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ULÛMÜ’l-KUR’ÂN Skip to content Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’le ilgili ilimler anlamında bir tabir; bu ilimlere dair yazılan eserlerin ortak adı.
Sözlükte “Kur’an ilimleri” anlamına gelen terkibin ıstılahî mânasıyla ilgili olarak klasik döneme ait kaynaklarda herhangi bir bilgi yer almamaktadır. Özellikle XX. yüzyılda yazılan eserlerde yapılan tariflerde ise bu ilmin muhtevası ve maksadı göz önünde bulundurulmuştur. Bunlardan birine göre ulûmü’l-Kur’ân, çeşitli açılardan Kur’an’la ilgili olan ve her biri ayrı ilim dalı kabul edilebilecek önemli küllî bahisleri bir araya getiren bir ilimdir (İbnü’l-Cevzî, neşredenin girişi, s. 71). Bu tanımlarda terimin çerçevesi çizilirken Kur’an’ın nüzûlü, tertibi, toplanması, yazılması, kıraati, tefsiri, i‘câzı, nâsih ve mensuhu, dil, üslûp ve belâgatı gibi konular zikredilmiştir (Zürkānî, I, 27). Bununla birlikte ulûmü’l-Kur’ân tabirinin çerçevesinin ne olduğu -hangi konuları içine aldığı, hangilerini dışarıda bıraktığı- hususunda birlik yoktur. Esas itibariyle Kur’an’la doğrudan alâkası bulunmayan, fakat bir şekilde Kur’an âyetlerinin açıklanması için faydalanılan ilimlerin Kur’an ilimlerinden sayılıp sayılmayacağı üzerinde durulması gereken bir meseledir. Nitekim jeoloji, biyoloji, botanik ve astronominin ulûmü’l-Kur’ân dahilinde bir yerinin olup olmayacağı tartışmaya açıktır. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i her türlü ilmin kaynağı gibi görenler tıp, mühendislik, astronomi, matematik, cebir, mantık vb. ilimlerin de Kur’an’da yer aldığını söylemişler ve bunlarla ilgili bazı âyetler zikretmişlerdir.
Tabirin yaygın biçimde kullanıldığı dönem dikkate alındığında Kur’an’la doğrudan ilgisi bulunmayan, ancak Kur’an’ın anlaşılmasında ve yorumlanmasında dolaylı olarak yararlanılabilen ilimlerin Kur’an ilimlerinden sayılmaması gerekir. Ayrıca “Kur’ânî ilimler” (el-ulûmü’l-Kur’âniyye) tamlaması ulûmü’l-Kur’ân terkibinin anlamını tam karşılamadığı ve bir terim niteliğini kazanmadığı için onun yerine kullanılmamalıdır. Çünkü astronomi, matematik, biyoloji gibi ilimler Kur’ânî oldukları halde müfessirlerin örfünde Kur’an ilimlerinden sayılmaz. İlimleri tasnif eden kitaplarda “Kur’an’dan istinbat edilen ilimlerin bilgisi ilmi” başlığı altında tıp, matematik ve astronomi gibi ilimlerin yanında marangozluk, demircilik gibi alanlar bile Kur’an’dan çıkarılan ilimlerden kabul edilmektedir (Taşköprizâde, s. 879-881).
