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ÜMMÎ Skip to content Hz. Peygamber’in bir sıfatı, okuma yazma bilmeyen anlamında Kur’an terimi.
Sözlükte “kastetmek” anlamındaki “emm” kökünden veya “anne” anlamına gelen ümm ya da “topluluk, millet” gibi mânaları ifade eden ümmet kelimesine nisbetle elde edilen ümmî “okuma yazma bilmeyen, tahsil görmemiş; az konuşan, konuşurken hata yapan kimse” demektir. Ümme nisbeti halinde “annesinden doğduğu gibi kalmış, tabiatı bozulmamış, sonradan okuma yazma öğrenmemiş” anlamına gelirken ümmete nisbeti durumunda bağlı bulunduğu topluluğa mensup, onların özelliklerini taşıyan, bilgi ve becerilerini bu çerçevede kazanmış kimseyi anlatır. Dilciler kelimenin bu mânaları kazanmasını, Arap toplumunun Kur’an’ın nâzil olduğu dönemde genelde okuma yazma bilmeyenlerden meydana gelmesiyle açıklamaktadır. Bu ikisi kadar güçlü olmamakla birlikte ümmînin Mekke için söylenen “ümmü’l-kurâ” (şehirlerin anası/esası) terkibine nisbetle kullanıldığını söyleyenler de vardır (el-Müfredât , “emm” md.; Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “emm” md.). Kelimenin ayrıca “emm” masdarına nisbetinden de söz edilmekte ve A‘râf sûresinin 157. âyetindeki “ümmî” kelimesinin kırâat-i aşere imamlarından Ya‘kūb el-Hadramî tarafından “emmî” şeklinde okunuşunun bunu teyit ettiği belirtilmektedir (Ebû Hayyân, IV, 403). Bu durumda söz konusu âyet, “Hz. Muhammed her bir fert için maksuttur” anlamına gelmektedir. Sözlük anlamı terkedilerek kelimenin böyle bir mânaya hamledilmesini destekleyen bir delil bulunmadığı, ayrıca âyet ve hadislerde geçtiği yerlerde kelimeye “maksut” anlamı verilmesinin mümkün olmayacağı gerekçesiyle bu görüş eleştirilmiştir (Bâcî, neşredenin girişi, s. 30-31). Ümmî Kur’an’da altı yerde geçmektedir. Bunların ikisinde (el-A‘râf 7/157-158) tekil olarak ve Hz. Peygamber’in bir vasfı şeklinde kullanılırken diğer yerlerde çoğul haliyle “ümmiyyûn” şeklinde zikredilmiştir. Diğer dört yerden birinde (el-Bakara 2/78) yahudilerden bir topluluk, üçünde de (Âl-i İmrân 3/20, 75; el-Cum‘a 62/2) Araplar kastedilmiştir. Üç âyetin birinde (Âl-i İmrân 3/75) yahudilerin bu kelimeyi Ehl-i kitap’tan olmayan Araplar için kullandıkları görülmektedir. Ümmî hadislerde de “yazı yazmayı bilmeyen, tahsil görmemiş kimse” anlamında geçer. Bunlardan birinde Hz. Peygamber, “Biz ümmî bir topluluğuz, yazı yazmayız ve hesap yapmayız” demiştir (Müsned , II, 43, 56, 122, 129; Buhârî, “Ṣavm”, 13; Müslim, “Ṣıyâm”, 15).
Müfessirler, ümmî kelimesini Kur’an’da geçtiği yerlerin çoğunda sözlük anlamına uygun biçimde tefsir etmişlerdir. Nitekim Taberî, İbn Abbas’tan gelen ve Bakara sûresinin 78. âyetindeki ümmiyyûnu “Allah’ın gönderdiği elçiyi ve kitabı tasdik etmeyip kendi elleriyle kitap yazan, sonra da bunun Allah’tan geldiğini iddia eden kimseler” şeklinde açıklayan rivayeti kelimenin Arapça’daki kullanımına aykırı olduğu gerekçesiyle tenkit eder (Câmiʿu’l-beyân , I, 528). Ancak kelimenin çoğul şekliyle kullanıldığı âyetlerde lugat mânasıyla irtibatlı daha özel anlamlarda tefsir edildiği de görülmektedir. Meselâ Bakara sûresindeki ümmiyyûn (2/78) “yahudiler içinde okuyup yazması yetersiz, Tevrat’ı okuyup anlayacak kadar bilgisi bulunmayanlar” (Zemahşerî, I, 158), Âl-i İmrân sûresinde ise “Ehl-i kitabın mukabili olarak ilâhî bir kitabı bulunmayan müşrik Araplar” diye yorumlanmıştır (a.g.e. , I, 341, 367).
