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UHUD GAZVESİ Skip to content Müslümanlarla Mekkeli müşrikler arasında yapılan ikinci büyük savaş (3/625).
Gazveye adını veren Uhud dağı Medine’nin kuzeyinde Mescid-i Nebevî’ye yaklaşık 5 km. mesafededir. Bölgedeki dağ silsilelerinden ayrı ve tek başına bulunduğu için bu adı aldığı anlaşılmaktadır. 8 km. uzunluğundaki dağın yüksekliği 720 metredir. Günümüzde doğuda Medine Havaalanı yolu, batıda Tarîkuluyûn ile çevrilmiş olup gelişen şehre bitişmiştir. Medine’den bakıldığında koyu kırmızı bir görünüm arzeden Uhud dağı bitki örtüsü bakımından son derece fakirdir. Hz. Peygamber çeşitli vesilelerle Uhud’dan söz etmiş, “Uhud bizi sever, biz de Uhud’u severiz” demiştir (Buhârî, “Meġāzî”, 27; Müslim, “Ḥac”, 503-504). Bir defasında Ebû Zer el-Gıfârî ile birlikte Harre mevkiinde yürürken Uhud dağına bakmış ve, “Ey Ebû Zer! Şu Uhud dağı kadar altınım olsa üç gün sonra borçlarım için ayırdıklarım hariç elimde tek dinar dahi bırakmadan hepsini infak ederdim” buyurmuştur (Müslim, “Zekât”, 32). Resûl-i Ekrem Hz. Ebû Bekir, Ömer ve Osman ile birlikte Uhud dağına çıktığı bir sırada dağ sallanınca “Ey Uhud, sakin ol! Senin üzerinde bir peygamber, bir sıddîk ve iki şehid var” demiştir (Buhârî, “Aṣḥâbü’n-nebî”, 5; Tirmizî, “Menâḳıb”, 18; Müsned , III, 112).
Hicretin 2. yılında (624) müslümanlarla Mekkeli müşrikler arasında cereyan eden Bedir Gazvesi’nde ağır bir yenilgiye uğrayan müşrikler intikam almak için hazırlık yapmaya başladılar. Yahudi Benî Kaynukā‘ kabilesinin, ihaneti yüzünden Medine’den sürülmesi diğer Medine yahudilerinin de müslümanlara kin beslemesine sebep oldu. Yahudi liderlerinden Kâ‘b b. Eşref, Bedir yenilgisinden duyduğu üzüntüyü belirtmek için Mekke’ye gidip Mekkeliler’i müslümanlardan intikam almaya teşvik etti ve kendilerine yardım vaadinde bulundu. Bedir’de müslümanların hücumundan kurtulan Ebû Süfyân idaresindeki kervan Mekke’ye ulaşınca mal sahipleri bütün kârlarını savaş için harcamaya karar verdiler. Amr b. Âs ve Resûlullah’ın Bedir’de fidye almadan serbest bıraktığı şair Ebû Azze el-Cumahî’nin de aralarında bulunduğu dört kişilik bir heyet Mekke çevresindeki kabilelerden asker toplamak amacıyla görevlendirildi. Yıl boyunca yapılan hazırlıklar sonucunda 2000’i ücretli toplam 3000 kişilik bir ordu teşkil edildi. Ebû Süfyân kumandasındaki orduda 700 zırhlı, 200 atlı asker ve 3000 deve vardı. Kocalarını teşvik etmek ve onların yanında savaşmak üzere kadınlardan da orduya katılanlar oldu. Hz. Peygamber’in amcası Abbas bu hazırlıkları Mekke’den Gıfâr kabilesine mensup bir bedevi aracılığıyla Resûl-i Ekrem’e ulaştırdı. Huzâa kabilesinden Amr b. Sâlim de birkaç arkadaşıyla Medine’ye gelip Kureyş ordusu hakkında Resûlullah’a bilgi verdi. 25 Ramazan’da Mekke’den hareket eden Kureyş ordusu 5 Şevval’de Zülhuleyfe’ye ulaştı, Akīk vadisini takip ederek Medine’nin kuzeyindeki Zegābe mevkiinde konakladı. Burası develerin ve atların otlak ve su ihtiyacını karşılamaya elverişli bir yerdi.