“Usûlü’t-tefsîr” adıyla yazılan eserlerde genellikle Kur’an ilimleri de tanıtılmakla birlikte bunlar ulûmü’l-Kur’ân terkibinin yerini alabilecek bir yaygınlığa ulaşmadığından kullanımları bazı karışıklıklara sebebiyet vermektedir. Zira bu terkipte özellikle Kur’an tefsirinin esasları çağrışımı öne çıktığından daha çok tefsir yöntemi akla gelmektedir. Ayrıca Kur’an tefsiri için fıkıh ilminde olduğu gibi kapsamlı bir usulün varlığından söz edilemez. “İlmü’t-tefsîr” veya “ulûmü’t-tefsîr” terkiplerinin ulûmü’l-Kur’ân yerine kullanıldığına da rastlanmaktadır. Meselâ gerek Taşköprizâde gerekse Tehânevî, ilimleri tanıttıkları eserlerinde “ilmü tefsîri’l-Kur’ân” ve “ulûmü’t-tefsîr” tabirlerini kullanmışlar ve Kur’an ilimleri konularını bu başlıklar altında saymışlardır. Her iki âlimin de ulûmü’l-Kur’ân bahislerini tek tek tanıtmasına rağmen ulûmü’l-Kur’ân terkibine yer vermemesi açıklanması güç bir durumdur (Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde , s. 72-73, 285-328; Keşşâf , I, 31-35).
Ulûmü’l-Kur’ân terkibinin terim anlamıyla ilk defa ne zaman ortaya çıktığı, bu başlığı taşıyan ilk eserin hangisi olduğu hususu belli değildir. Zürkānî ulûmü’l-Kur’ân’dan söz ederken bu fenni, Kur’an’a dair önceden yaygınlaşan muhtelif ilimleri topluca ifade etmek üzere ve kendisine sonradan ihtiyaç duyulan âdeta bir “fihrist” anlamında kullanmaktadır. Bu terkibin terim anlamının VII. (XIII.) yüzyılda oluştuğu kabul edilse de ona göre bu alandaki ilk eser Ali b. İbrâhim b. Saîd el-Havfî’nin (ö. 430/1038) el-Burhân fî ʿulûmi’l-Ḳurʾân adlı kitabıdır (Menâhil , I, 33-35). Ulûmü’l-Kur’ân tabirine bundan önceki dönemlerden itibaren yer verilmişse de bununla günümüzde anlaşılan türden bir mânanın kastedildiğini söylemek zordur. İbnü’n-Nedîm, Kitâbü’s-Sebʿa müellifi İbn Mücâhid’i (ö. 324/936) tanıtırken onun ulûmü’l-Kur’ân’ı bildiğinden de söz etmiştir (el-Fihrist , s. 34). Aynı terkibi, “Ulûmü’l-Kur’ân’da meşhur olanlardan biridir” diyerek Ebû Bekir Ahmed b. Kâmil b. Halef için de kullanan ve bu zatın her biri Kur’an ilimlerinden sayılan eserlerini kaydeden İbnü’n-Nedîm (a.g.e. , s. 35), ulûmü’l-Kur’ân tabirinin ıstılahî mânada kullanılışının bir hayli eskilere gittiğini göstermiş olmaktadır. Bununla birlikte onun, eserinde “Ulûmü’l-Kur’ân” adıyla bir başlık açarak Kur’an ilimlerine dair eserleri bu başlık altında tanıtmaması terimin o dönemde henüz tam yerleşmediği şeklinde de yorumlanabilir. Nitekim Kur’an ilimleriyle ilgili eserleri müstakil başlıklarla kaydettikten sonra bu başlıklar altına girmeyen eserler için “Kur’an’daki çeşitli mânalar hakkında kaleme alınmış eserler” diye ayrı bir başlık açmış ve burada ulûmü’l-Kur’ân terkibini kullanmamıştır (a.g.e. , s. 41). Onun İbnü’l-Merzübân