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UMÛMÜ’l-BELVÂ Skip to content Kaçınılması büyük güçlüğe yol açan yahut yaygınlığı sebebiyle bilinmemesi mümkün olmayan olaylar anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte belvâ “zahmet ve imtihan konusu olan şey” anlamındadır. Fıkıhta umûmü’l-belvâ , çokça karşılaşıldığı ve toplumda yaygınlaştığı için mükelleflerin kaçınmasının hayli zor olduğu hadiselerle bilinmemesinin âdeten mümkün olmadığı olay veya durumları ifade eder. Terimin kapsamında yer alan hususları anlatmak üzere genel zaruret, halkın genel ihtiyacı gibi sözler de kullanılır. Belvâ ile zaruret arasında çok yakın bir ilgi vardır; bazan belvâ, bazan da zaruret fıkıhta aynı hükmün delili olarak gösterilir. Belvâ, yaygınlığından dolayı kendisinden kaçınma imkânı güçleşen ve ihtiyaçtan doğan bir çeşit zaruret şeklinde de görülebilir. Dolayısıyla umûmü’l-belvânın varlığının tesbitinde ihtiyaç veya zaruret hali, bu halin yaygınlığı ve çokça tekerrür etmesi aranır. Umûmü’l-belvâ biri fıkıh usulünde, diğeri fürû-i fıkıhta olmak üzere iki ayrı açıdan ele alınmaktadır.
1. Fıkıh usulünde umûmü’l-belvâ sayılan konularda haber-i vâhidin delil değeri ayrı bir tartışma konusudur. Dinin “külliyyât/zarûriyyât” denilen, herkesçe bilinmesi zorunlu hükümlerinin kesin bilgi ifade edecek şekilde nakledildiği ve bu hususların haber-i vâhidle sabit olamayacağı konusunda fakihler görüş birliği içindedir. Ancak fürû hükümlerinde herkesi ilgilendiren bir hususta vârit olmasına rağmen meşhur veya mütevâtir derecesine ulaşmamış haber-i vâhidle amel edilip edilemeyeceği meselesi tartışmalıdır. Umûmü’l-belvâ niteliğindeki bir konuda vârit olan bir hadisin haber-i vâhid derecesinde kalmasını mânevî inkıtâ sebebi sayan Hanefîler, ihtiyaç duyacakları meselelerde insanları aydınlatmakla görevli bulunan Hz. Peygamber’in az sayıda kişiye bilgi aktarmasını ve bu bilginin daha sonra yaygınlaşmamasını, en azından meşhur derecesine ulaşmamasını mâkul görmezler. Efdaliyetle ilgili hususlarda bunu mümkün görmekle birlikte özellikle ibadetlerin rükünleri gibi temel konuların sahâbe arasında bilinmesi gerektiğini düşünürler. Meselâ namazlarda besmelenin sesli okunmasına dair haber-i vâhid Hanefîler’ce bu gerekçeyle kabul edilmemiştir. Irak Mâlikîleri’nden İbn Hüveyzimendâd da umûmü’l-belvâ konusunda Hanefîler’le benzer görüşlere sahiptir. İbn Rüşd el-Hafîd, Mâlikîler’in Medine ehlinin ameliyle ilgili görüşlerinin umûmü’l-belvâya benzediği kanaatindedir. İbn Teymiyye de kadınlara dokunmanın abdest bozmasının umûmü’l-belvâ niteliğinde bir konu olduğunu, Resûl-i Ekrem’in mücerred dokunma ile abdestin bozulmasını ümmetine beyan etmesi ve sahâbe arasında bunun bilinmesi gerektiğini, fakat buna dair bir görüş nakledilmediğini söylerken benzer bir yaklaşım ortaya koymaktadır (Mecmûʿatü’l-fetâvâ , XXI, 135-139). Usulcülerin çoğunluğuna ve hadisçilere göre, senedi sahih kabul edildiği takdirde hadisin gereği ile amel edilir, hadisin meşhur olması şart değildir. Ancak Fahreddin er-Râzî umûmü’l-belvânın tercih sebebi olduğu görüşündedir; bir haberin umûmü’l-belvânın bulunduğu hususlarda âhâd yolla nakledilmesi başka bir haberle teâruzu halinde “mercûh” olmasına ve terkedilmesine yol açar (el-Maḥṣûl , V, 592). Umûmü’l-belvânın sükûtî icmâ, kıyas, istihsan ve sedd-i zerîa kavramlarıyla da ilişkisi vardır (ayrıntılar için bk. Devserî, s. 243-320). Bu çerçevede umûmü’l-belvâ bir yandan naslarla sabit olan ruhsatları, istisnâ ve selem akidlerinin cevazı gibi hükümleri açıklayıcı bir fonksiyon görür ve ruhsat sebeplerinden birini teşkil eder, diğer yandan yeni ortaya çıkan ictihadî meselelerde kıyas yoluyla kolaylaştırıcı bir hüküm verilmesinin gerekçesini oluşturur. Serahsî’nin yaptığı istihsan tariflerinden biri, “Herkesin müptelâ olduğu konularda kolaylığı aramaktır” şeklindedir (el-Mebsûṭ , X, 145). Buna göre umûmü’l-belvâ istihsana gidilmesinin bir sebebini teşkil etmektedir.