Hz. Peygamber görevlendirdiği Enes b. Fedâle, kardeşi Müennis ve Hubâb b. Münzir gibi sahâbîler vasıtasıyla Medine’ye doğru ilerlemekte olan müşrik ordusunun durumu, asker sayısı ve konak yerlerine dair bilgi edindi. Düşmanın Medine’ye yaklaştığı cuma gecesi şehrin etrafında nöbet tutuldu. Sa‘d b. Ubâde, Sa‘d b. Muâz ve Üseyd b. Hudayr, Mescid-i Nebevî’de Resûl-i Ekrem’in kapısında sabaha kadar beklediler. Resûlullah düşmana nasıl karşılık verileceği hususunda sahâbîlerle istişare etti. Kendisi gördüğü bir rüya üzerine Medine’de kalınmasını, kadınların ve çocukların kalelere yerleştirilerek savunma savaşı yapılmasını tercih ettiğini belirtti. Özellikle Bedir Gazvesi’ne katılamayan gençler ve Hz. Hamza, Sa‘d b. Ubâde, Nu‘mân b. Mâlik düşmanla şehir dışında savaşılmasında ısrar ettiler. Resûl-i Ekrem yenilgiye uğramalarından endişe duyduğunu bildirmesine rağmen çoğunluğun görüşüne uyularak karar verildi. Hz. Peygamber cuma namazının ardından bir konuşma yaparak sabırlı oldukları takdirde zafer elde edeceklerini ifade etti. İkindi namazından sonra hazırlıklarını tamamlayan müslümanlar Mescid-i Nebevî’de toplanmaya başladılar. Daha önce meydan savaşı için ısrar edenler evinden dışarı çıkan Resûlullah’a tutumlarından dolayı pişmanlıklarını belirttiler ve savaşın nerede yapılacağı konusunda kendisinin karar vermesini istediler. Resûl-i Ekrem onlara şöyle dedi: “Bir peygamber zırhını giydikten sonra Allah onunla düşmanları arasında hüküm verinceye kadar çıkarmaz. Eğer sabreder ve görevinizi yaparsanız Allah zaferi size ihsan edecektir” (Vâkıdî, I, 214).
Resûlullah, Medine’de âmâ sahâbî Abdullah b. Ümmü Mektûm’u vekil bırakarak ikisi atlı, 100’ü zırhlı 1000 kişilik bir kuvvetle yola çıktı. Seniyye tepesine gelindiğinde münafıkların reisi Abdullah b. Übey b. Selûl’ün müttefiki olan 600 kişilik bir yahudi birliği orduya katılmak istediyse de Hz. Peygamber bunu kabul etmedi. Ensardan bazıları müttefikleri diğer yahudilerden yardım talep etmeyi teklif edince de, “Bizim onlara ihtiyacımız yoktur” dedi. Şeyhayn mevkiinde orduyu teftiş etti ve yaşı küçük olanları geri çevirdi. Ancak Râfi‘ b. Hadîc’in iyi ok attığı söylenince ona izin verdi. Ardından Râfi‘i güreşte yenen Semüre b. Cündeb’e de müsaade etti. Zeyd b. Sâbit, Üsâme b. Zeyd, Ebû Saîd el-Hudrî ve Abdullah b. Ömer gibi çocuk sahâbîler geri çevrilenler arasındaydı. İslâm ordusu geceyi Şeyhayn’da geçirdikten sonra Uhud dağına doğru yoluna devam etti. Bu sırada Resûl-i Ekrem, orduyu kısa yoldan ve düşmanla karşılaşmadan Uhud’a götürebilecek bir kılavuz isteyince Ebû Hasme el-Ensârî bu görevi üstlendi. İslâm ordusu 7 Şevval 3 (23 Mart 625) tarihinde Cumartesi sabahı Uhud dağına vardı. Sabah namazı burada kılındı. Ordu arkasını Uhud dağına verip Ayneyn tepesini soluna, güneşi de arkasına alıp Medine’ye doğru saf tuttu. Abdullah b. Übey, “Ben meydan savaşına taraftar değildim. Muhammed çoluk çocuğun sözüne uydu, bizim sözümüze itibar etmedi” diyerek 300 kişilik taraftarıyla birlikte ordudan ayrılıp Medine’ye döndü. Onun ve taraftarlarının Uhud’a varmadan önce Şavt mevkiinde ordudan ayrıldığı da nakledilir. Hz. Peygamber sayısı 700’e düşen orduyu savaş düzenine koydu ve en büyük sancağı Mus‘ab b. Umeyr’e verdi. Ordunun sağ ve sol kanatlarına, öndekilere ve arkadakilere kumandanlar tayin etti. Ardından cihadın önemi hakkında bir konuşma yaptı. Düşmanın cephe gerisinden saldırıp İslâm ordusunu arkadan vurmasını önlemek için Abdullah b. Cübeyr kumandasındaki elli okçuyu Uhud dağının karşısında, ordusunun sol tarafında kalan, daha sonra Cebelürrumât (okçular tepesi) diye adlandırılan Ayneyn tepesine yerleştirdi. Okçulara, galip gelinse bile ikinci bir emre kadar kesinlikle yerlerinden ayrılmamalarını, düşman ordusunun arkadan saldırması halinde ok atarak onları geri püskürtmelerini emretti.