el-Muhavvelî’ye (ö. 309/921) nisbet ettiği ve yirmi yedi cüzden meydana geldiğini söylediği el-Ḥâvî fî ʿulûmi’l-Ḳurʾân adlı kitap (a.g.e. , s. 166-167) ulûmü’l-Kur’ân tabirinin bir eser ismi olarak oldukça eskilere dayandığını göstermektedir. Ancak -genel kanaate göre bir tefsir kitabı sayılsa da- eserin mahiyeti hakkındaki bilgi yetersizliği sebebiyle onun Kur’an ilimlerini bir araya toplayan ansiklopedik bir kitap mı yoksa bir tefsir kitabı mı olduğu hususu açık değildir. Fakat o dönemde birçok âlim tefsirle ilgili hacimli eserler meydana getirmiş olup Muhammed b. Ali el-Üdfüvî’nin (ö. 388/998) el-İstiġnâ fî ʿulûmi’l-Ḳurʾân ’ı bu tür eserlerden biridir ve bazı araştırmacılara göre, başlığında “ulûmü’l-Kur’ân” terkibinin yer aldığı kitaplardan günümüze ulaşanların en eskisidir; eser mushaf tertibine göre düzenlenen, her bir âyetle ilgili Kur’an ilimlerini aktaran farklı bir telif şeklini temsil etmektedir (Mertoğlu, sy. 25 [2011], s. 56). Üdfüvî’nin öğrencisi Havfî’nin el-Burhân fî ʿulûmi’l-Ḳurʾân ’ı da terkibin ıstılahî mânasıyla ilk defa geçtiği çalışmalardan biridir. İbn Hayr el-İşbîlî, Havfî’nin bu eserinin yüz “sifr” olduğunu söylemektedir (Fehrese , s. 71). Otuz ciltten meydana geldiği söylenen eserin günümüze ulaşan on beş cildine dayanarak muhtevasını inceleyenler Havfî’nin kitabını da farklı tarzda yazılmış bir Kur’an tefsiri şeklinde nitelemişlerdir. Havfî eserinde Kur’an’ın tefsiri yanında âyetlerde geçen i‘rab, garîb, müşkil, kıraat gibi Kur’an ilimlerine de işaret etmiştir (Zerkeşî, neşredenin girişi, I, 54; Zürkānî, I, 35; İbnü’l-Cevzî, neşredenin girişi, s. 73). Bazı kaynaklarda ulûmü’l-Kur’ân literatürünün erken örnekleri arasında Ebü’l-Hasan el-Eş‘arî’nin (ö. 324/936) el-Muḫtezen fî ʿulûmi’l-Ḳurʾân ve Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Enbârî’nin (ö. 328/940) ʿAcâʾibü ʿulûmi’l-Ḳurʾân adlı eserlerinden de söz edilmektedir (Subhî es-Sâlih, s. 122). Ancak yapılan incelemelerde İbnü’l-Enbârî’ye nisbet edilen kitabın Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Cevzî’ye ait Fünûnü’l-efnân ile aynı eser olduğu anlaşılmıştır (Dâmin, İbnü’l-Enbârî , s. 80-81; Hâlid b. Osman Ali es-Sebt, I, 42). Diğer taraftan Dâvûdî’nin, İmam Eş‘arî’ye ait olup Kehf sûresine kadar gelen hacimli bir tefsir diye tanıttığı (Ṭabaḳāt , I, 398) el-Muḫtezen fî ʿulûmi’l-Ḳurʾân ’ın, bizzat Eş‘arî’nin el-ʿUmed adlı eserinde kendisine sadece el-Muḫtezen şeklinde atıf yapmasından ve kelâma dair bir eser olarak nitelemesinden hareketle onun Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân ’ı ile karıştırılan ve ulûmü’l-Kur’ân’la ilgisi bulunmayan bir eser olduğu değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır (Hâlid b. Osman Ali es-Sebt, I, 33-34).
