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ÜLKEN, Hilmi Ziya Skip to content (1901-1974)
Son dönem Türk bilim ve fikir adamı.
İstanbul’da doğdu. Babası kimyager Mehmed Ziya, annesi Müşfike Hanım’dır. Orta öğrenimini İstanbul Sultânîsi’nde (İstanbul Erkek Lisesi) tamamladı. 1921’de Mülkiye’den mezun oldu. Çeşitli şehirlerde öğretmenlik ve memurluk yaptı. 1933’te yeni kurulan İstanbul Üniversitesi’ne Türk medeniyeti doçentliğine tayin edildi; ardından araştırma yapmak üzere Berlin’e gönderildi. Döndüğünde üniversitede Türk tefekkür tarihi, mantık, değerler teorisi, İslâm felsefesi, ahlâk, sistematik felsefe ve sosyoloji okuttu. 1941’de profesörlüğe yükseltildi. 1949’da Ankara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi’ne geçti; bu fakültede emekli oluncaya kadar mantık ve sistematik felsefe kürsüsünde ders verdi. 1957’de kendisine ordinaryüs profesörlük unvanı verildi. 1968’de açılan Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi’nde eğitim ve ilim felsefesi okuttu. 1971’de yaş haddinden emekli oldu, ancak İlâhiyat Fakültesi’ndeki görevini 1973 yılına kadar sürdürdü. 5 Haziran 1974’te İstanbul’da vefat etti. İlmî faaliyetlerinin yanı sıra edebiyat, resim ve hat çalışmaları da yapan Hilmi Ziya Ülken Fransızca, İngilizce, Almanca ve Arapça biliyordu. 1923-1924 yıllarında bir grup arkadaşıyla birlikte Mihrab ve Anadolu Mecmuası ’nı çıkarmış; Dergâh , Türk Yurdu , Ülkü , Hareket , İstanbul , Kültür Haftası , Millî Mecmua , Şarkiyat Mecmuası , Türk Düşüncesi , Türk Folklor Araştırmaları , Türkiyat Mecmuası ve imtiyaz sahibi olduğu Galatasaray dergisiyle Mülkiye dergisinde yazılar yazmıştır. 1927’de Felsefe ve İçtimaiyat dergisini çıkarmış, İnsan dergisini 1938’den 1943’e, Sosyoloji Dergisi adlı yıllığı 1960 yılına kadar yayımlamıştır. 1937’den sonra çok sayıda ulusal ve uluslararası bilimsel toplantıya katılmıştır. 1918-1920 yılları arasında karakalem, 1940-1945 arasında yağlı boya, 1967-1970 arasında kompozisyon çalışmaları yapmış ve bunları sergilemiştir.
Hilmi Ziya Ülken’e göre felsefenin temel konusu varlıktır; hakikat ve düşünce problemleri varlık probleminden doğar. Fenomenolojinin tasvir metodundan hareket eden Ülken, olayları tek bir köke indirmeksizin her birini kendi orijinalliği içinde ele alma imkânının fenomenolojik yöntemde olduğu görüşündedir. Böylece varlığı, insanı, insandaki bilgi ve değeri bu yolla açıklamaya çalışır ve karmaşığı basite indirgemekten kaçınır. Felsefe tarihinde Saint Augustine, Pascal, Heidegger, Max Scheler geleneğine bağlıdır. Ona göre felsefe bilmeyle başlar; fakat bilme bütün problemlerin çözümüne yetmez, çünkü bilgi sınırlıdır. Bu sınırlı oluş, vasıta ve araştırmaların yetersizliğinden değil söz konusu problemlerin niteliği gereği araştırmacıya mukavemet etmesinden ileri gelir. Bilmenin bittiği yerde düşünme başlar. Düşünme varlık âlemine olabildiğince açılmak demektir. Âlem var olanlarla sınırlıdır. İnsan var olanların bütün basamaklarında yükselse bile sınırlarda kalır ve onları ancak âlem kavramıyla kuşatır. Mutlak hakikate ulaşmak için özne-nesne ikiliğini aşmak gerekir. Fakat bu ikiliği âlem kavramıyla aşmak mümkün değildir. Bu durumda aşkın varlık yani mutlak hakikat (Tanrı) bilme ve düşünme güçlerini aşar. Aşkın varlığa ancak inanmayla nüfuz edilebilir. İnanmak varlığın birliğine ulaşmaktır. Sonuçta hakikate ilimle imanı birleştirerek ulaşılır (Bilgi ve Değer , s. 66-67, 211-213; Varlık ve Oluş , s. 106). Böylece Ülken, bilginin değişken tavrı ve düşüncenin yetersizliği karşısında varlıkların çift kutupluluğundan aşkın varlık sayesinde kurtulmanın mümkün olduğu, aşkın varlıkla da ancak iman yoluyla temas kurulabileceği sonucuna varır. Hilmi Ziya Ülken’in felsefesinde orijinal sayılabilecek yan burasıdır.