Hz. Peygamber’in ümmîliğinin kelimenin “okuma yazma bilmeme, eğitim almamış olma” biçimindeki anlamına uygunluğu konusunda müfessirler arasında görüş ayrılığı yoktur. Tahsil görmemiş bir ümmî iken Kur’an gibi bir kitap getirmiş olması onun bir mûcizesi kabul edilir (Fahreddin er-Râzî, XV, 20; Bursevî, III, 251). Bu sebeple başkaları için bir eksiklik sayılan ümmîliğin Resûl-i Ekrem için bir meziyet kabul edildiği vurgulanır. Mutasavvıflar içinde Resûlullah’ın ümmîliğine farklı anlam yükleyenler vardır. Meselâ İsmâil Hakkı Bursevî, A‘râf sûresinin 157. âyeti çerçevesinde kelimenin sözlük anlamını zikrettikten sonra mutasavvıfların itibar ettiği bazı rivayetlere dayanarak Hz. Peygamber’in ümmî oluşuna “mevcûdatın aslı” (ümmü’l-mevcûdât) şeklinde işârî bir mâna da vermektedir (Rûḥu’l-beyân , III, 255). Öte yandan Resûl-i Ekrem’in nübüvvetten önce ya da sonra okuma yazma bilip bilmediği hususu tartışılmıştır. İslâm âlimlerinin büyük çoğunluğu, onun nübüvvetten önce bir kitaptan okumadığı gibi yazmadığını da ifade eden âyetten hareketle (el-Ankebût 29/48) Resûlullah’ın hayatı boyunca okuyup yazmadığını söylemektedir. Buna karşılık nübüvvetten sonra onun bir miktar okuduğu ve yazdığı şeklinde görüşler de vardır. Ebü’l-Velîd el-Bâcî, Hudeybiye Antlaşması’yla ilgili rivayetlerde (Buhârî, “Ṣulḥ”, 6; “Meġāzî”, 43) Hz. Peygamber’in bu antlaşmada yer alan bir ifadeyi bizzat yazarak düzelttiği yolundaki ifadeye dayanıp onun yazabildiğini belirtmektedir. Ancak bu yazma öğrenime bağlı değildir ve onun nübüvvetini gösteren mûcizelerden biridir, ayrıca ümmîlik vasfını da ortadan kaldırmaz (Taḥḳīḳu’l-meẕheb , s. 218-221; ayrıca bk. Kettânî, I, 249-253).
Batılı araştırmacılar, ümmînin okuma yazma bilmeyen kimseyi ifade etmediği hususunda genelde görüş birliği içindedir. Onlar, ilk defa Medine döneminde ortaya çıktığını söyledikleri ümmî kelimesine ümmetin İbrânîce’deki kullanımından hareketle “putperest, kutsal bir kitabı olmayan kimse” gibi anlamlar yüklemiştir. Horovitz, Hz. Muhammed ve kavmi hakkında Cum‘a sûresinde zikredilen “ümmiyyîn” kelimesini “putperestler arasından ve putperestler için bir peygamber” diye yorumlamış, bu bağlamda İbrânîce’de yahudi olmayanları ifade etmek üzere kullanılan “dünya milletleri” (ummōt hā-‘olām) terkibine dikkat çekerek Hz. Muhammed’in kendisini yahudilere “yahudi olmayanlara gönderilmiş peygamber” (nebı’e ummōt hā-‘olām) şeklinde takdim ettiğini ileri sürmüştür (Koranische Untersuchungen , s. 52). Onun bu anlayışını benimseyen Paret ise Hz. Muhammed’in kendisinin putperest ve putperestlere gönderilmiş peygamber olmasını bir saygısızlık diye görmediğini belirtmiş, bu kelimenin İbrânîce’deki sınırlarını tam bilmediği için kendini böyle nitelemiş olabileceğini söylemiştir. Ayrıca A‘râf sûresinin 156. âyeti, Muhammed ümmetinden övgüyle söz eden Âl-i İmrân sûresinin 104 ve 110. âyetleriyle mukayese edildiğinde ümmî (ümmet) kelimesinin bir anlam değişikliği kazanabileceğini iddia ederek tamamen spekülasyona dayalı fikirler ortaya koymuş (Enzyklopaedie des Islam , IV, 1101), ümmîyi Kur’an’da geçtiği bütün yerlerde putperest (heiden) kelimesiyle karşılamıştır (Der Koran , s. 19, 44, 49, 121, 394). Paret’in bu yaklaşımı, Arapça inen Kur’an’ı bu dildeki kullanımları dikkate almadan yahudi terimleriyle açıklamış olması bakımından eleştirilmiştir (DMİ , II, 645-648; Bâcî, neşredenin girişi, s. 37-41). Netice itibariyle şarkiyatçıların, ümmîye “okur yazar olmayan” mânasının -Kur’an’ın Hz. Peygamber’in sözü değil Allah kelâmı oluşunu temellendirmek amacıyla- müslüman âlimler tarafından sonraki dönemlerde yüklendiği görüşünü benimsediği anlaşılmaktadır.