2. Fürû hükümlerinde umûmü’l-belvâ hafifletici sebeplerdendir. Dinî hükümlerle insanlara meşakkat vermenin değil onlara hayatı kolaylaştırmanın hedef alındığını belirten ve kolaylaştırmayı teşvik eden âyetleri (el-Bakara 2/185; el-Hac 22/78) ve hadisleri (el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “Ḥüsnü’l-ḫuluḳ”, 1; Müsned , III, 131; V, 266; VI, 85; Buhârî, “ʿİlim”, 3; Müslim, “Cihâd”, 3) dikkate alan fakihler umûmü’l-belvâyı da bir hafifletme sebebi kabul etmiştir. Hz. Peygamber kedi hakkında, “O necis değildir, o etrafınızda dolaşan hayvanlardandır” diyerek (Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭahâret”, 38; Tirmizî, “Ṭahâret”, 69) eti yenmeyen ve salyası necis olan kediyi, insanlarla devamlı bir arada bulunması ve ondan sakınmanın güçlüğü dolayısıyla necis hayvanlarla ilgili genel hükümden istisna etmiş, bu husus fakihlerce umûmü’l-belvânın bir örneği sayılmıştır. Süyûtî ve Zeynüddin İbn Nüceym, “Meşakkat kolaylaştırmayı gerektirir” kaidesini açıklarken yedi ayrı hafifletme sebebi sıralayarak bunların içinde umûmü’l-belvâya da yer vermişlerdir. Elbisedeki haşarat ve sinek kanı gibi az miktarda necâsetin varlığı, hayvan atıklarının karıştığı tozlu topraklı yolda elbiseye çamur bulaşması veya su sıçraması gibi kaçınılması güç durumların namaza engel teşkil etmemesi bunun örneklerindendir. Güzelhisârî’ye göre umûmü’l-belvâ ile amel zarurete dayanmaktadır. Meselâ suyu necis olmuş kuyuların veya havuzların, içine düşen pisliğin durumuna göre sularından bir miktarı boşaltılınca temiz sayılması umûmü’l-belvâ dolayısıyladır. İzmirli İsmâil Hakkı’ya göre umûmü’l-belvâ “zaruretin cümleye şümulü” demektir; zaruret ve ihtiyaç da kolaylaştırmayı gerektirir (İlm-i Hilâf , s. 170). Mecelle ’nin başlangıcında yer alan bazı kaideler de (md. 17, 18, 21) bu çerçevededir.
Kaynaklarda umûmü’l-belvâya daha çok temizlikle ilgili örnekler verilirse de benzer şekilde oruçlunun yolda yuttuğu toz toprağın orucu bozmaması, teâti yoluyla alışverişin cevazı, meyvelerin henüz olgunlaşmadan satılabilmesi, kadılıkta ictihad şartının aranmaması gibi alanlardan da örnekleri bulunur. Umûmü’l-belvâ toplumda belirli bir örf ve âdetin teşekkülünden sonra, “Âdet muhakkemdir” kaidesi gereğince aile hukuku, malî muameleler ve hatta ceza hukuku gibi sahalarda da hükmün belirlenmesinde etkilidir. Umûmü’l-belvâya dayanarak câiz görülen çağdaş meseleler için namaz vakitlerinin belirlenmesinde takvime başvurulması, ezan okumada ses yükseltici kullanılması, Mescid-i Harâm’da üst katlarda tavaf yapılması, oruç ve hacda kolaylık amacıyla kadınların hayızı geciktirici ilâç kullanması, paketlenmiş hazır yiyeceklerin görülmeden satın alınması, telefon gibi iletişim vasıtalarıyla veya internet üzerinden alışveriş yapılması, organ nakli, davalarda parmak izi ve imza gibi karînelere dayanarak hüküm verilmesi gibi örnekler zikredilmiştir (Devserî, s. 417-510).
Umûmü’l-belvâ sebebiyle hükümlerin hafifletilebilmesi için şartlar aranır: 1. Umûmü’l-belvâ, mevhum değil fiilen gerçekleşen ve toplumun çoğunluğunu kapsayan bir zaruret haline gelmiş olmalıdır. 2. Umûmü’l-belvâ tabii bir durum olmalı, mükelleflerin gevşekliğinden kaynaklanmamalıdır. Meselâ mükellef mümkün mertebe necâsetten kaçınmalıdır; zira necâsetin affedilişi âdeten kaçınılamayacak kısımla ilgilidir. 3. Şer‘î-kat‘î bir nassa aykırı, mâsiyet kabul edilen bir hususta olmamalıdır. Geçmişte umûmü’l-belvâ sebebiyle hafifletilen fıkhî hükümler bulunduğu gibi günümüzde de özellikle gayri müslim ülkelerinde yaşayan müslümanlar için zarurete ve onun bir türü sayılan umûmü’l-belvâya dayalı hafifletici hükümler söz konusu edilebilir. Ancak hakkında kesin nas bulunan konularda sadece bu sebeple hafifletmeye gidilemeyeceği açıktır. Çünkü umûmü’l-belvâ, ibadetlerin ve dinin emirlerinin yerine getirilmesinde karşılaşılan bazı zorluklar ve gündelik hayatta insanların meşrû ihtiyaçlarıyla ilgili sıkıntıların giderilmesine yönelik hususlarda başvurulan bir kaidedir ve ictihadî meselelerle sınırlıdır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 155-156 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.