Bilgi ve Değer adlı eserindeki fikirlerine göre bilgi izâfî, sınırlı ve sonludur; mutlak ve aşkın varlığa çarparak kırılmaya mahkûmdur. Fakat bilgi aşkın varlığa yönelmekten de vazgeçemez. Mutlak ve sonsuzun inkârı bir bakıma izâfî ve sonlunun da inkârı demektir. Mutlakla büsbütün alâkasını kesen bir felsefe kendi temelini yıkan salt şüphecilikten başka bir şey değildir. Genellikle bu konudaki yanılgı bilginin çift kutuplu oluşundan kaynaklanmaktadır. Çünkü insan bilgiyi ya özne veya nesne olarak kavrıyor, evreni ya zaman ya da mekân içinde görüyor. Halbuki varlık zaman-mekân, bilgi özne-nesne bütünüdür. Bilgiyi hem özne hem nesne olarak kavramanın imkânsızlığı beşerî bir aczdir; bu yüzden bilgi teorisi varlığı kavrama çabasında insanı çıkmaza götürmektedir. Değer problemini irdelemeden bu çıkmazdan kurtulmak mümkün değildir. İnsan değerler dünyasında yaşamakta ve değerler hiyerarşisi kurmaktadır. Bütün değerler toplum içinde gelişir. İnsan, iş ve bilgi sistemleri şeklinde görünen faaliyetlerini aşkın değerlerle kuşatmadıkça bu değerler temelsiz kalır. Sonuçta her içkin değer bir aşkın değer tarafından kuşatılır. Başkasının varlığı olmadan ve başkasının varlığına dayanmadan hiçbir değerlendirme yapılamaz. Bu da değer bilgisinin değer inancı halini alması demektir. Teknik, ahlâk, hukuk gibi alanlara dair bütün değerlendirmeler inançla tamamlanır. Değer, insanî varlık ve aşkın özneyle ilişkili olduğu için bilginin çift görünümlü (dikatomik) açılışından kurtulur. Şuurda bilgi insanı varlık önünde alternatiflerle karşı karşıya bıraktığı halde değer, bilgi ve sanat onu varlığa nüfuz eden diyalektik senteze götürür. Kısacası değer, varlığın çift kutupluluğunu çözemeyen bilgiyi senteze ulaştırarak bilginin karşı karşıya bıraktığı alternatifleri birleştirmeyi sağlar (Bilgi ve Değer , s. 165-166).
