uğursuz diye ayırmasına kaynaklık etmiştir. Yahudiliğe Şabat adıyla girecek olan cumartesi ritüeli, kökeni Sumerler’e ve Akkad-Bâbil geleneğine kadar giden bir fenomendir. Bâbil’de Şab(p)attu diye bilinen gün uğursuzluk getirdiğine inanıldığı için bütünüyle ay tanrısına adanması gereken bir gündü. Bu günün felâketlerinden kurtulmak ancak aya adanan ritüellerle mümkün olabilirdi. Ayrıca ayın 7, 14, 19, 21 ve 28. günleri uğursuz kabul edilirdi. Eylülün ilk beş günü kral için uğursuz sayılırdı. Bu beş gün ateşte hazırlanan yiyecekler uğursuzluğa yol açacağı için yenmezdi. Ay ve güneş tutulması da uğursuz kabul edilen temel fenomenlerdendir. Gök cisimlerinin hareketleri kralın kendisi veya faaliyetleri için gözlenmeliydi. Eğer Merkür Venüs’e yaklaşırsa bu kralın düşmanlarını yeneceğine, Mars ayın evlerinden birine girerse bu da kralın öleceğine işaret sayılırdı. Öte yandan geleceğin veya yapılacak herhangi bir eylemin uğurlu ya da uğursuz olacağını önceden bilme isteği eski Ortadoğu’da kehanetle ilgili inançları son derece önemli kılmıştır. Nitekim Hititler’de herhangi bir nesne (çoğu defa hayvanın iç organı, meselâ ciğeri) incelenerek yapılacak eylemin sonucunun uğurlu veya uğursuz oluşunun önceden tesbit edilebileceğine inanılırdı. Kuşların uçuş yönü ve çıkardıkları seslerden yapılacak eylemin uğurlu veya uğursuzluğunun tesbitini içeren kehanetler de yaygındı. Benzer örnekler İtalya’da Etrüskler, daha sonra Romalılar arasında yaygın biçimde uygulanmıştır. Hayvanların yeni doğan yavruları, çocuklar, açan bir çiçek veya yetişen bitkinin şekilleri/görünümleri de uğurlu-uğursuz şeklinde tasnif edilirdi.
Yahudilik’te Dâvûd döneminden itibaren monoteist eğilimin güçlenmesinin ardından antik inançlar yoluyla gelen uğursuzlukla ilgili pek çok gelenek ortadan kalkmıştır. Eski İsrâil kültürüne ait monoteist dönemde devam eden ve uğursuzluk inançları çerçevesinde değerlendirilebilecek iki temel âdet Urim ve Tummim kehanetiyle mezuzadır. Urim ve Tummim, Tevrat’ta başkohenin göğsüne taktığı bir kehanet aracıdır; yapılacak herhangi bir işin uğurlu ya da uğursuz olduğunu tesbit etmekte kullanılırdı (Sayılar, 27/21; I. Krallar, 14/41-42; I. Samuel, 14/41-42). İslâmiyet’teki muska türünden bir geleneği andıran mezuza ise kapıların üstüne asılan, evdekileri her türlü belâdan veya uğursuzluktan koruduğuna inanılan nazarlık türü bir nesnedir. İçerisine kutsal kitaptan Şema (Tesniye, 6/4-9), Vehaya (Tesniye, 11/13-21) duaları yazılarak İsrâil Tanrısı Yahve’nin evdekileri uğursuzluklardan koruması beklenirdi. Günlerle ilgili uğursuzluk telakkisine bir örnek olarak av (ağustos) ayının ilk dokuz günü gösterilebilir. Mişna’ya göre (Ta’anit, 4/6) mâbedin yıkılması gibi felâketler bu günlerde vuku bulduğu için bu dokuz gün bütünüyle uğursuz sayılmıştır. Dokuz gün boyunca yiyecek ve içecek tüketme konusunda çeşitli kısıtlamalar getirilmiş, keyif verici her şey en aza indirilmiştir. Gerek Talmud’dan (Sanhedrin, 65a ) gerekse Ortaçağ filozoflarından gelen bilgiler de yahudi mistik çevrelerinde günlerin uğurlu-uğursuz diye ikiye ayrıldığına işaret etmektedir. Levililer’de (19/26) fiil haliyle (te‘onen) geçen “me‘onen” kelimesi, Talmud âlimlerine ve filozoflara göre günlerin uğurlu veya uğursuz oluşuyla ilgilenen insanlar için kullanılırdı. Ayrıca popüler ve mistik yahudi literatüründe pazartesi gününün uğursuzluğu yaygın bir inanıştır (Tekvîn’de yaratılış kıssasının anlatımında Tanrı, yaratılış günlerini nitelendirirken, “ve iyi olduğunu gördü” şeklindeki ibareyi sadece pazartesi günü için kullanmamıştır). İki köpek arasında kalmak, iki kadın arasından geçmek, iki hurma ağacının ortasında durmak (Talmud, Pesahim 1116) gibi folklorik anlamda zengin çok sayıda uğursuzluk fenomenini bu örneklere eklemek mümkündür. Kabalacı Yahudilik’te sayıların uğursuzluğuna yönelik birçok hurafe mevcuttur.