İsminde ulûmü’l-Kur’ân terkibi geçmediği halde Kur’an ilimlerine dair bazı konuları içeren ilk eseri Hâris el-Muhâsibî’nin (ö. 243/857) el-ʿAḳl ve fehmü’l-Ḳurʾân ’ının teşkil ettiği söylenebilir (nşr. Hüseyin Kuvvetlî, Beyrut 1391/1971). Alemüddin es-Sehâvî’nin Cemâlü’l-ḳurrâʾ ve kemâlü’l-iḳrâʾ (nşr. Ali Hüseyin el-Bevvâb, Kahire 1987; nşr. Abdülkerîm ez-Zübeydî, Beyrut 1993), Ebû Şâme el-Makdisî’nin el-Mürşidü’l-vecîz (nşr. Tayyar Altıkulaç, Beyrut 1390/1975; Ankara 1406/1986) adlı eserleri de başlığında bu terkip yer almamakla birlikte kıraat bahisleri yanında Kur’an ilimlerinin çeşitli meselelerini ele alan önemli eserlerden sayılmaktadır (a.g.e. , I, 35). Necmeddin et-Tûfî’nin el-İksîr fî ʿilmi’t-tefsîr adlı kitabında (nşr. Abdülkādir Hüseyin, Kahire 1977) belâgat konuları geniş yer tutsa da eser tefsir usulü ve Kur’an ilimleri hakkındadır.
Kur’an’ın doğru tefsir edilmesi ihtiyacından doğduğu anlaşılan ulûmü’l-Kur’ân, müfessirin âyetleri açıklarken müracaat edeceği ilimler şeklinde düşünüldüğünden ilk dönemlerden itibaren yazılan bazı tefsirlerin girişlerinde bunlar hakkında bilgi verildiği görülmektedir. Meselâ Taberî meşhur tefsirinin girişinde Kur’an ilimlerinin konularına temas etmiştir. Bu konudaki en önemli çalışmalardan biri de Râgıb el-İsfahânî’ye aittir. Müellif, Câmiʿu’t-tefâsîr adını verdiği eseri için giriş niteliğinde yazdığı Muḳaddimetü Câmiʿi’t-tefâsîr ’ini (nşr. Ahmed Hasan Ferhât, Küveyt 1984) Kur’an ilimlerinin ve tefsir usulünün bazı meselelerine ayırmıştır. İbn Atıyye el-Endelüsî, el-Muḥarrerü’l-vecîz adlı tefsirinin girişinde daha çok konuya yer vermiştir ve eser daha sistematiktir. Arthur Jeffery, bu mukaddime ile müellifi meçhul el-Mebânî adlı kitabın mukaddimesini Muḳaddimetân fî ʿulûmi’l-Ḳurʾân ve hümâ muḳaddimetü Kitâbi’l-Mebânî ve muḳaddimetü İbn ʿAṭıyye adıyla neşretmiştir (Kahire 1954). Kurtubî’nin el-Câmiʿ li-aḥkâmi’l-Ḳurʾân adlı hacimli tefsirinin mukaddimesi de küçük bir ulûmü’l-Kur’ân kitabı sayılabilir.
Adında ulûmü’l-Kur’ân tabirinin geçtiği ilk sistematik eserin Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin (ö. 597/1201) yirmi bir Kur’an ilmini tanıttığı Fünûnü’l-efnân adlı kitabı olduğu (bk. bibl.) söylenebilir. İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin eserinden sonra hem terimin yerleştiği hem de bu terim altında ele alınacak ilimlere dair bir anlayışın geliştiği görülmektedir. Zerkeşî’nin el-Burhân fî ʿulûmi’l-Ḳurʾân ’ı bu ilmin sınırlarını açıklığa kavuşturmuştur. Zerkeşî, eserinin mukaddimesinde Kur’an ilimlerinin bu kitaba aldıkları ile sınırlı olmadığını söyleyerek (I, 104) alanla ilgili zengin literatüre de işaret etmektedir. Ardından Süyûtî et-Taḥbîr fî ʿulûmi’t-tefsîr adıyla (nşr. Fethî Abdülkādir Ferîd, Riyad 1982) Kur’an ilimleriyle