Bu sırada Ebû Süfyân kumandasındaki müşrik ordusu da Zegābe’den Uhud’a geldi. Kureyş ordusu Uhud’a doğru yola çıktığında Hâlid b. Velîd’in emrindeki bir süvari grubu ordudan ayrıldı. Bunlar muhtemelen daha sonra savaş başladığında dağın çevresini dolaşıp savaş alanına geldiğinden müslümanlar onları farketmemiştir. Medine’yi arkalarına, Uhud’u önlerine alıp yüzleri güneşe karşı gelecek şekilde savaş düzeni alan müşrik ordusunun bayraktarlığını Abdüddâroğulları yapmaktaydı ve aralarında 100 okçu vardı. Ebû Süfyân’ın yanında karısı Hind ve iki put da bulunmaktaydı. Orduya katılan kadınlar def çalıp Bedir’de öldürülen yakınları için ağıtlar yakarak Kureyşliler’i cesaretlendiriyordu.
Savaş mübâreze ile başladı. Kureyş ordusundan ileri atılan ordu sancaktarı Talha b. Ebû Talha’yı Hz. Ali, Talha’nın ardından meydana çıkan kardeşi Osman’ı da Hamza öldürdü. Savaşın kızışmasıyla düşman ordusunun merkezine kadar ilerleyen müslümanlar yirmiden fazla müşriği katletti. Müşrik ordusunun sancaktarları ölmüş ve sancağı yerden kimse kaldıramamıştı. Müslüman askerler, düşmanı savaş alanından uzaklaşıncaya kadar kovaladıktan sonra kesin galibiyet kazanıldığı düşüncesiyle ganimet toplamaya başladılar. Ayneyn tepesindeki okçuların çoğu da düşmanın bozguna uğradığını görünce ganimetten mahrum kalmamak için yerlerini terketti. Bu sırada müslümanları arkadan vurmak için fırsat kollayan Hâlid b. Velîd harekete geçti. Yerlerinden ayrılmayan ve kendisini durdurmaya çalışan Abdullah b. Cübeyr ile on arkadaşını şehid ettikten sonra Ayneyn tepesinin doğusundan ilerleyerek İslâm ordusunun arkasına sarkan Hâlid b. Velîd ganimet toplamakla uğraşan müslüman askerler üzerine âni bir baskın yaptı. Bunu gören Kureyş ordusu da geri dönüp saldırıya geçti. İki kuvvet arasında kalan müslümanlar paniğe kapıldı. Bir kısmı silâhlarını bırakmış ve saflar bozulmuştu. Tekrar silâha sarılıp çarpışmaya başladıkları sırada Hz. Hamza, Vahşî b. Harb tarafından şehid edildi. İbn Kamîe, Hz. Peygamber’in yanına kadar sokulup bir kılıç darbesiyle onu yüzünden yaraladı, aldığı darbenin etkisiyle Hz. Peygamber’in miğferi ikiye bölününce halkaları yüzüne battı. Utbe b. Ebû Vakkās’ın attığı taşla alt dudağı yarıldı ve bir dişi kırıldı. Abdullah b. Şihâb’ın darbesiyle de alnından yaralandı. Übey b. Halef, Resûl-i Ekrem’i öldürmek için harekete geçtiyse de Resûl-i Ekrem bir mızrakla onu atından düşürdü. Übey bunun etkisiyle Mekke’ye dönerken yolda öldü. Resûlullah, Medine’den Mekke’ye gidip müşriklere destek veren Ebû Âmir’in savaştan önce kazdırdığı çukurlardan birine düştü ve diz kapakları yaralandı. O durumda bile, “Ey rabbim! Kavmime hidayet et, çünkü onlar gerçeği bilmiyor” diye dua etti.
