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ÜLÜ’l-EMR Skip to content İslâm toplumunda üst yöneticileri ve toplumsal otorite sahibi kimseleri anlatan bir tabir.
Sözlükte “emir sahipleri” mânasına gelir. Emir kelimesi “iş” ve “buyurma” anlamlarını içerdiğinden ülü’l-emr hem yetkili hem de görevli kimseleri ifade eder. Dinî literatürde başta devlet başkanı olmak üzere toplumun üst yöneticilerini, toplumsal sorumluluk ve otorite sahibi kimseleri içine alan kapsamlı bir tabirdir. Benzer bir tabir olan evliyâü’l-umûr da (tekili veliyyü’l-emr ) velâyetle ilgilidir, bununla amme velâyetine sahip kimseler kastedildiğinde ülü’l-emr ile örtüşen bir anlam kazanır.
Ülü’l-emr tabiri Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de iki yerde geçmektedir. Bir âyette müslümanların Allah’a, Peygamber’e ve ülü’l-emre itaat etmesi emredilmekte (en-Nisâ 4/59), diğer âyette ise müslümanların toplumun güvenliğiyle ilgili bir sorunla karşılaştıklarında onu yaymak yerine kendilerinden olan ülü’l-emre götürmelerinin daha uygun olacağı, onlardan hüküm ve sonuç çıkarma (istinbat) hususunda yeterliliği bulunanların nasıl davranılması gerektiğini bilecekleri ifade edilmektedir (en-Nisâ 4/83). İlk âyetin bağlamı ülü’l-emr tabiriyle, devlet başkanı yanında üst yöneticilerin ve devlet yetkisini kullanan kamu görevlilerinin kastedildiğini göstermektedir. Çünkü bir önceki âyet, emanetlerin ehline verilmesi ve insanlar arasında hükmedildiğinde adalete uygun davranılması emrini içermektedir (en-Nisâ 4/58). Âyetin seriyye kumandanlığı hakkında indiğini belirten rivayet de bu tesbiti desteklemektedir (Müslim, “İmâre”, 31; Ebû Dâvûd, “Cihâd”, 87). Âyette Allah’a ve resule itaat edilmesi ayrı ayrı ve mutlak olarak, ülü’l-emre itaat ise resule itaat emrine atfen istenmektedir. Âyetin sevkindeki üslûptan hareketle ülü’l-emre itaatin de mutlak olduğu, ancak Allah’a isyan niteliği taşıyan durumlarda ülü’l-emre itaat edilmeyeceği hükmüne varmak mümkündür. Bu hükmü, ülü’l-emre itaatin ancak dinin ve hukukun ilkelerine uygun emirlerle (mâruf) sınırlı tutulduğunu, bunlara aykırı düşen taleplerin ise yerine getirilmemesi gerektiğini bildiren hadisler de teyit etmektedir (Buhârî, “Aḥkâm”, 4; Müslim, “İmâre”, 38-40). Âyetin ilk kısmında Allah’a, resule ve ülü’l-emre itaat birlikte istendiği halde devamında bir meselede anlaşmazlığa düşüldüğünde onun yalnızca Allah’a ve resulüne götürülmesinin emredilmesi ve ülü’l-emrin zikredilmemesi İslâm hukukundaki kaynak iradeye vurgu bakımından önemlidir. İkinci âyette geçen ülü’l-emr tabirinin ise önceki âyettekine göre daha geniş kapsamda anlaşılması mümkündür. Nitekim âyetin nüzûl sebebiyle ilgili bir rivayet de bunu desteklemektedir (Müslim, “Ṭalâḳ”, 30). Bu âyet, toplumun güvenliğine dair soruna ilişkin kararın ülü’l-emr arasında istinbat yetisine sahip kimselerce verilmesi gerektiğini belirtmektedir. İstinbat, bir sorunun çözümünde veya bir olay karşısında benimsenecek tutumla ilgili olarak mevcut bilgileri tahlil edip incelemek suretiyle bir hükme veya sonuca varmak demektir. Buna göre âyetin üslûbu esas alındığında sahasında uzman olan her bir kişinin, devlet yetkisi kullanmasa bile alanıyla ilgili sorunlar ve olaylarla sınırlı kalmak şartıyla kendilerine başvurulması emredilen ülü’l-emr kapsamında sayılması mümkün görünmektedir. Her iki âyette de itaatin emredildiği kimselerin müslümanlardan olması özellikle vurgulanmaktadır. Müslüman olmayan yöneticilerle müslüman toplum arasındaki ilişki bir itaat meselesi değil bir sözleşme ve ahde vefa meselesi kabul edilmiştir. Gayri müslim yöneticilere itaatin emredilmemesi müslüman toplumun onlara isyan etmesinin gerekliliği anlamında değildir (Elmalılı, II, 1375).
