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ÜMMET Skip to content Bir peygamberin tebliğ ettiği dine inanan veya o dine muhatap olanların meydana getirdiği topluluk anlamında terim.
Sözlükte “yönelmek, kastetmek; öne geçmek, imam olmak” mânalarındaki emm kökünden türeyen ümmet kelimesi “kendilerine peygamber gönderilmiş topluluk, kavim, her kabileden bir grup insan, her canlı cinsi, bütün iyilikleri şahsında toplamış kişi veya kendisine uyulan önder” gibi anlamlara gelir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “emm” md.; Kāmus Tercümesi , IV, 175-176). Râgıb el-İsfahânî ümmeti “aynı dine inanma, aynı zamanda yaşama veya aynı mekânda bulunma gibi önemli bir unsurda toplanan gruplar” diye açıklamıştır (el-Müfredât , “emm” md.). Bazı şarkiyatçılar kelimenin aslının İbrânîce, Ârâmîce veya Akkadca olabileceğini ileri sürmüşse de bu iddia temelsiz bulunmuştur (İA , XIII, 102). Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de altmış dört yerde geçen ümmet kelimesi yukarıda sözü edilen anlamlarda kullanılmıştır. Bu bağlamda insan topluluklarının yanı sıra hayvan ve cin topluluklarına (el-En‘âm 6/38; el-A‘râf 7/38), benzer inanç ve hayat tarzına sahip insan gruplarına da (el-Bakara 2/213) ümmet denilmiştir. Kelime, “Sizden hayra çağıran, iyiliği emredip kötülükten sakındıran bir ümmet bulunsun” meâlindeki âyette (Âl-i İmrân 3/104) olduğu gibi büyük bir topluluk içindeki özel bir zümreyi de ifade etmektedir. Bazı âyetlerde ümmet “din, inanç sistemi, yol” mânalarında geçer (el-Mü’minûn 23/52). “İbrâhim gerçekten Allah’a itaat eden, tevhid ehli, başlı başına bir ümmetti” âyetinde (en-Nahl 16/120) Hz. İbrâhim’in hidayet önderi ve bütün iyiliklere sahip bir kimse vasfıyla (Taberî, VII, 660-661) tek başına bir ümmet sayıldığı belirtilmektedir (Fahreddin er-Râzî, XX, 283-284). Kelime bazı âyetlerde “zaman, müddet ve devir” mânasını ifade etmektedir (Hûd 11/8; Yûsuf 12/45). Wensinck’e ait hadis indeksinde on bir sütun tutan kaynakların çoğunda Muhammed ümmetinden söz edilmiş, onların üstünlük ve görevlerine yer verilmiştir (el-Muʿcem , “emm” md.).
Literatürde ümmet kelimesine verilen birçok anlam büyük oranda Kur’an’da ve hadis rivayetlerinde yer almaktadır. İslâm âlimleri ümmeti iki mânada kullanmıştır. Birinci anlamda, son peygamberin gelişi ve İslâmiyet’in doğup Arabistan yarımadasının dışında duyulmasından itibaren bundan haberdar olan bütün insanları ifade eder. Bu insan kitlelerine “ümmet-i da‘vet, ümmet-i belâğ” denilmiştir. Bu anlayış Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de geçen, Resûlullah’ın bütün insanlara müjdeleyici ve uyarıcı (Sebe’ 34/28; krş. el-A‘râf 7/158), âlemlere rahmet vesilesi (el-Enbiyâ 21/107) bir elçi olarak gönderildiği şeklindeki beyanlara dayandırılmıştır. Resûl-i Ekrem’den nakledilen bir hadiste dünya var oldukça Cenâb-ı Hak tarafından İslâm dininin sesinin çadırda, köyde ve şehirde yaşayan bütün insanlara duyurulacağı belirtilmiştir (Müsned , IV, 103; VI, 4; sıhhati için bk. a.e. [Arnaût], XXVIII, 154-156; XXXIX, 236-237). Dinî kaynaklarda yer alan bu ifadelerin yanı sıra günümüze kadar geçen on dört asırlık zaman içinde İslâmiyet’in güçlenerek evrensel din haline gelmesi de ümmetin oluşumunun tarihî ve sosyolojik kanıtını teşkil etmektedir. İslâm’ın sesini duymayan insanlar ise fetret ehlinden sayıldığından özel hükümlere tâbidir (bk. FETRET ). Âlimlerin ümmet kelimesine verdiği ikinci anlam, “Hz. Muhammed’e iman edip tâbi olan kitleler” (ümmet-i Muhammed) şeklindedir ve kelimenin yaygın kullanılışı da bu yöndedir; bu kitlelere de “ümmet-i icâbet” denilmiştir. Kur’an’da yer alan “mutedil ümmet” (el-Bakara 2/143) ve “en hayırlı ümmet” (Âl-i İmrân 3/110) ifadeleri, ayrıca çok sayıdaki hadis rivayetinde tekrarlanan ümmet kelimesi Muhammed ümmetini belirtmektedir.