Yahudi monoteizminin bir versiyonu olarak ortaya çıkan Hıristiyanlık’ta fenomenlerin uğurlu-uğursuz diye ayırımına erken dönemde rastlanmaz. Ahd-i Cedîd’de Pavlus’un bu ayırımı reddeden pek çok ifadesi vardır. Erken Ortaçağ’lardan itibaren Yunan ve Roma kültürlerine asimile olmaya başlayan Hıristiyanlık antik uygarlıkların mirasını devralmıştır. Bu mirasın önemli bir kısmı da antik hurafelerdir. Nitekim Îsâ’nın çarmıha gerildiği gün olduğu kabul edilen cuma uğursuz bir gündür. Zamanımıza kadar gelen ve en çok bilinen sayılarla ilgili uğursuzluk fenomeni on üç sayısıyla alâkalıdır. Hıristiyan inancına göre Îsâ’nın son akşam yemeğinde kendisiyle birlikte masada on üç kişi vardı. Yemekten sonra Îsâ’nın yakalanması on üç sayısıyla ilgili bu fenomenin yaygınlaşmasına yol açmıştır. Şüphesiz on üç ile ilgili bu uğursuzluk telakkisinin tarihsel kökeni, Vikingler’in tanrısı Odin’in on iki kişi için verdiği yemek davetine kendisini hileyle on üçüncü tanrı olarak davet ettiren Loki’nin Odin’in oğlu Balder’i öldürmesi mitosuna kadar uzanır. Hıristiyan geleneğinde ayın on üçüncü günü, binaların on üçüncü katı, on üç kişinin yan yana bulunması gibi pek çok uğursuzluk anlayışı mevcuttur. Ortaçağ’lardaki en popüler uğursuzluk telakkileri arasına ayna kırmak, kara kedi görmek, merdiven altından geçmek, gece tırnak kesmek türünden inançlar da dahil edilebilir.
Çin kültüründe dört sayısı ölüm kelimesinin telaffuzuna benzediği için uğursuzdur. Bundan dolayı Çin’de pek çok binanın dördüncü katı yoktur. Kuzeye bakan evlerin, gece havlayan köpeğin, gece tırnak kesmenin, makarnayı keserek yemenin (hayatı kısaltmak anlamına geldiği için) uğursuzluk getirdiğine inanılır. Japonlar’da da aynı sebepten dolayı dört sayısı uğursuzdur. Yemek yeme çubukları yiyeceğe saplanmaz, zira bu hareket sadece ölü ritüelinde yapılır. Kuzeye karşı yatıp uyunmaz. Cenaze arabası geçerken baş parmak saklanır.
Uğursuzluk inancı konusunda çeşitli din ve toplumlarca benimsendiği bilinen bu örneklere yüzlercesini eklemek mümkündür. Bu inancın kökeni arkaik dönemlerde insanın tabiatla ilişki kurma çabasında aranmalıdır. Karşılaşılan sıra dışı tabiat fenomenleri, anlaşılamayan kozmik felâketler veya düzenler, evreni algılamaya çalışan insanoğlunda birtakım simgesel arketipler meydana getirmiş olmalıdır. Şüphesiz uzun tarihsel süreç bu tecrübelerin şeklini tanzim etmiş ve bunların şekil değiştirerek günümüze kadar ulaşmasına katkıda bulunmuştur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
J. Trachtenberg, Jewish Magic and Superstition , New York 1939, s. 10-20.
a.mlf., “The Folk Element in Judaism”, The Journal of Religion , XXII/2, New York 1942, s. 173-186.
P. R. Goldin, The Culture of Sex in Ancient China , New York 2002, s. 72-75.
C. H. Toy, “The Earliest form of the Sabbath”, Journal of Biblical Literature , XVIII/1-2, London 1899, s. 190-194.
A. J. Rose, “Unlucky and Lucky Children and Some Birth Superstitions”, Folklore , XIII/3, London 1902, s. 278-280.
L. R. Yoffie, “Popular Beliefs and Customs among the Yiddish Speaking Jews of St. Louis”, The Journal of American Folklore , XXXVIII/149, New York 1925, s. 375-399.
M. L. Thomsen, “The Evil Eye in Mesopotamia”, JNES , LI/1 (1992), s. 19-32.
Murat Orhun, “Hititlerde Karaciğer Falı, Kuş Uçuşu Falı ve Bunların Etrüsklerdeki Uzantısı”, Gazi Akademik Bakış , III/5, Ankara 2009, s. 231-250.
K. Kohler – L. Blau, “Evil Eye”, JE , V, 280-281.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 52-53 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.