Ülken’in felsefesinde hâkim düşünce özne-nesne ikiliğidir. Ülken bilme, düşünme ve inanmaya dair fikirlerinin sonucu olarak inançtan başka bir yolla aşkın varlığa nüfuz edilemeyeceğine inanır. Ona göre Gazzâlî’nin kalp gözü, Pascal’ın kalp mantığı ve ince görüş, Bergson’un sezgi dediği güçler imanın keskinleştirdiği yeni görüş yollarıdır. İnsan kimliği bakımından sonludur, sonsuz varlığı yaşayamaz, ancak onu düşünür. Bu düşünce insanî varlığın kendini aşmak için gösterdiği en büyük çabadır. Sonsuza ait düşünceye inanma denir. Sonsuz varlık hakkındaki düşünce bir seçme değildir; aksine sonlu olan varlığın var olanlar üzerindeki düşüncesinden çıkardığı mantık kişiyi sonsuz varlık üzerinde düşünmeye zorlar. İnsanın nesnelerden ibaret dünyası âdeta bu aşkın varlık tarafından her yönden kuşatılmıştır. Aşkın varlık olduğu içindir ki insanî varlık şuurlu ve mânevî olabilmektedir. Ahlâkı ve dini mümkün kılan, ruhlar arası iştiraki doğuran aşkın ilişki bulunmasa insanlık ortadan kalkar. Âlem aşkın varlığın tecelli alanıdır. Allah’a iman bilginin tamlığını ve bütünlüğünü sağlar. Bu imanın sağladığı bilgi dengesi dışında yalnızca mekanizm, akıl dışı varlık, kör tabiat ve karmaşa vardır. Düşünceden Tanrı kaldırılırsa bilinç, özgürlük ve sorumluluk anlamsız kalır. İnsan aşkın varlığa karşı sorumlu olduğundan kendi kendine ve başka insanlara karşı da sorumludur. İnsanın aşkın varlık önündeki sorumluluğu ona gerçek âleminde kendisini varlıklardan ayıran vicdan özgürlüğünü verir. “İnsan özgürdür” demek, “Sonsuz varlığı düşünebiliyor ve kendi zamanî oluşuna bu şuurla bakabiliyor” demektir (Felsefeye Giriş , II, 226-235; Tarihî Maddeciliğe Reddiye , s. 51; Bilgi ve Değer , s. 390; Varlık ve Oluş , s. 415-416). İman sayesinde insan hem güç kazanır hem de başka insanlar ve tabiat üzerindeki egemenliğini sürdürür. Bu egemenliğin ilk adımı arzularına gem vurma şeklinde dinî yasaklarla başlar. Toplumların her döneminde ve her yerde emirler ve yasaklar sisteminin bulunması bundandır. İman insanın kendi kendini aşmasını sağlar, bu da onun özgürlüğünü kazanması demektir. Sonuçta insan inkâr ettiği için değil kabul ettiği için özgür ve büyüktür. Sanat, ahlâk ve din alanında değerlerin yaratıcılığı iman gücünün eseridir. Ancak iman gücü verimliliğini koruyabilmesi için hoşgörüyle beraber yürümelidir; hoşgörüsüzlük insan, toplum ve tabiat üzerindeki egemenliği tahakküme dönüştürür. Gerçek ideal maddeden ve hayattan çok mânevî değerlere yönelik ideallerdir.
İnsan ve ruh üzerine çözümlemeler yapılmadan sosyoloji ve felsefe meselelerini açıklamak imkânsızdır. Zira ruhun yokluğunu savunmak bütün gerçekleri inkâr etmek demektir (Umumî Ruhiyat , s. 51-55). Ülken, her şeyin maddeden ibaret olduğu görüşüne karşı fizikçi Werner Heisenberg’den yararlanarak insanlığın bütün başarılarının ruhtan kaynaklandığını savunur. Maddeye değer veren ruhun ona olan aşkıdır. Bedenle ruh birbirinin hem tamamlayıcısı hem karşıtıdır. Bedensiz ruh hayal, maddesiz mâna vehimdir. Felsefenin en büyük problemi ruh-beden ilişkisidir. Ahlâk bu ilişki üzerine kurulabilir. İnsan ruhu ve bedeniyle somut, bölünmez bir bütündür. Bedenle ruhtan sadece birinin eğitimini ön planda tutmak kişilik bütünlüğünün bozulmasına sebep olur. Ruhu ihmal ederek yalnız bedeni eğitenler insan yerine makine meydana getirirler (Aşk Ahlâkı , s. 13-14). İnsan bir yandan kendi nesnesini tekrarlayıp soyutlaştırır ve fikir haline koyar, diğer yandan kendi benini nesne gibi alıp gözünü kendine çevirir ve iç âlemini kurar. Böylece hayatî, iktisadî, estetik, ahlâkî ve fikrî değerleri oluşturur. Buna içtimaî-ruhî hayatın doğuşu denir. Her şahsiyet dışa