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UMUR BEY Skip to content (ö. 748/1348)
Aydınoğulları beyi (1334-1348).
Gazâlarını anlatan Düstûrnâme ’ye göre 709’da (1309-10) Birgi’de doğdu. Aydın-İzmir yöresine hâkim olan Aydınoğulları Beyliği’nin kurucusu Mehmed Bey’in oğludur. Gazi Umur Bey, Umur Paşa diye de anılır. Bazı Batı kaynaklarında bu sonuncusundan bozma Morbassen şeklinde adı geçer. Çağdaş kayıtlarda unvanı “Gāzî-i Rabbânî, Bahâeddin Umur Paşa” olarak verilir. Henüz genç yaşta iken babası onu ele geçirdiği İzmir’in (Yukarı Kale) idaresiyle görevlendirdi. Bu sırada diğer kardeşleri Hızır Bey Ayasuluk’ta, İbrâhim Bahadır Bodemya’da, Süleyman Şah Tire’de, küçük kardeşi Îsâ beylik merkezi Birgi’de bulunuyordu. Umur Bey 727’de (1327) on sekiz yaşında iken adını duyurmaya başladı. Yazıcıoğlu Ali Selçuknâme ’sinde Umur Bey’in 1327-1328’de, İlhanlılar’ın Anadolu valisi iken bağımsız hareket etmeye başlayıp uç kesimindeki Türkmenler üzerinde otorite kurmaya çalışan Timurtaş Bey’in yanına bir nevi elçilikle gönderildiğini, Eğridir’de onunla buluştuğunu ve bağlılık göstergesi olarak hediyeler sunduğunu, Timurtaş’ın haraç talep etmesi üzerine kendilerinin haracı ancak “küffâr”dan aldıklarını, müslümandan haraç istemenin doğru olmadığını söylediği, Timurtaş’ın bu karşı çıkışı beğenip onu gazâ yapmakla görevlendirdiği belirtilir. Bu bilgi doğruluğu şüpheli görülse bile yüzyıl sonra dahi onun şöhretinin sürdüğüne işaret eder.
Düstûrnâme ’ye göre İzmir yöresine tayin edildiğinde yanında lalası Ahad Subaşı, veziri makamında Peşrev Bey ve oğlu Yûsuf Bey, Emîr Dündar Bey, Hacı Selman ve İlyas Bey bulunuyordu. İlk iş olarak yanındaki 1000 kişilik kuvvetle İzmir’in Latinler’in elinde kalan kıyı/liman kesimini kuşatma altına aldı. İki buçuk yıl süren kuşatmanın ardından kalenin Cenovalı idarecisi Martino Zaccaria burayı teslim edip Sakız’a gitti (1329 başı). Bu durumda Umur Bey’in 1325-1326’da henüz on beş-on altı yaşlarında iken İzmir yöresinin idaresini üstlendiği anlaşılmaktadır. İkinci önemli seferini kardeşi İbrâhim Bey ile birlikte 729 (1329) yaz aylarında Bozcaada üzerine yaptı. Bu sırada küçük bir filo oluşturmuştu ve kendisi için yaptırdığı büyük kadırganın adını “Gazi” koymuştu. Bu kadırgadan ve inşa ettirdiği yedi küçük gemiden oluşan filosu Bozcaada önlerinde beş kalyonla (göge) iki gün boyunca çatıştı. Bunlardan birini tahrip etti, diğerleri çıkan rüzgârla kurtulup İstanbul’a yelken açtı. Ardından gerçekleştirdiği seferde hedefini Sakız adası teşkil etti. Bu vesileyle yedisi kadırga, diğerleri iğribar ve kayık olmak üzere yirmi sekiz gemilik bir filo kurdu. Ayasuluk’taki ağabeyi Hızır Bey de yirmi iki gemi verdi. Umur Bey elli gemiyle Sakız adasına saldırdı. Ahad Subaşı’yı 3000 askerle karaya çıkardı. Bizans Valisi Presto’nun savunduğu kaleyi ele geçirememekle birlikte pek çok esir ve ganimetle İzmir’e döndü. Düstûrnâme ’de bu çıkartma sırasında yapılan savaşa Umur Bey’in, yanında kardeşi İbrâhim Bey olduğu halde bizzat katılıp yaya olarak çarpıştığı ve Presto’yu kaleye kapanmaya mecbur ettiği, bütün Sakız adasını yağmaladığı belirtilir. Sakız’a yapılan bu sefer onun şöhretinin yayılmasını sağladı. Hatta ağabeyi Hızır Bey tebrik için İzmir’e gelerek onu desteklediğini herkese gösterdi. Muhtemelen bundan cesaret alan Umur Bey daha bağımsız şekilde hareket etmeye başladı. Komşu beylik olan Saruhanoğulları ile birlikte 1331’de Gelibolu seferine çıktı. Başarılı bir harekâttan sonra İzmir’e döndüğünde babası tarafından Birgi’ye çağrıldı. Burada onunla görüşüp kendisinden izinsiz niçin bu sefere çıktığını izah etmek mecburiyetinde kaldı; bağlılığını tekrarlayıp İzmir’e döndü. Onun ertesi yıl Eğriboz’a ve ardından Semadirek adasına yöneldiğine dair bilgiler vardır.
