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ÜMEYYE b. EBÜ’s-SALT Skip to content Ebü’l-Kāsım (Ebû Osmân) Ümeyye b. Ebi’s-Salt Abdillâh b. Ebî Rebîa b. Avf es-Sekafî (ö. 8/630 [?])
Hikmetli sözleriyle tanınan Arap şairi.
Milâdî VI. yüzyılın sonlarında Sakīf kabilesine mensup kültürlü bir ailenin çocuğu olarak Tâif’te doğdu ve burada yaşadı. Babası ve iki oğlu Kāsım ile Rebîa da şairdir. Ayrıca Vehb, Amr ve Hakem adlı üç oğlunun daha bulunduğu, bu sebeple Ebü’l-Hakem künyesiyle de anıldığı kaydedilir. Annesi Rukayye, Kureyş kabilesinden Abdüşems b. Abdümenâf’ın kızıdır. Ümeyye’nin Fâria adındaki kız kardeşi Hz. Peygamber’e onunla ilgili bilgiler nakleder, şiirlerini okurdu. Hayatına dair sınırlı bilgiler daha çok ilmî şahsiyeti, bilgeliği ve şiirleriyle ilgilidir. Çağdaşlarına, hatta daha eski şairlere nisbetle bir dereceye kadar şehirli sayılan, Tevrat ve İncil okuyan, dolayısıyla semavî kitaplar ve dinler hakkında bilgisi olan, şiirlerinde dinî konulara da yer veren nâdir şairlerden biridir. Putperestliği reddetmiş, içkiyi bırakmış ve Hanîf dinini benimsemişti. Dolayısıyla Allah’ın varlığına inanmakla birlikte ibadet konusunda belirli farzları uygulamak durumunda değildi. Oruç tutar, zühd ve takvâ nişanesi olarak ruhban elbisesi giyerdi. Mekke’de ilk defa “bismike’llāhümme” ifadesini kullanmıştır. Büyük ihtimalle Resûl-i Ekrem’in hadislerini de rivayet ediyordu (İbn Hişâm, III, 357; Behcet Abdülgafûr el-Hadîsî, s. 49).
Ümeyye ticaretle uğraşır, sık sık Suriye ve Yemen’e seyahat ederdi. Bu arada Bahreyn’e de gitmiş ve orada sekiz yıl kalmıştı. Bu sebeple Araplar arasında seyahatleriyle tanınan bir tâcir, âlim ve râvi idi. Şiirleri de Arap nesepleri konusunda önemli bir kaynak sayılıyor, kadim şiir ve ahbâr rivayetinin yanı sıra hikmetli söz ve vecîzeleriyle anılan bir Arap filozofu gibi kabul ediliyordu (Seâlibî, s. 642). Şiirlerinde kullandığı bazı kelimelerden hareketle Süryânîce bildiği nakledilmiştir (Behcet Abdülgafûr, s. 49). Câhiz’e göre Câhiliye devrinde Sakīf kabilesinin yetiştirdiği Arap dâhileri arasında Ümeyye gibi biri daha bilinmemektedir; bundan dolayı peygamberlik iddiasında bulunmayı dahi düşünmüştür (Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân, II, 320). Kutsal kitaplarda geleceği haber verilen peygamberin kendisinin olmasını beklerken risâletin Hz. Muhammed’e verilmesini kıskanarak ona inanmadı, kendisine ve İslâm’a karşı düşmanca bir tavır içine girdi, hatta Resûl-i Ekrem’i münazaraya davet etti. Bu sebeple genelde Bel‘am b. Bâûrâ için indiği kabul edilen A‘râf sûresindeki âyetlerin (7/175-176) Ümeyye b. Ebü’s-Salt hakkında nâzil olduğunu söyleyen âlimler de vardır (Taberî, IX, 162-163, 165). Ümeyye, Bedir Savaşı’nda bazı yakınlarının öldürülmesinin de etkisiyle Resûlullah’a ve İslâm’a karşı bir cephe oluşturan putperest Kureyşliler’in safında yer aldı. Onun, Mekke’nin önde gelen tâcirlerinden yakın dostu Abdullah b. Cüd‘ân’ı öven şiiriyle Bedir’de ölen müşrikler için söylediği mersiyesi meşhurdur. Hz. Peygamber bu mersiyenin rivayetini menetmişti (İbn Hişâm, II, 30-32; İA , XIII, 100). Hem Câhiliye hem İslâm döneminde yaşamış olan Ümeyye muhadramûndan kabul edilmişse de bunun için Müslümanlığı şart koşan bazı âlimlere göre bu gruptan sayılmamıştır. Ölümüyle ilgili çeşitli menkıbeler anlatılmakta ve farklı tarihler verilmekteyse de daha çok 8 (630) veya 10 (632) yılları üzerinde durulmuş, Sakīf kabilesi mensupları müslüman olmadan önce Tâif’in kuşatıldığı 8 (630) yılında Tâif’te öldüğüne dair rivayet daha kuvvetli görülmüştür.