dönük yönüyle toplum, içe dönük yönüyle bireydir. Bu sebeple sosyolojinin konusu karşılıklı insan ilişkilerinden ortaya çıkan olaylardır. Fert ve toplum çatışması karşısında ne sosyolojiyi psikolojiye ne psikolojiyi sosyolojiye indirgemek mümkündür. Çünkü fert-toplum ikilisinden kurtulmanın imkânı yoktur. Bedenî değişmelerle ilgili ferdî benlik ve şuura sahip olunduğu gibi sosyal olaylarla ilgili de bir içtimaî bünye ve şuura sahip olunabilir. Toplumda değişen hiçbir şey bulunmasaydı sosyal hâfıza teşekkül etmezdi; aksine toplum sadece değişmelerden ibaret olsaydı çeşitli değişmeler arasında bağlantı kurulamaz, onların aynı topluma ait olduklarını söyleyecek bir benlik bulunmazdı. Her iki halde de toplumun teşekkülü imkânsız kalırdı. Kısacası sosyal bilinç değişmeler arasında sabit kalan kolektif bir varlığın bilincidir. Sosyal bilincin iki özelliği vardır: Hâfıza ve sosyal mantık. Hâfıza mitolojiler, destanlar, tarihler, hâtıralar şeklinde ortaya çıkar. Sosyal mantık ise toplumun dış âleme çevrilmiş objektif görünümü, pratik davranışlarıdır. Buna toplumun teorik ve pratik aklı denebilir. Ülken, bütün toplumların temelinde şuur, irade ve otoritenin bulunduğu görüşünden hareketle toplumu, “aynı otoriteye itaat eden ve bundan dolayı aynı âdetlere sahip olan insanların meydana getirdiği topluluk” diye tanımlar. Diğer bir tanıma göre toplum maddî ve mânevî olarak insanı kuşatan fiiller, karakterler, inançlar ve değerler sistemidir. Geleneksel görüşün iddia ettiği gibi toplum sözleşmeden doğmamıştır, sözleşme toplumun eseridir. Marx ve arkadaşlarının tezlerinin aksine sosyal yapının esası alt yapı olayları değildir; çünkü bir ekonomik olay mutlaka bir sosyal kurum içerisinde, yani belirli bir şekil ve siyasî özellik aldığı zaman sosyal bir rol oynar. Toplumda iktisadî, hukukî ve ahlâkî hadiseler birbirinden bağımsız gerçekleşmez; ancak sosyal bir determinizmden ve bunu hazırlayan karşılıklı etkiler silsilesinden söz edilebilir (Felsefeye Giriş , II, 48-49; Sosyoloji Problemleri , s. 199-201).
Hilmi Ziya Ülken ilk çalışmalarında Aristo’nun varlık tabakaları görüşünün etkisinde kalmış olup sosyolojisinde de bu etki görülür. Ona göre toplumda sosyal işlevler ne kadar farklılaşırsa sınıflar o derece birbirinden ayrılır ve birbirini o ölçüde tamamlar. Sınıflar arasında çatışma kadar bağlanma ve yardımlaşma da vardır. Bu bakımdan toplum sınıftan doğmamıştır, nitekim ilkel toplumlarda sınıf yoktur, ilkel toplumların karmaşıklaşmasından sınıf doğmuştur. İnsanları servet, asalet ve bilgi derecesine göre değil ruhun ve ahlâkın kudretine göre mertebelere ayırmak lâzımdır. Gerçek özgürlük ve demokrasi ihtiras ve aşk üzerine kurulmuş mertebeler toplumundan geçer. Amerikanizm ve Bolşevizm’le çocukluk devrini idrak eden medeniyet mertebeler devletiyle olgunluğunu tamamlayacak ve şahsiyetine kavuşacaktır (Felsefeye Giriş , II, 48-49). Ülken Veraset ve Cemiyet adlı kitabında kalıtımla toplumun etkileşimini tartışır. Marazî Şuur ve diğer eserlerinde aynı konu üzerinde durarak toplumdan alınan etkilerin sonraki kuşaklara geçtiğini, çocuğun daha ana karnındayken biyolojik, sosyolojik ve fizyolojik etkilerle karşı karşıya kaldığını ileri sürer; bu etkilerin ortaya çıkardığı ırka da içtimaî ırk adını verir. Milletler, asırlarca bağımsızlıklarını ve toprak bütünlüklerini kaybetmiş olsalar bile güçlü bir temele dayanmaktadır, bu temel içtimaî verasettir. Toplumlar, yalnız eğitimle değil aynı zamanda verasetle de bütün yetenekleri nakleden sağlam ve devamlı bir temele sahiptir. Ülken buna potansiyel şahsiyet adını verir (İçtimaî Doktrinler Tarihi , s. 246; Tarihî Maddeciliğe Reddiye , s. 228).