Âyetlerin nüzûl sebebine dair rivayetler hariç doğrudan Hz. Peygamber’e nisbet edilen sözlerde ülü’l-emr tabirinin tefsirine dair bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Bu tabirin geçtiği hadislerde müslüman fertlerin ülü’l-emre itaat etmesi istenir (Müsned , III, 225; Dârimî, “Muḳaddime”, 24). Ülü’l-emr tabirinin kullanılmadığı benzer bir kısım rivayetlerde ise yöneticilere itaatin emredildiği görülmektedir (Müslim, “Îmân”, 95; Ebû Dâvûd, “Edeb”, 59). Buna göre hadislerde geçen ülü’l-emr ile de yöneticilerin kastedildiği söylenebilir. Ülü’l-emr tabiriyle kimlerin kastedildiği hususunda klasik doktrinde çok çeşitli görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Bunlara göre ülü’l-emr ile sahâbe, muhacirler ve ensar, sahâbenin önde gelenleri, re’y sahibi sahâbîler, yalnızca Hz. Ebû Bekir ve Ömer, dört halife, Hz. Peygamber’in yetki verdiği emîrler, seriyye kumandanları, tâbiîn, ilim ehli, fakihler veya yöneticiler kastedilmiş olabilir. Şiî doktrininde ülü’l-emr Ehl-i beyt imamları veya yalnızca Hz. Ali’dir. Tabirin işârî yorumuna göre ise ülü’l-emr tarikat önderleridir (Nizâmeddin en-Nîsâbûrî, II, 444).
Klasik Sünnî doktrininde ülü’l-emr ile ilgili âyetlerin, tarihî ve sosyal bağlamlarından soyutlanıp zaman içinde kökenleri sahâbe yorumlarına dayanan üç temel yaklaşımla açıklandığı görülmektedir. Bunlardan ilkine göre bunlarla yalnızca yöneticiler (ümerâ/vülât) kastedilmektedir ve bu görüşün dayanağı esas itibariyle yöneticilere itaati emreden rivayetlerdir. Klasik doktrinde ülü’l-emr çoğul bir tabir olmakla birlikte bazan sadece devlet başkanını (imam/halife) belirtmek üzere de kullanılmaktadır. Söz konusu kullanımıyla ülü’l-emr “zaman içinde görev üstlenecek devlet başkanları” anlamına gelmektedir. Bu da İslâm hukukunda yasama, yürütme ve yargılamadan oluşan devlet yetkilerinin, bütün siyasî iktidarın yalnızca devlet başkanının elinde toplandığını kabul eden teoriyle uyum göstermektedir. Bu teoriye göre yönetim yetkisi kullanan her organ yetkisini devlet başkanından almaktadır. Diğer bir ifadeyle devlet başkanı dışındaki yöneticiler yetkilerini ona vekâleten kullanmaktadır (Türcan, s. 205, 210-216). Şîa’nın ülü’l-emr tabiriyle yalnızca Ehl-i beyt imamlarının kastedildiğini öngören yaklaşımı da yetkideki tekeli göstermesi bakımından aynı bağlamda değerlendirilebilir. Ülü’l-emr tabiri yöneticiler diye anlaşıldığında itaat edilmesi gereken ülü’l-emrin hangi yöneticilerden meydana geldiği sorunu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu yaklaşıma göre ülü’l-emr meşrû yöneticileri ifade etmektedir. Sünnî doktrini, tarihî tecrübeyi ve olguyu göz önüne alarak kaba kuvveti de bir iktidar elde etme yöntemi kabul etmektedir. Ayrıca iktidar elde edildikten sonra yöneticinin fâsık veya zalim olması Şîa’nın aksine çoğunluk bakımından kamu düzeninin korunması düşüncesinden hareketle o iktidarın meşruiyetini ortadan kaldıran, itaatsizliği veya azli gerektiren bir sebep teşkil etmemektedir. Bu yaklaşımdan iktidarın meşruiyetiyle yöneticilerin yalnızca bid‘at ehlinden çıkmaması gerektiğinin kastedildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Benzer şekilde, ülü’l-emr tarafından verilen emirlere itaat etme zorunluluğu için onların şer‘î hükümlere aykırı olmaması gerektiği şartı ile ülü’l-emrin fâsık veya zalim olması da farklı değerlendirilmektedir. Buna göre fâsık veya zalim de olsa bir yöneticiye verdiği emirler şer‘î hükümlere aykırı düşmediği sürece itaat edilmesi vâcip görülmektedir.