ilgili bir kitap telif etmişse de onun muhtasar olduğunu düşünmüş, o zamana kadar bilmediği Zerkeşî’nin el-Burhân ’ını görünce büyük bir memnuniyet duymuştur ve kendi çalışmasını yeterli görmediğinden el-İtḳān fî ʿulûmi’l-Ḳurʾân ’ı telif etmiştir. Mecmaʿu’l-baḥreyn adlı tefsirine giriş niteliğinde yazılan ve geniş bir muhtevası bulunan el-İtḳān önceki eserlerden daha çok şöhret kazanmıştır. el-Burhân ’da ulûmü’l-Kur’ân konuları kırk yedi başlık altında ele alınırken el-İtḳān ’da seksen başlığa ulaşılmıştır. Günümüze kadar şöhret bakımından Süyûtî’nin eserine ulaşılamamışsa da İbn Akīle el-Mekkî’ye ait ez-Ziyâde ve’l-iḥsân fî ʿulûmi’l-Ḳurʾân ’ın (nşr. Muhammed Safâ Hakkı v.dğr., I-X, Şârika/Sharjah 1427/2006) tertip ve hacim itibariyle el-İtḳān ’ı geride bıraktığını söylemek gerekir. 154 başlıktan oluşan eser her ne kadar el-İtḳān üzerine yazılmışsa da müellif hem el-İtḳān ’daki bilgileri tashih etmiş hem de eserine çok sayıda yeni konu ve başlık eklemiştir. Muhammed Abdülazîm ez-Zürkānî ve Subhî es-Sâlih’in eserleri ise (bk. bibl.) Kur’an ilimleri çalışmalarının modern dönemdeki örneklerindendir.
Günümüze kadar yazılan ulûmü’l-Kur’ân’a dair eserler incelendiğinde bunlarda iki önemli problemin bulunduğu görülür. Birincisi, muhtevada yer verilen konu ve ilimlerden bir kısmının gerçekte ulûmü’l-Kur’ân tanımı içinde yer alıp almayacağıdır; ikincisi de Kur’an ilimlerinden sayılan bahislerin bu eserlerde tutarlı biçimde tertip ve tasnif edilip edilmediğidir. el-Burhân , el-İtḳān ve ez-Ziyâde ve’l-iḥsân gibi kitaplarda bir konunun ilmî bir niteliğinin olup olmadığına ve ilimler tasnifi içinde bir yerinin bulunup bulunmadığına bakılmaksızın Kur’an’a dair hemen her meseleye yer verilmiştir. Bazı konular aslında gerek çerçevesi gerek muhtevası itibariyle müstakil olmadığı halde asıl konusundan ayrılarak müstakil bir ilim gibi sunulmuştur. Meselâ kıraat ve tecvid ilminin bazı tâli bahisleri bu eserlerde müstakil başlıklar altında ele alınmıştır. Kur’an’ın nüzûlünden ya da usûl-i fıkhın lafız bahislerinden söz eden başlıklar için de aynı durum söz konusudur. Ulûmü’l-Kur’ân genel başlığı altında kaç ilmin bulunduğu hususunda da bir birlik yoktur. Ansiklopedik ulûmü’l-Kur’ân kitaplarının telifinden önce yaşayan Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî (ö. 543/1148) ulûmü’l-hadîsin altmış ilim, ulûmü’l-Kur’ân’ın ise bundan daha fazla olduğunu söyleyerek (Ḳānûnü’t-teʾvîl , s. 193) sayı konusunda beklentileri arttırmaktaysa da bununla nasıl bir tasnifi kastettiği tam belli değildir. İbnü’n-Nedîm’in 377’de (987) telif ettiği kitabında ulûmü’l-Kur’ân’a dair 250 kadar kitabın adından bahsetmesi, bu alandaki literatürün zenginliğini göstermektedir (muhtelif ilimlere göre verilen eser sayıları için bk. Hamed, s. 8-9).