Ümeyye şair olarak çok eskiden beri büyük takdir görmüştür. Emevî devri şairlerinden Kümeyt el-Esedî diğer bedevî şairlerini de kastederek Ümeyye’nin kendileri gibi şiir söylediğini, fakat kendilerinin onun gibi söyleyemediklerini ifade etmiş ve Ümeyye’nin en büyük bedevî şairi olduğunu söylemiştir. Ebû Ubeyde Ma‘mer b. Müsennâ’ya göre Araplar şehirli şairler arasında en önemli şairlerin Medineliler’den çıktığı, daha sonra Abdülkays ve ardından Sakīf kabilesi şairlerinin geldiği, Sakīf’in en kudretli şairinin de Ümeyye b. Ebü’s-Salt olduğu kanaatinde birleşmişlerdir. Ümeyye’nin şiirlerinden kalan ve ona nisbet edilen parçalara bakarak böyle bir değerlendirmeyi benimsemek güçtür. Onun şiirlerini dil ve üslûp açısından eleştiren Ömer Ferruh bunların doğal olmayıp tekellüfle yazıldığını, kurgusu zayıf, lafızları yerine oturmamış, parlaklığı bulunmayan şiirler olduğunu ileri sürmüştür (Târîḫu’l-edeb , I, 217).
Ümeyye’ye ait şiirlerin büyük bir kısmı çok erken devirde kaybolmuştur. Aḫbâru Ümeyye ’nin yazarı Zübeyr b. Bekkâr’ın Medâinî’den naklettiğine göre Haccâc b. Yûsuf es-Sekafî (ö. 95/714) Ümeyye’nin şiirlerini bilenlerin kalmadığından yakınmıştır. Ancak Vehb b. Cerîr (ö. 206/821) babasının Ümeyye’nin 300 kasidesini derlediğini söylediği gibi Ümeyye’ye nisbet edilen parçaları naklederken kullandığı ifadelerden İbn Hişâm’ın (ö. 218/833) elinde de böyle bir derlemenin bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Daha sonra Muhammed b. Habîb (ö. 245/860) Ümeyye’nin divanını şerhetmiş, Abdülkādir el-Bağdâdî fazla tanınmayan bu divan ve şerhten yararlanmıştır (Ḫizânetü’l-edeb , I, 245, 247-253; VI, 113; IX, 135). Büyük ihtimalle Zübeyr b. Bekkâr da şairin o güne kadar gelen şiirlerini biliyordu; ancak bunlar günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Ümeyye’nin şiirlerini bir araya getirmeye çalışan Friedrich Schulthess de adı geçen eserlerin hiçbirini bulamamış; sadece dil, edebiyat, tarih ve biyografi kaynaklarında dağınık halde bulunabilen, bir kısmı şüpheli isnatlarla veya farklı rivayetlerle intikal etmiş olan parçaları toplamıştır (Orientalische Studien , s. 78- 89; Umajja ibn Abis Salt , tür.yer.). Schulthess, çalışmasında 569 beyitten oluşan seksen üç parçayı Almanca tercümeleriyle birlikte vermiştir. Eserdeki şiirlerin büyük kısmı uzun kasidelerden kalmış bir veya iki beyitlik parçalardır; yalnız yedi şiir yirmi beyitten fazla olup bunlardan üçü kırk elli beyitlik kasidelerdir. E. Power bu parçalara bazı ilâveler yapmıştır (bk. bibl.). Beşir Yemut, Ümeyye’den kalan ve bir kısmı Schulthess’lun derledikleri arasında bulunmayan şiirleri bir divan halinde yayımlamıştır (Beyrut 1352/1934). Daha sonra divan Muhammed el-Merzûkī (Tunus 1973, 1974), Abdülhafîz es-Setalî (Şiʿru Ümeyye b. Ebi’ṣ-Ṣalt , Kahire 1964, Dımaşk 1974), Behcet Abdülgafûr el-Hadîsî (Ümeyye b. Ebî’ṣ-Ṣalt: Ḥayatühû ve şiʿruh , Bağdad 1975), Seyfeddin el-Kâtib ve Ahmed İsâm el-Kâtib (şerhiyle birlikte, Beyrut 1980) tarafından neşredilmiştir. Nâşirlerden Behcet Abdülgafûr kendi neşrinde 645 beyit topladığını söylemekte, Muhammed el-Merzûkī neşrinde ise 1400 beyit yer almaktadır (Ümeyyetü’bnü Ebi’ṣ-Ṣalt , s. 397). Ayrıca Muhammed Azîz Şems, Ümeyye’nin “Dâliyye” kasidesini yayımlamıştır (bk. bibl.). Çeşitli kaynaklarda Ümeyye’ye nisbet edilen şiirlerdeki bir başka problem de bu parçaların bir kısmının orijinalliklerini koruyup korumadığı, hatta bazılarının ona aidiyeti konusunda farklı görüşlerin bulunmasıdır. Bu tür şüpheler hayli eski olaylara dayanmaktadır. Meselâ Nâbiga el-Ca‘dî (ö. 65/685 [?]) daha hayatta iken bir kasidesinin Ümeyye’ye nisbet edildiğini görmüştü (İA , XIII, 101). İbn Hişâm’ın, İbn İshak’tan naklettiği Ümeyye’ye ait parçaları verirken yaptığı isnad ve rivayet düzeltmeleri II. (VIII.) yüzyılda başkalarına ait şiirlerin Ümeyye’ye, ona ait olanların da başkalarına izâfe edildiğini ve bazı şiirlerinin bozulmuş rivayetlerden meydana geldiğini göstermektedir.