Ahlâkı meselelerin meselesi olarak gören Hilmi Ziya Ülken’e göre ruhun kudreti olgunlaşıp taşmaya başlayınca ahlâk durumunu alır. Ahlâkın gücü kültürleri hükmü altına alıp toplumlara yön verdiği zaman siyaset doğar. Ruh ancak ahlâkla fiile yönelir ve ahlâk siyasetle tamamlanır. Ahlâklı olmak imanını dünyaya yaymak, irfanını fiil haline koymak demektir; bu ise ruhun kudreti sayesinde mümkündür. Ruhunda kudret, aşk ve cesaret bulunmayanın irfanı da olmaz. Ahlâkın son hedefi insanlıktır. Fakat henüz ahlâkın bu yönü her yerde fiile geçmemiştir, insanlık bu hakikatin kabul edilmesiyle gerçekleşecektir. Hakiki siyaset ahlâka, hakiki ahlâk ruhun mertebelerine dayanmalıdır. Ruhun mertebelerinden geçmek psikolojik ve sosyal gelişme demektir. Aşk ahlâkının zaruri sonucu mertebeler toplumudur. Ahlâka dayanmadan ne ilim ne de siyaset meseleleri doğru değerlendirilebilir. Hiçbir meslek erbabını şahsî yeteneklerinden, ahlâkından ayırarak sadece bir işlevi yerine getiren araç gibi düşünmek doğru değildir (Aşk Ahlâkı , s. 133-148). Türk-İslâm kültürü ve düşüncesi üzerinde de çalışan Ülken’e göre Türk kültürü deyince, Orta Asya’da temelleri atılmakla beraber X. yüzyıldan beri Türkiye’de gelişmekte olan kültür anlaşılmalıdır. Türk düşünce hayatı Uzakdoğu’dan Avrupa içlerine kadar yayılmış, üç medeniyet çevresinden geçmiştir. Bu kültür, Orta Asya’dan Anadolu ve Rumeli’ye doğru aralıklarla birkaç yüzyıl süren Türkmen göçlerinden sonra İslâm medeniyeti içinde teşekkül etmiş ve son yüzyılda Batı medeniyetinin etkisiyle hayli değişmiştir. Bu sebeple Türk kültürü İslâm ve Avrupa medeniyetleriyle ilişkisi bakımından incelenebilir (İnsanî Vatanperverlik , s. 18).