Oluşum bakımından Kur’an ilimleri içerisinde hangisinin önceliğinin bulunduğu hususu da açık değildir ve bakış açısına göre değişiklik arzetmektedir. Kur’an’ın sözlü iletilen, kendisine has okuma usulüne sahip bir kitap olması sebebiyle ilk ilmi kıraat ilminin teşkil etmesi gerektiği söylenebilir. Ancak okuma, anlama ile aynı anda gerçekleştiğinden tefsir ilminin de bir önceliğinin bulunduğunu ileri sürmek mümkündür. İlk inen âyetten başlayarak vahyin iniş şekli gündeme geldiği için Kur’an’ın nüzûluyle ilgili ilimlere de bir öncelik tanınabilir. Buna göre oluşum veya köken itibariyle pek çok Kur’an ilmi için hemen hemen aynı derecede öncelik bulunduğundan söz etmek mümkündür. Zira Kur’an ilimlerinin büyük bir kısmının kökeni yine Kur’an’ın kendisi, Resûl-i Ekrem’in açıklamaları ve uygulamalarıdır (Birışık, s. 39-68).
Ulûmü’l-Kur’ân başlığı altında yer alan Kur’an ilimlerinin tedvin tarihine bakıldığında Kur’an âyet ve sûrelerinin dağınık halden kurtarılıp iki kapak arasına girmesi ve mushaf şeklini almasıyla buna dair ilimlerin doğduğunu söylemek yanlış olmayacaktır. Özellikle Hz. Osman’ın girişimiyle 25-30 (646-651) yılları arasında tamamlanan Kur’an’ın istinsahı resmü’l-mushaf ilminin doğmasına kaynaklık etmiştir. Sonraki yıllarda yapılan harekeleme ve noktalama faaliyeti sonucunda bu ilim gelişmiş, Kur’an âyetlerinin muhtelif gruplara ayrılması ve bunların arasına çeşitli işaretlerin konulmasıyla da tamamlanmıştır. Bunlar hicretin ilk asrı içinde başlayan çalışmalardandır. Bu faaliyetleri ve sebeplerini açıklayan ve bunların yazıya geçirildiğini gösteren eserler de aynı dönemlerden itibaren telif edilmiştir. Kur’an’ın harekelenmesi işini ilk defa Ebü’l-Esved ed-Düelî’nin (ö. 69/688) ele alması sebebiyle bu konuda ona ait bir kitaptan söz edilmişse de (Zerkeşî, II, 5) bu kesin değildir. Ebû Amr ed-Dânî’nin onun bu ilk uygulamasını zikretmesi (el-Muḥkem , s. 6, 47, 210) konunun yanlış anlaşılmasına yol açmış olmalıdır. Ancak daha sonra gelen birçok âlimin bu konuda eserleri vardır (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 38; Zerkeşî, II, 5-10). Katâde b. Diâme’ye nisbet edilen ʿAvâşirü’l-Ḳurʾân ve Amr b. Ubeyd’e ait Eczâʾü selâs̱e miʾe ve sittûn bunların en erken örnekleri arasında sayılabilir (Sezgin, I, 4).
En erken ortaya çıkan Kur’an ilimlerinden bir diğeri kıraat ilmidir. Zira Hz. Osman, Kur’an’ın doğru yazımına ve istinsahına olduğu kadar doğru okunmasına da önem vermiş; Kur’an nüshalarını Mekke, Kûfe, Basra ve Dımaşk gibi merkezlere gönderirken bunları doğru okuma ve okutma yeterliliğine sahip kārîler de yollamıştır. Gerek bu ilk dönem kārîleri gerekse onların talebeleri sağlam bir isnadla Resûl-i Ekrem’e ulaşan kıraat tercihlerini ve bunların usullerini şifahî nakille birlikte yazıya da geçirmeye başlamış, böylece muhtelif tarzda kıraat kitapları ortaya çıkmıştır. Kıraat ilmine dair ilk eser İbn Ya‘mer’e ait (ö. 89/708 [?]) el-Ḳırâʾe olsa gerektir (İbn Atıyye, s. 275; Sezgin, I, 5). İbn Âmir, Ebân b. Tağlib, Mukātil b. Süleyman, Ebû Amr b. Alâ, Hamza b. Habîb ez-Zeyyât, Ya‘kūb el-Hadramî ve Vâkıdî gibi dil ve kıraat âlimleri de kıraate dair eserler kaleme almıştır. Kur’an ilimleri arasında esbâb-ı nüzûlün de büyük önemi vardır. Kur’an âyet ve sûrelerinin iniş sebeplerinden bahseden bu ilmin asıl kaynağını nakil teşkil ettiğinden ilk bilgiler hadis rivayetleri içerisinde varlığını sürdürmüş, daha sonra müstakil kitaplar kaleme alınmıştır. İbn Şihâb ez-Zührî’den müfessir Sülemî rivayetiyle gelen Tenzîlü’l-Ḳurʾân adlı eser (nşr. Selâhaddin el-Müneccid, 2. bs., Beyrut 1980) bu konuda ilk çalışma olsa gerektir. Buhârî’nin hocası Ali b. Medînî de Esbâbü’n-nüzûl adıyla bir eser yazmıştır. Müfessir Vâhidî ve Süyûtî tarafından kaleme alınan eserler ise bu sahanın en meşhur kitaplarıdır.