Hz. Ebû Bekir, Ömer ve Ali ile birlikte bir grup sahâbî Hz. Peygamber’i korumak için etrafında bir halka oluşturdular. Ebû Dücâne vücuduyla onu bir kalkan gibi koruyor, Sa‘d b. Ebû Vakkās da düşmana ok atıyordu. Düşmanın kılıç darbelerine karşı Resûl-i Ekrem’i koruyan Talha b. Ubeydullah aldığı yaranın etkisiyle çolak kaldı. Bu arada Mus‘ab b. Umeyr, İbn Kamîe tarafından şehid edildi. Bunun üzerine Resûlullah sancağı Hz. Ali’ye verdi. Mus‘ab’ı öldüren İbn Kamîe, Hz. Peygamber’i öldürdüğünü sanmış ve Peygamber’in öldürüldüğünü etrafa yaymaya başlamıştı. Bu şâyianın etkisiyle müslümanlar panik içerisinde dağılmaya başladılar. Bazıları parolayı unuttu, bu durum birbirlerini öldürüp yaralamalarına yol açtı. O esnada Resûl-i Ekrem’i gören Kâ‘b b. Mâlik, “Ey müminler, müjde! Resûlullah burada” diye haykırınca müslümanlar toparlandı. Hz. Peygamber, etrafında sahâbîler olduğu halde Uhud kayalıklarına çekildi. Bu sırada Ebû Süfyân ve arkadaşları kayalıklara doğru ilerlemeye kalkıştılarsa da müslümanlar attıkları taşlarla düşmanları uzaklaştırmayı başardılar. Savaş böylece sona erdi. Hz. Fâtıma, Âişe, Ümmü Eymen, Ümmü Süleym ve Ümmü Umâre’nin de aralarında bulunduğu on veya on dört kadın sahâbî savaş alanına yiyecek ve su getirdi; yaralıların tedavisiyle ilgilendi. Hz. Fâtıma babasının yüzündeki kanları temizlemeye çalıştı ve kanamayı durdurmayı başardı. Hz. Ali, Resûl-i Ekrem’in yaralarını yıkamak için dağdaki tabii havuzlardan kalkanına su doldurarak getirdi. Resûlullah yaralı olduğu için öğle namazını oturarak kıldı; sahâbîler de ona uyup oturarak kıldılar. Ebû Süfyân, savaş alanından ayrılmadan önce Hz. Muhammed’in, Ebû Bekir ve Ömer’in sağ olup olmadığını merak ediyordu. Teker teker isimlerini söyleyerek seslendiyse de Hz. Peygamber’in emriyle kimse cevap vermedi. Bunun üzerine, “Eğer sağ olsalardı cevap verirlerdi, üçü de ölmüş ve iş bitmiş” deyince Hz. Ömer dayanamayıp, “Yalan söyledin Allah’ın düşmanı! Saydıklarının hepsi sağdır ve buradadır” dedi. Ebû Süfyân’ın, “Savaş sırayladır; bugün Bedir Savaşı’na bedeldir” sözlerine mukabil Hz. Ömer, “Evet ama eşit değiliz. Zira bizim ölülerimiz cennette, sizin ölüleriniz cehennemdedir” karşılığını verdi. Ebû Süfyân, “Gelecek yıl sizinle Bedir’de buluşalım ve savaşalım” diye meydan okuyunca Hz. Peygamber’in emriyle Hz. Ömer, “Olur, inşallah!” dedi. Bir yıl sonra Resûl-i Ekrem ashabıyla Bedir’e gelerek bir hafta boyunca Mekkeliler’i beklemiş, ancak Ebû Süfyân ve ordusu savaş yerine gelme cesareti gösterememiştir (bk. BEDRÜ’l-MEV‘İD ). Uhud’da yirmiden fazla kayıp veren Kureyş ordusu daha sonra savaş alanını terkedip Mekke’ye doğru ilerlemeye başladı. Resûlullah, düşman ordusunun Medine’ye saldırıp saldırmayacağını anlamak üzere Sa‘d b. Ebû Vakkās’ı, bazı kaynaklara göre ise Hz. Ali’yi görevlendirmişti.