Hilmi Ziya Ülken, İslâm felsefesi ve genel olarak İslâm düşüncesi üzerine daha çok Batılı kaynaklardan istifadeyle geniş kapsamlı çalışmalar yapmıştır. Onun La pensée de l’Islam adlı kitabı İsmâilîlik, kelâm, fıkıh, tasavvuf ve İslâm felsefesini içine alan genel bir İslâm düşüncesi tarihidir. İslâm Düşüncesi I: İslâm Düşüncesine Giriş başlıklı kitabında Batılı bilim ve fikir adamlarının İslâm dini hakkında değerlendirmeleri, İslâm, Kur’an, İslâm’da inanç ve ibadet esasları, İslâm’da hikmet, ahlâk gibi konular incelenmiş; bazı şarkiyatçıların İslâm diniyle ilgili eleştirileri cevaplandırılmıştır. Ülken’in İslâm Düşüncesi II: İslâm Felsefesi Tarihi adlı eseri, ikinci el kaynaklardan yararlanmak suretiyle başlangıçtan Gazzâlî’ye kadar İslâm felsefesi ve filozoflarına dair bilgiler içermektedir. Daha sonra yayımladığı İslâm Felsefesi: Kaynakları ve Tesirleri: Eski Yunan’dan Çağdaş Düşünceye Doğru başlıklı eserinin büyük kısmı yukarıdaki kitaptan faydalanılarak yazılmış olup oradaki konulara Endülüs’te Meşşâî felsefesi, İslâm âleminde yahudi filozofları, İşrâkīlik, bağımsız filozoflar, tasavvufî felsefe, İslâm âleminde müsbet ilimler, İslâm ilim ve felsefesinin Batı’ya etkisi konuları eklenmiştir. Türkçe’de İslâm felsefesi tarihiyle ilgili kaynakların oldukça kıt olduğu bir dönemde eser özellikle ilâhiyat çevrelerinde geniş ilgi görmüş, uzun yıllar İlâhiyat fakültelerinde ders kitabı olarak okutulmuştur.
Eserleri. Hilmi Ziya Ülken’in 1350’nin üzerinde telif ve tercüme kitap ve makalesi yayımlanmış olup ayrıca henüz yayımlanamayan eserleri de bulunmaktadır (eserlerinin tam listesi için bk. Sanay, tür.yer.; Vergili, tür.yer.).
Kitapları: Umumî Ruhiyat (İstanbul 1928), Felsefe Dersleri (Metafizik): Bilgi ve Vücud Nazariyeleri (İstanbul 1928), Umumî İçtimaiyat (İstanbul 1931), Aşk Ahlâkı (İstanbul 1931, 1958; gözden geçirilmiş ilâveli ve sadeleştirilmiş baskısı, Ankara 1971, İstanbul 1981), Türk Tefekkür Tarihi (I-II, İstanbul 1932-1933), Türk Filozofları Antolojisi (I, İstanbul 1935), Uyanış Devirlerinde Tercümenin Rolü (İstanbul 1935), Yirminci Asır Filozofları (İstanbul 1936), İçtimaî Doktrinler Tarihi (İstanbul 1941), İbn Haldun (İstanbul 1940, Ziyaeddin Fahri Fındıkoğlu ile birlikte), Ziya Gökalp (İstanbul 1942), Mantık Tarihi (İstanbul 1942), Dinî Sosyoloji (İstanbul 1943), Sosyoloji (Umumi İçtimaiyat ’ın 2. baskısı, İstanbul 1943), Yahudi Meselesi (İstanbul 1944), İslâm Düşüncesi (İstanbul 1946), Ahlâk (İstanbul 1946), İslâm Medeniyetinde Tercümeler ve Tesirleri (Uyanış Devirlerinde Tercümenin Rolü adlı kitabın genişletilmiş baskısı, İstanbul 1947), Millet ve Tarih Şuuru (İstanbul 1948, 1976), Tarihî Maddeciliğe Reddiye (İstanbul 1951, 1963, 1981), İslâm Düşüncesi I: İslâm Düşüncesine Giriş (İstanbul 1954), Sosyoloji Problemleri (İstanbul 1955), Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Sosyoloji Öğretimi ve Araştırmaları (İstanbul 1956), Veraset ve Cemiyet (İstanbul 1957), Felsefeye Giriş I (Ankara 1957, 1963), İslâm Düşüncesi II: İslâm Felsefesi Tarihi (İstanbul 1957), Felsefeye Giriş II (Ankara 1958), Siyasî Partiler ve Sosyalizm (İstanbul 1963), Bilgi ve Değer (Ankara 1965), Türkiye’de Çağdaş Düşünce Tarihi (II, İstanbul 1966), Eğitim Felsefesi (Ankara 1967), İslâm Felsefesi: Kaynakları ve Tesirleri: Eski Yunandan Çağdaş Düşünceye Doğru (Ankara 1967; Konya, ts. [Selçuk Yayını]), Varlık ve Oluş (Ankara 1968), İlim Felsefesi I (Ankara 1969), Sosyoloji Sözlüğü (İstanbul 1970), Toplum Yapısı ve Soya Çekme (Veraset ve Cemiyet ’in değişik baskısı, İstanbul 1972), Genel Felsefe Dersleri (Ankara 1972), İnsanî Vatanperverlik (İstanbul 1933, İnsanî Vatanseverlik adıyla, İstanbul 2007).