Kur’an âyet ve sûrelerinin birbiriyle ilişkisini inceleyen nazmü’l-Kur’ân ve münâsebâtü’l-âyât ve’s-süver ilimleri de haklarında ilk dönemden itibaren eserler kaleme alınanlar arasındadır. Câhiz’in bugün mevcut olmayan Naẓmü’l-Ḳurʾân adlı kitabı konunun ilk çalışması olmalıdır (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 41). Muhammed b. Zeyd el-Vâsıtî, Hasan b. Ali b. Nasr et-Tûsî, Ebû Ali Hasan b. Yahyâ b. Nasr el-Cürcânî, İbn Ebû Dâvûd es-Sicistânî, Ebû Zeyd el-Belhî ve İbnü’l-İhşîd de bu hususta günümüze ulaşmayan eserler yazmıştır (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 41, 153; Dâmin, Buḥûs̱ , s. 127-128). Âyetler ve sûreler arasındaki münasebet konusunda ise ilk çalışmanın Bağdat’ta İbn Ziyâd en-Nîsâbûrî (ö. 324/936) tarafından ortaya konulduğu belirtilir (Zerkeşî, I, 132). Bu alandaki düzenli teliflerin tarihi VII (XIII) ve VIII. (XIV.) yüzyıllara gitse de müfessirler Kur’an’ı tefsir ederken âyetler ve sûreler arasındaki ilgiyi göz önünde bulundurduğundan söz konusu ilim varlığını ilk dönemlerden itibaren sürdürmüştür. Kur’an sûre ve âyetlerinin faziletlerinden bahseden ilim de tedvin bakımından eskidir. Bu alana dair bilgiler rivayetler halinde Resûl-i Ekrem dönemine kadar ulaşmaktadır. Bu rivayetler bir yandan müstakil teliflere konu olurken öte yandan hadis mecmualarında bir araya getirilmiştir. İbnü’n-Nedîm’in bu konudaki eserleri sayarken sahâbî Übey b. Kâ‘b’a bir eser nisbet etmesi dikkat çekicidir (el-Fihrist , s. 39). Ca‘fer es-Sâdık ve İmam Şâfiî yanında Ebû Bekir İbn Ebû Şeybe, Ebû Ubeyd Kāsım b. Sellâm ve İbnü’d-Düreys gibi ilk dönem âlimlerinin de kitapları vardır.