İkinci yaklaşıma göre âyetlerde geçen ülü’l-emr tabiriyle dinî ilimler alanında uzmanlık kazanmış kimseler (ulemâ/fukaha) kastedilmektedir. İslâm hukukunun üzerine kurulduğu temel teori, her bir ferdî davranışın ve toplumsal ilişkinin ilâhî iradeyi temsil eden şer‘î hükümlere göre düzenlenmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Şu halde asıl sorun söz, davranış ve uygulamaların şer‘î bakımdan değerini ve nasıl niteleneceğini belirleyebilmektir. Dolayısıyla ülü’l-emr ile şer‘î hükümlerin elde edilmesi ve hadiselerin bu açıdan takdiri hususunda uzman kimselerin kastedilmiş olduğunu kabul etmek gerekir. Ülü’l-emr ile ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdin kastedildiğini, ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdin ise ictihad veya icmâ ehlinden oluştuğunu benimseyen yaklaşım bu tesbiti desteklemektedir (Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Ferrâ, s. 19; Fahreddin er-Râzî, X, 116, 120-121; Seyfeddin el-Âmidî, I, 167; Beyzâvî, II, 349). Öyle anlaşılıyor ki İslâm âlimleri bu yaklaşımlarıyla, yöneticilerin dinî kurallardan sapması veya sapma ihtimaline karşı tedbir olarak şer‘î ilimler ve genel dinî eksende bir sosyal otorite inşasını öngörmüştür. Nitekim ülü’l-emri ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akd, onu da icmâ ehli diye tanımlayan Fahreddin er-Râzî görüşünü âyette ülü’l-emre itaatin kesin biçimde emredilmesine dayandırmaktadır. Ona göre Allah’ın kendisine itaat edilmesini emrettiği kimsenin mâsum (yanılmaz / hatadan korunmuş) olması gerekir. Aksi takdirde hata yapması muhtemel bir kimseye itaat edilmesi emredilmiş olur ki bu yanlış bir emrin yerine getirilmesini istemek anlamına gelir. Âyete böyle bir anlam yüklenemeyeceğine göre ülü’l-emrin mâsumiyeti zorunludur. Mâsumiyet niteliği herhangi bir kimseye veya gruba değil ümmetin tamamına aittir. Dolayısıyla ülü’l-emr ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdi teşkil eden ulemânın tamamıdır (Fahreddin er-Râzî, X, 116-117). Üçüncü yaklaşımda ise ilk iki görüşü birleştirmek suretiyle ülü’l-emr tabirinin hem yöneticileri hem dinî ilimlerde uzman olan kimseleri ifade edecek genişlikte olduğu savunulur. Buna göre toplumsal yaşamın düzenlenmesinde gerekli hükümlerin belirlenmesi hususunda dinî ilimlerde uzmanlaşmış kimselere, düzenlemelerin yürütülmesinde de yöneticilere ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır. Bu yaklaşımı her iki grup arasında iktidarın kullanımı hususunda ortaya çıkan tarihî uzlaşma teyit etmektedir. Klasik Şiî doktrininde ise ülü’l-emr tabiriyle başta Hz. Ali olmak üzere Ehl-i beyt imamlarının kastedildiği anlayışı benimsenmiştir. Çünkü âyette ülü’l-emre itaat mutlak şekilde emredilmektedir. Kendilerine itaatin mutlak vâcip kılındığı kimselerin mâsum olması gerekir ki bunlar da Ehl-i beyt imamlarıdır (Tabersî, III, 110-111, 138; İbnü’l-Mutahhar el-Hillî, s. 348). Klasik Şiî doktriniyle Râzî’nin savunduğu görüş arasındaki fark mâsumiyet niteliğinin kime ait olduğu meselesinde ortaya çıkmaktadır (ülü’l-emrde mâsumiyet şartını reddeden bir yaklaşım için bk. M. Sagīr Hasan el-Ma‘sûmî, IV/4 [1969], s. 11-13).