Hicretten sonra Hz. Peygamber’in Mekke müşriklerine karşı Medine halkının bağlılığını sağlamak için Ehl-i kitap dahil bu şehirdeki bütün gruplarla yaptığı antlaşmada (Medine vesikası) yahudi kabilelerinin müminlerle beraber “ümmet” diye zikredilmesi, bu kavramın kapsamı hakkında farklı görüşlerin ortaya atılmasına yol açmıştır. W. Montgomery Watt ümmetin müslümanlardan ziyade müminlerle ilişkilendirildiğini ve Medine yahudilerinin ümmet-i Muhammed içinde sayıldığını ileri sürmüş (Muhammad at Medina , s. 240-241), buna karşılık diğer bazı müellifler söz konusu antlaşmadaki ifadenin kabilevî bir beraberliğe işaret ettiğini söylemiştir (Denny, JNES , XXXVI [1977], s. 39-47). Şehri koruma, farklı gruplar arasında huzur ve barışı sağlama amaçlı Medine antlaşmasının dinî mahiyetten ziyade toplumsal bir uzlaşma metni olduğu açıktır. Bu yönden, yahudilerin İbrâhimî gelenekten kaynaklanan bir inancı taşımaları dolayısıyla müminlerle bir arada anılıp antlaşmanın tarafı sayılmaları tabiidir. İslâm’ın tebliğ süreci ilerlediğinde müslüman toplumlar İbrâhimî dinlerin bütünlüğü içinde kalmakla birlikte kendi ayırıcı özellikleriyle müstakil bir ümmet vasfını kazanmıştır. Nitekim her peygamberin temel görevi, ilâhî vahyi insanlara tebliğ edip fert ve toplumun dünya ve âhiret mutluluğunu sağlayan dine bağlanmasına gayret göstermektir.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de bildirildiğine göre insanlık tarihinde çeşitli kavimler hak dine uymadıkları için helâk edilmiştir. Hz. İbrâhim’in tebliğine dayanan Hanîf dinini puta tapan topluluklar arasında bazı kişiler devam ettirmiş, en temel ilkeyi oluşturan tevhid inancı Yahudilik ve Hıristiyanlık’ta zedelenerek varlığını sürdürebilmiş, İslâmiyet’te ise başlangıçtan itibaren ilâhî dinin inanç esasları müdahalelerden korunarak bugüne ulaşmıştır. Kur’an’da İbrâhim’in yahudi veya hıristiyan değil Allah’ın birliğini benimseyen dosdoğru bir müslüman olduğu ifade edilirken (Âl-i İmrân 3/67) bu gerçeğe vurgu yapılmıştır (bk. DÎN-i KAYYİM ). Yine Kur’an’da müslümanların kıblesinin Hz. İbrâhim’in bina ettiği Kâbe’ye çevrilmesi olayı anlatılırken onlardan “vasat bir ümmet” diye bahsedilmiştir (el-Bakara 2/143). Taberî vasat kelimesini “orta yolu takip ederek ifrat ve tefrite kaçmayan” şeklinde açıklamıştır. Zira hıristiyanlar Hz. Îsâ’yı tanrı olarak nitelendirdikleri gibi içlerinden bir grup dünyadan el etek çekmek suretiyle aşırılığa kaçmış, yahudiler de Allah’ın kitabını değiştirip peygamberleri öldürdükleri ve bazı sözleri Allah’tan gelmiş gibi gösterdikleri için küfre düşmüştür (Câmiʿu’l-beyân , II, 10-11). Müfessirler vasat kelimesine “en hayırlı” anlamını vermişler, âyetin bağlamından hareketle Muhammed ümmetinin dünya var oldukça orta yolu takip eden hakemler (adl ve hüccet) konumunda bulunacağını söylemişlerdir (a.g.e. , a.y; Mâtürîdî, I, 260-261). Böyle bir ümmetin yanlış üzerinde ittifak edip hak yoldan ayrılması mümkün görülmemiş, ümmetin bir konuda görüş birliğine varması (icmâ) fıkhî bir delil sayılmıştır. Âl-i İmrân sûresinde de (3/110) müslüman toplumundan “bütün insanlığın dirliği için varlık alanına çıkarılmış bir ümmet” şeklinde söz edilerek onların gerçeği temsil kabiliyetlerine dikkat çekilmiştir (krş. Taberî, IV, 61). Feth sûresinde de (48/28-29) ümmet-i Muhammed’in konumu ve sorumluluğu açıklanmış, onların yaşatacağı Hak dinin diğer bütün dinlere üstün geleceği belirtilmiştir. Bugün yeryüzünün hemen her bölgesinde müslümanlar yaşamakta, günde beş defa ezan okunmakta, İslâmiyet’in en önemli ilkesi olan tevhid ve nübüvvet inancına çağrı yapılmaktadır. Müslümanların yoğun biçimde yaşadığı bölgelerin dışında dünyanın hemen her yerine küreselleşmeyle beraber müslüman ve gayri müslim toplulukların giderek iç içe geçmesi ümmet kavramının sınırlar ötesi bir anlam kazanmasına yol açmıştır. Fransız İhtilâli’nden sonra Batı’da ortaya çıkan milliyetçilik ve ulus devlet anlayışının XIX. yüzyıldan itibaren müslüman toplumları da etkilemesiyle sarsılan dayanışmacı ümmet fikri, ortak sorunların farkına varılması yanında bütünleşme akımlarının dünyada giderek güç kazanması sebebiyle XX. yüzyıl sonlarında tekrar canlanmıştır. İslâm’da ırk üstünlüğünün bulunmaması ve tarihte müslümanların çoğulcu yapılar içinde yönetilmesi dışlayıcı ulusalcılığın uzun vadede kökleşmesini zorlaştırmış, günümüzde ilişkilerin politik ideolojileri aşarak geniş düzlemde daha sıkılaşmasına sebep olmuştur. Bu durum ümmet kavramının modern dönem sonrasının şartlarına göre yeniden yorumlanması çabalarının önünü açmıştır (Mandaville, s. 178-191).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 308-309 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.