Uhud Gazvesi’nde müslümanlar yetmiş şehid vermiş, Hanzale b. Ebû Âmir dışındaki şehidlerin hepsine işkence yapılmış, organları kesilmiştir. Müşrikleri destekleyen Hanzale’nin babası Ebû Âmir oğlunun cesedine işkence yapılmasına engel olmuştur. Vahşî, Hz. Hamza’nın ciğerini sökerek Bedir Gazvesi’nde babası, amcası ve kardeşi öldürülen Ebû Süfyân’ın karısı Hind’e götürmüş, Hind ciğerden bir parçayı ağzına alarak çiğnemiş, Vahşî’ye de mükâfat olarak ziynet eşyalarını vermiştir. Resûl-i Ekrem amcası Hamza’nın ciğerinin çıkarıldığını, burnunun ve kulaklarının kesildiğini görünce çok üzülmüş, halası Safiyye kardeşi Hamza’nın şehid edildiğini duyunca savaş alanına gelmiş, büyük bir üzüntü içinde dua ve istiğfarda bulunmuştur. Şehidler ikişer üçer kişi olarak aynı kabirde kefensiz ve üzerlerindeki elbiselerle birlikte defnedildi. Bazı müslümanlar Uhud’da şehid olan yakınlarının naaşını Medine’ye götürmüş, bunu duyan Resûlullah şehidlerin öldürüldükleri yerde gömülmesi emrini verince cenazeleri tekrar savaş meydanına getirip burada defnetmiştir (İbn Hişâm, III, 102-103). Hz. Peygamber, Uhud şehidlerinin defninden sonra sahâbîlerle birlikte Medine’ye döndü ve akşam namazını burada kıldı. Hemen ertesi gün Kureyş müşriklerine müslümanların kendilerinden korkmadığını göstermek için Hamrâülesed Gazvesi’ne çıktı.
Bu savaşta İslâm ordusunun uğradığı yenilgi ve düşman tarafından şehidlere yapılan muamele müslümanları üzüntüye boğdu. Medine’deki münafıklar ve yahudiler ise sevinçlerini belli etmekten çekinmediler; Resûl-i Ekrem, İslâm ve müslümanlar hakkında küçültücü ifadeler kullanmaya başladılar. Hz. Ömer, Resûlullah’ın yanına gelerek Medine’de bu tür incitici davranışlarda bulunan münafık ve yahudileri öldürmek amacıyla izin istedi. Hz. Peygamber, Allah’ın İslâm’a yardım edip onu üstün kılacağını belirttikten sonra yahudiler için, “Onlar bizim zimmetimizdedir, ben onları öldüremem”; münafıklar için de, “Ben ‘lâ ilâhe illallah Muhammedü’r-resûlullah’ diyen kişiyi öldürmekten nehyedildim” diyerek Hz. Ömer’e izin vermedi (Vâkıdî, I, 317-318). Resûl-i Ekrem, Uhud şehidlerini her yıl ziyaret etmiş, onlara Allah’tan mağfiret dilemiş, vefatına yakın zamanda da şehidlere bir ziyarette bulunmuştur. Kendisinden sonra Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn ve diğer birçok sahâbî de onun bu uygulamasını sürdürmüştür.