Modern dönemde kamu hukuku ve siyaseti alanında yazılan eserlerde ülü’l-emre itaati emreden âyetteki (en-Nisâ 4/59) “minküm” kaydına Müslümanlık şartından öte klasik dönem literatüründe yer almayan ilâve anlamların yüklendiği ve özel bir vurgunun yapıldığı, bu durumun totaliter yönetimlerin baskın olduğu İslâm ülkelerinde dolaylı bir siyasal muhalefet söylemi şeklinde daha da öne çıktığı görülür. Bu dönemde ülü’l-emri çok daha geniş kapsamda tanımlayan yaklaşımlar da vardır. Meselâ Reşîd Rızâ’ya göre ülü’l-emr ümmetin kendilerine güvendiği ilim adamları, ordu kumandanları, ticaret, sanayi ve ziraat gibi alanlarda faaliyet gösteren kamu kurumlarının başkanları, bunların yanında sendika ve parti liderleri, önde gelen gazetelerin yöneticileri ve başyazarları gibi kimselerin yer aldığı geniş tabanlı ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdden meydana gelmektedir (Tefsîrü’l-Menâr , V, 187). Bu görüş, ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdi yönetici ve ilim adamları sınıfına toplumun önde gelenlerini de ekleyerek tanımlayan klasik yaklaşımın yeni dönemdeki yorumu şeklinde görülebilir (Bedreddin İbn Cemâa, s. 52-53; Hatîb eş-Şirbînî, V, 422). Nitekim Nizâmeddin en-Nîsâbûrî, ülü’l-emri icmâ ehli veya fıkıh usulündeki ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akd olarak tanımlayan Râzî’nin yaklaşımını klasik doktrindeki ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akd kavramına denk gelecek bir genişlikte yorumlamaktadır (Ġarâʾibü’l-Ḳurʾân , II, 435). Ancak söz konusu yaklaşım, klasik doktrinde ülü’l-emr ile ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akd kavramlarını kapsam bakımından farklı tanımlayan çoğunluğun görüşüyle bağdaşmamaktadır. Ülü’l-emr tabiriyle yöneticilerin, ulemânın veya her iki grubun birlikte kastedildiğini ileri süren yaklaşımların tamamında kaynağı farklı olsa da belli bir otoritenin arandığı görülmektedir. Bu kişilerin toplumu yönlendirme gücü bulunmaktadır. Râgıb el-İsfahânî de insanlar üzerinde otoriteleri olan kesimleri peygamberler, yöneticiler, bilgeler, vâizler şeklinde belirtmekte, peygamberlerin halk ve seçkinler üzerinde hem zâhirî hem bâtınî, yöneticilerin bütün insanlar üzerinde sadece zâhirî, bilgelerin yalnız seçkinler üzerinde, vâizlerin de sırf halk üzerinde yalnızca bâtınî olarak otorite kullandıklarını ifade etmektedir (el-Müfredât , “emr” md.).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 295-297 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.