Rivayete dayanan bir başka Kur’an ilmi neshi konu edinir. İslâm hukuku ile tefsirin ortak konusu olan nesih, daha çok hangi âyetin hangi âyeti neshettiğiyle ilgili rivayetleri bir araya getirdiği için Kur’an ilimleri içinde mütalaa edilmektedir. Genellikle “en-Nâsih ve’l-mensûh” başlığıyla telif edilen çok sayıda kitap vardır. Bu alanda ilk telifler arasında şunlar sayılabilir: Katâde b. Diâme, en-Nâsiḫ ve’l-mensûḫ fî kitâbillâh (nşr. Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin, Beyrut 1403/1983); İbn Şihâb ez-Zührî, en-Nâsiḫ ve’l-mensûḫ (nşr. Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin, Beyrut 1988); Ebû Ubeyd Kāsım b. Sellâm, en-Nâsiḫ ve’l-mensûḫ (nşr. Muhammed b. Sâlih el-Müdeyfir, Riyad 1411/1990); Nehhâs, en-Nâsiḫ ve’l-mensûḫ fî kitâbillâhi ʿazze ve celle (Kahire 1323, 1938; nşr. Şa‘bân Muhammed İsmâil, Kahire 1986).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in dil ve üslûp özelliklerini inceleyen ve ilk dört asır içinde ortaya çıkan tehlikeli fikir akımlarına karşı onun anlamını korumayı amaçlayan ilimler de önemlidir. İ‘râbü’l-Kur’ân, mecâzü’l-Kur’ân, müşkilü’l-Kur’ân, emsâlü’l-Kur’ân, teşbîhâtü’l-Kur’ân, el-vücûh ve’n-nezâir, üslûbü’l-Kur’ân ve i‘câzü’l-Kur’ân gibi konulara dair birçok eser vardır. Bunlarda bir yandan bu terimlerin bir ilim dalı şeklini alması için prensipler konulurken öte yandan Kur’ân-ı Kerîm inceden inceye taranarak elde edilen örnekler yardımı ile konular ayrıntılı biçimde açıklanmaktadır. İkrime el-Berberî, Atâ b. Ebû Rebâh, Ebân b. Tağlib, Mukātil b. Süleyman, Kutrub, Yahyâ b. Ziyâd el-Ferrâ, Ebû Ubeyde Ma‘mer b. Müsennâ, Ebû Ubeyd Kāsım b. Sellâm, İbn Kuteybe, Hakîm et-Tirmizî, Müberred ve Zeccâc gibi çok sayıda dil âliminin günümüze ulaşan kitapları bu konuda ortaya konan çabanın büyüklüğünü göstermektedir. Klasik dönemde özellikle Kur’an’daki garîb kelimeleri izah etmeye yönelik bir ilim dalı ve bu dala ait eserler de oluşmuştur ki Râgıb el-İsfahânî’nin el-Müfredât ’ı bu literatürün en meşhur örneklerinden biridir. Modern dönemde sadece garîb kelimeleri değil Kur’an’da geçen bütün harf, edat, kelime, kavram ve tabirleri bir araya getirip açıklayan ve “müfredâtü’l-Kur’ân”, “kelimâtü’l-Kur’ân”, “mu‘cemü’l-Kur’ân” gibi başlıklar taşıyan çeşitli Kur’an sözlükleri hazırlanmıştır (örnekler için bk. Ahmed Hasan el-Hamîsî, sy. 93-94 [1425], s. 13-26). Ulûmü’l-Kur’ân’ın sınırları içinde değerlendirilen müstakil Kur’an tefsirleri de tarih itibariyle öncelikli eserlerdendir. Bunlar başta Resûl-i Ekrem ve sahâbe tarafından aktarılan bilgilere dayanan, daha sonra dil ve tarih ilimlerinin yardımıyla gelişen eserler olup dirâyet metodunun bu alana girmesiyle hem muhteva hem sayı bakımından zenginleşen teliflerdir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., İbnü’l-Enbârî , Dımaşk 1425/2004, s. 80-81.
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M. Suat Mertoğlu, “Tefsir Tarihinde Dikkatlerden Kaçan Bir Eser: Üdfüvî’nin el-İstiğnâ fî ulûmi’l-Kur’ân’ı ve Eserin Mukaddimesi ile Fâtiha Sûresi Tefsirinin İlmî Neşri”, İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi , sy. 25, İstanbul 2011, s. 51-65.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 132-135 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.