Uhud Gazvesi müslümanlar için ders ve ibretle doludur. Resûlullah her zaman olduğu gibi bu savaşta da istişareye önem vermiş, Ayneyn geçidine yerleştirdiği okçuların onun emrine uymamaları ve yerlerinden ayrılıp ganimet toplamaya başlamaları savaşın seyrini değiştirmiştir. Bu da zaferin sabırla ve kumandanın emirlerine itaatle kazanılabileceğini göstermektedir. Ganimet elde etme arzusu Allah rızasını kazanmanın ve Hz. Peygamber’e itaatin önüne geçmiş, bu durum yenilgiye yol açmıştır. Öte yandan müslümanlar Uhud’da fazla kayıp vermekle birlikte ezilmemiş, hatta savaşın sonuna doğru toparlanarak düşmanı takip etmiştir. Geri dönüp onlarla savaşma cesareti gösteremeyen müşrikler birçok müslümanı öldürüp intikam duygularını tatmin etmiş, ancak müslümanları ortadan kaldırma ve Medine’yi işgal etme amaçlarını yine gerçekleştirememiştir.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de özellikle Âl-i İmrân ve Enfâl sûrelerinde Uhud Gazvesi hakkında birçok âyet yer almaktadır. Bu âyetlerde müşriklerin mallarını insanları Allah yolundan saptırmak için harcadıkları (el-Enfâl 8/36), Allah kendilerine yardım ettiği halde müslümanlardan iki grubun bozulmaya yüz tuttuğu (Âl-i İmrân 3/122), müslümanların gevşeklik göstermemesi ve üzüntüye kapılmaması gerektiği, çünkü inananların üstün geleceği (Âl-i İmrân 3/139), müslümanların acıya uğradığı, buna karşılık düşmanlarının da benzer bir acıya mâruz kaldığı, bu şekilde Allah’ın günlerinin insanlar arasında döndürüp durduğu (Âl-i İmrân 3/140), Hz. Muhammed’in ancak bir peygamber olduğu ve ondan önce de birçok peygamberin gelip geçtiği, onun ölmesi veya öldürülmesi durumunda müslümanların bunu sabırla karşılayıp dinlerinde sebat etmeleri gerektiği (Âl-i İmrân 3/144), Uhud’da başlarına gelen musibetin kendi kusurlarından kaynaklandığı (Âl-i İmrân 3/165), bunun da kimin mümin kimin münafık olduğunun anlaşılması bakımından Allah’ın izniyle gerçekleştiği (Âl-i İmrân 3/166-167), Allah yolunda öldürülenlerin “ölü” değil “diri” oldukları ve Allah’ın büyük nimetlerine ulaşmış olmanın sevincini yaşadıkları (Âl-i İmrân 3/169-170) gibi hususlara işaret edilmektedir (Vâkıdî, I, 319-329).
Uhud şehidlerinin defnedildiği Meşhed-i Uhud denilen yerin bir kısmının sel yatağına yakın olması ve Medine’nin su ihtiyacını karşılayan kanalın buradan geçmesi sebebiyle bazı kabirler kırk altı yıl sonra Cennetülbakī‘e nakledilmiş, Hz. Hamza ile birlikte şehidlerin çoğu orada kalmıştır. Ömer b. Abdülazîz’in Medine valiliği sırasında başlattığı, Resûl-i Ekrem zamanına ait hâtıraların korunmasına yönelik faaliyetler Abbâsîler devrinde de sürdürülmüş, Resûlullah’ın yaralandığı alanla şehid sahâbîlerin kabirlerinin olduğu yerlere açıklayıcı işaretler konulmuş, bazı kabirlerin üzerine kubbeli mezarlar yapılmıştır. Abbâsî Halifesi Nâsır-Lidînillâh’ın annesi de Hz. Hamza’nın mezarını türbe haline getirmiştir. Bu türbede Hamza’nın yanı sıra Mus‘ab b. Umeyr ve Abdullah b. Cahş’ın kabirleri de bulunmaktaydı. Türbenin yanına daha sonra bugün Mescid-i Hamza adıyla bilinen mescid inşa edilmiştir. Çeşitli dönemlerde onarılan Hz. Hamza Türbesi’ni Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman 1543’te yeniden yaptırmıştır. Şehitliğin kuzey tarafında Resûl-i Ekrem’in yaralandığı alana 1849’da Sultan Abdülmecid, Kubbetüssenâyâ adı verilen bir kubbe inşa ettirmiştir. Mescid-i Hamza’nın doğusunda Hz. Hamza’nın şehid edildiği alanda yaptırılan kubbeye de Kubbetülmasrar adı verilmiştir. Günümüzde hiçbir türbe ve mezar yapısının bulunmadığı Uhud Şehitliği etrafı duvar ve tel örgülerle çevrili boş bir alan olarak ziyaret edilmektedir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 54-57 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.