Makaleleri: “Heyecan Hakkında” (Felsefe ve İçtimaiyat Dergisi , I/2 [İstanbul 1927], s. 81-101); “Cemiyet ve Marazi Şuur” (Felsefe Yıllığı , I [İstanbul 1932], s. 23-128); “Sosyolojinin Mevzuu ve Usulü” (Sosyoloji Dergisi , I/1 [İstanbul 1942], s. 3-168); “İçtimai Araştırmalar” (a.g.e. , I/1, s. 271-321); “Hukuk Sosyolojisinin Unsurları” (G. Gurwitch’den tercüme, a.g.e. , I/1, s. 105-170); “İktisadi Sosyoloji” (a.g.e. , III [İstanbul 1945-1946], s. 3-103); “Sanat, Düşünce ve İçtimai Bünye” (a.g.e. , XIII-XIV [İstanbul 1959], s. 1-35); “İptidailerde İçtimai Bünye ve Din” (a.g.e. , s. 26-57). Bazı romanlar da yazan Hilmi Ziya Ülken, Kıvâmüddin Burslan ile birlikte Fârâbî’nin birçok risâlesini Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir (DİA , XII, 158-159).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Hilmi Ziya Ülken, Umumî Ruhiyat , İstanbul 1928.
a.mlf., İnsanî Vatanperverlik , İstanbul 1933.
a.mlf., Türk Tefekkür Tarihi , İstanbul 1933-34, I-II.
a.mlf., İçtimaî Doktrinler Tarihi , İstanbul 1941.
a.mlf., Sosyoloji , İstanbul 1943.
a.mlf., İslâm Düşüncesi I: İslâm Düşüncesine Giriş , İstanbul 1954.
a.mlf., Sosyoloji Problemleri , İstanbul 1955.
a.mlf., Veraset ve Cemiyet , İstanbul 1957.
a.mlf., İslâm Düşüncesi II: İslâm Felsefesi Tarihi , İstanbul 1957.
a.mlf., Felsefeye Giriş II , Ankara 1958.
a.mlf., Felsefeye Giriş I , Ankara 1963.
a.mlf., Tarihî Maddeciliğe Reddiye , İstanbul 1963.
a.mlf., Bilgi ve Değer , Ankara 1965.
a.mlf., Varlık ve Oluş , Ankara 1968.
a.mlf., Aşk Ahlâkı , Ankara 1971.
a.mlf., Genel Felsefe Dersleri , Ankara 1972.
Eyyüp Sanay, Hilmi Ziya Ülken , Ankara 1991.
Ayhan Vergili, Hilmi Ziya Ülken Kitabı , İstanbul 2006.
S. Hayri Bolay, “Ord. Prof. Hilmi Ziya Ülken”, Diyanet Gazetesi , Ankara 1 Aralık 1974.
Gülseren Artunkal, “Hayatı ve Eserleriyle Babam Ülken”, Sosyoloji Konferansları , sy. 17, İstanbul 1979, s. 1-8.
Erol Güngör, “Hilmi Ziya Ülken İçin”, a.e. , s. 153-155.
Mehmet Kaplan, “Hilmi Ziya Ülken”, a.e. , s. 162-164.
Görsel Büyük Genel Kültür Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1987, XIV, 8836-8837.
Büyük Ansiklopedi , İstanbul 1990, XV, 5657-5658.
ABr. , XXI, 466-467.
İsmail Kara, “Ülken, Hilmi Ziya”, TDEA , VIII, 485-486.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 291-293 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.