Ümeyye’nin mevcut şiirleri konuları bakımından iki gruba ayrılabilir. Birincisi eski Arap şiirinin geleneksel özelliklerini taşıyan medih, risâ, fahr gibi konulara dair olanlardır. İkinci grubu âlemleri yaratan tek Allah inancının telkinini, yerin ve göğün yaratılışını, melekler, hesap günü, cennet ve cehennem, zühd, dünyaya değer vermeme, semavî kitaplarda geçen Âd ve Semûd kavimlerinin âkıbetlerini, tûfan olayını, ayrıca Hz. Nûh, İbrâhim, İshak, Yûsuf, Mûsâ, Dâvûd, Süleyman gibi peygamber kıssalarını konu edinen şiirler teşkil etmektedir. Bu arada mev‘ize ve öğüt şeklindeki parçalarda fabl türü bazı şiirler de bulunmaktadır. Ümeyye’nin şiirlerinde Araplar’ca bilinmeyen bazı İbrânîce ve Ârâmîce kelimeler kullanması eski dilcilerin dikkatini çekmiş, bu sebeple onun şiirleri lugat ve gramer âlimleri tarafından şahit olarak fazla kullanılmamıştır. Bu durum çeşitli iddiaların ortaya atılmasına yol açmış, Ümeyye’nin söz konusu şiirleri Kur’an’ın kaynaklarından biri olarak görülmek istenmiş (meselâ bk. Huart, IV [1904], s. 125 vd.), ancak bu iddialar reddedilmiştir (Andrae, s. 48 vd.). Bunların, Kur’an’daki kıssalara dair kıssacıların uydurup ilk müfessirlerin naklettiği, bu sebeple daha I. (VII.) yüzyılda Ümeyye’nin şiirlerine katılmış parçalar olması gerektiği ifade edilmiştir (Brockelmann, I, 56). Bu şiirlerin Ümeyye’ye nisbet edilmesi sebepsiz değildir. Hanîfler içinde yer alan şairin aynı zamanda Kur’an’ı ilk okuyanlardan olduğu, putlara tapmayı reddettiği, hatta onun şiirlerini Hz. Peygamber’in İslâm’a çok yakın bulduğu ve hikmetli sözlerini hitabelerinde zikrettiği söylenmiştir. Şerîd b. Süveyd’in Resûl-i Ekrem’e okuduğu Ümeyye’ye ait beyit sayısının 100’e ulaştığı kaydedilir. İslâm’ın gelişinden yirmi yıl sonra ölen Ümeyye, âhirete ve dinî konulara yer verdiği şiirlerinin bir kısmını muhtemelen son zamanlarında yazmıştır. Onun bu tür şiirleri diğer bazı şiirlerin kendisine nisbet edilmesinde ve kendisine din ve âhiret şairi denilmesinde etkili olmuştur. Bu şiirleri sebebiyle Hz. Peygamber’in Ümeyye hakkında, “Şiirleri iman etti ama kalbi inkârdadır” dediği rivayet edilmiştir (Abdülkādir el-Bağdâdî, I, 249). G. Meloni, Ümeyye’nin Hz. Peygamber’in geleceğini haber verenlerden biri olduğuna dair “Un Precursore di Maometto: Umayya figlio D’Abu’s-salt” başlıklı bir makale yazmıştır (Rivista Storico-Critica delle Scienze teologiche , I [Hardcover/Italian 1905], s. 592-607).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 303-305 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.