Şarkiyatçılar ayrıca ümmînin Medine döneminde karşılaşılan bir kelime olduğunu söylüyorsa da kaynaklara göre Hz. Peygamber’i bu vasıfla tanıtan iki âyetin yer aldığı A‘râf sûresi Mekke devrinde indiği gibi onu bütün insanlığa müjdeleyici ve uyarıcı bir peygamber şeklinde niteleyen âyetin yer aldığı sûrenin de (Sebe’ 34/28) Mekke döneminin ikinci yarısında indiği bilinmektedir. Dolayısıyla gerek kelimenin Medine devrinde ortaya çıktığı, gerekse Hz. Muhammed’in kendini sadece Araplar’a gönderilmiş bir peygamber olarak nitelediği iddiasının dikkate alınmaya değer bir dayanağı yoktur. Âl-i İmrân sûresinin 20. âyetinde ilâhî bir kitabı bulunmayan müşrik Araplar’dan ümmîler diye söz edilmesi okuma yazma bilmemenin Araplar’ın öne çıkan özelliği olması sebebiyledir; zira Cum‘a sûresinin 2. âyetinde ve yukarıda işaret edilen hadisteki kullanımlar da bu anlamı teyit etmektedir. Ayrıca Bakara sûresinin 78. âyetinde Ehl-i kitap’tan bir topluluğun “kitabı bilmeyen ümmîler” şeklinde nitelendirilmesi kelimeye “müşrik” anlamının verilmesinin isabetsizliğini göstermektedir. Diğer taraftan tevhid dinini bütün insanlara tebliğ etmekle görevlendirildiğini söyleyen bir peygamberin kendini putperest olarak nitelediğini ya da başka bir dinin kavramlarıyla tanıtmaya kalkıştığını düşünmenin kabul edilebilir bir yanı yoktur.
Ümmî ayrıca divan edebiyatında -tahsil görmüş ya da görmemiş olsun- bazı şairlerin şiirlerini Allah’tan aldıkları ilhamla söylediklerini ifade etmek üzere mahlas olarak da kullanılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Mukātil b. Süleyman, Tefsîru Muḳātil b. Süleymân (nşr. Abdullah Mahmûd Şehhâte), Kahire 1979-88, I, 118, 285; II, 67; IV, 325.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân (nşr. Sıdkī Cemîl el-Attâr), Beyrut 1415/1995, I, 528; III, 291-292, 431-433; VI, 112-113; XIV, 119-120.
Bâcî, Taḥḳīḳu’l-meẕheb (nşr. Ebû Abdurrahman b. Akīl ez-Zâhirî), Riyad 1403/1983, s. 218-240, ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, s. 30-41.
Zemahşerî, el-Keşşâf (nşr. M. Abdüsselâm Şâhin), Beyrut 1415/1995, I, 158, 341, 367.
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Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî, el-Baḥrü’l-muḥîṭ , [baskı yeri yok] 1403/1983 (Dârü’l-fikr), IV, 403.
İsmâil Hakkı Bursevî, Rûḥu’l-beyân , İstanbul 1389/1969, III, 251, 255.
Th. Nöldeke, Geschichte des Qorāns (nşr. Fr. Schwally), Leipzig 1909, I, 11-17.
Köprülü, İlk Mutasavvıflar , s. 303-307.
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R. Paret, Der Koran: Übersetzung , Stuttgart 1996, s. 19, 44, 49, 121, 394.
a.mlf., “Ummī”, Enzyklopaedie des Islam , Leiden 1934, IV, 1100-1101.
I. Goldfeld, “The Illiterate Prophet (Nabī Ummī): An Inquiry into the Development of a Dogma in Islamic Tradition”, Isl. , LVII (1980), s. 58, 67.
S. Günther, “Muhammad, the Illiterate Prophet: An Islamic Creed in the Qur’an and Qur’anic Exegesis”, Journal of Qur’anic Studies , IV/1, London 2002, s. 16.
Ahmed M. Şâkir, “Taʿlîḳ ʿalâ maḳāl ümmî”, DMİ , II, 645-648.
Nihad M. Çetin, “Ümmî”, İA , XIII, 104-106.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 309-310 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.