Düstûrnâme ’ye göre Umur Bey babasının yanından döndükten sonra hızla yeni kadırgalar inşasını başlattı, büyük yelkenli gemilerle baş edebilecek nitelikte kadırgalar yaptırdı. 100 gemiyi Ahad Subaşı’nın emrine verdi; 150 gemi kendi idaresinde olmak üzere Ege denizine açıldı. Hedefi Yunan anakarası idi. İpsara, İşkiros (Skyros), İşkopelos adalarını aldı; Tuzla ve Mondoniça (Bodonitsa) iline çıktı, kaleyi kuşattı. Anlaşma karşılığı muhasarayı kaldırdı ve tekrar denize açıldı, bazı adaları yağmaladı. Eğriboz’a çıktı ve buranın idarecisi Messire Piyer’in (Pierre Zeno) kuvvetleriyle savaştı. Ardından haraç alarak onunla anlaştı, hatta onun kılavuzluğunda Monemvasia’ya (Monevesya/Menekşe/Benefşe) ilerledi. Burayı da aldı ve her iki şehri haraçgüzâr hale getirip İzmir’e döndü (1333).
Bu başarılı sefer üzerine babası Mehmed Bey bizzat İzmir’e oğlunu tebriğe geldi; kardeşleri Hızır, Îsâ ve İbrâhim de onunla birlikteydi. Umur Bey babasını ve kardeşlerini zengin hediyelerle karşıladı, bir bakıma gücünü onlara göstermiş oldu. Ardından yeni bir seferin hazırlıklarına başladı. Bu defaki hedefi Mora yarımadası idi. 170 gemiyle denize açılan Umur Bey, Mora’ya akıncıları sevkettiği gibi Kuluri adasına asker çıkardı ve burayı yağmaladı. İzmir’e dönüşünde yine babası tarafından karşılandı ve Birgi’ye gitti. Bu sırada Bizans, Rodos ve Kıbrıs’tan gelen otuz geminin İzmir’e bir keşif harekâtı yaptığını öğrendi. Fakat kendisi yetişmeden gemiler şiddetli direniş karşısında geri çekilmişti. Düstûrnâme ’de Umur Bey’in İzmir’e dönüşünün hemen arkasından babasından aldığı davet üzerine yeniden Birgi’ye gittiği, onunla buluşup birlikte ava çıktığı, av sırasında Mehmed Bey’in suya düşüp hastalandığı ve Birgi’ye getirildiği, az sonra da vefat ettiği belirtilir (Cemâziyelevvel 734 / Ocak 1334). Yedi gün Birgi’de kalan Umur Bey’in, hem amcalarının (Hamza, Osman ve Hasan) hem de ağabeyi Hızır’ın muvafakatiyle babasının yerine beyliği kabul ettiği ifade edilir. Burada dikkat çekici bir şekilde Umur Bey’in tahtı ağabeyi Hızır’a teklif ettiği ve onun tahtın Umur Bey’in hakkı olduğunu söylediği rivayeti üzerinde durulur. Olayların gerçekten bu şekilde cereyan edip etmediği konusunu teyit edecek başka bir kaynak bulunmamakla birlikte bunun ilk Osmanlı kroniklerinde zikredilen, Orhan Bey’in Osmanlı Beyliği’nin başına geçişi hadisesiyle ilginç bir benzerliği olduğunu göz önüne almak gerekir. 1333 yazında İzmir’de Umur Bey’i gören İbn Battûta onun zenginliğinden, cömertliğinden ve gazâ şöhretinden övgüyle söz eder (Seyahatnâme , I, 425-426). Eflâkî de daha 1329’da Sakız baskını sebebiyle Umur Bey’in kahramanlığından, Mevlevîliğe olan temayülünden bahseder (Âriflerin Menkıbeleri , II, 344-345).
Umur Bey’in çok kısa bir süre Birgi’de kalıp acele ile İzmir’e dönüşü buraya karşı tehdidin devam ettiğini gösterir. Nitekim 1334 Eylülünde Haçlı donanmasının İzmir’e çıkışı onun tarafından önlenmiş olmalıdır. Umur Bey’in tahta çıkmasının ardından yeni bir deniz seferine hazırlanması da bu baskına cevap vermek içindir. Bu defa Saruhanoğlu Süleyman Bey ile ortak bir harekâta girişti ve 276 gemiyle Monemvasia’ya geldi, buranın hâkiminden haraç aldıktan sonra İspen (Spanos ?) Kalesi’ni kuşattı. Oradan Mora’ya uzandı; Mezistre, Gavrilopoulas gibi yerlere baskın yaptı, pek çok mal ve esir alıp İzmir’e döndü (1335). Düstûrnâme ’ye göre dönüş sırasında gemiler fırtınaya yakalanmış, Umur Bey güçlükle İzmir Limanı’na ulaşırken Süleyman Bey’in gemisi kayalara çarparak karaya oturmuştu. Onu kurtaran Umur Bey, daha sonra Bizanslılar’ın elinde bulunan tek önemli müstahkem kale durumundaki Alaşehir’i kuşattı; bu zorlu savaş sırasında üç yerinden yaralandı, kale kumandanının aman dilemesi üzerine burayı haraçgüzâr hale getirip geri döndü. Düstûrnâme ’de, olayı duyan Bizans imparatorunun Umur Bey ile irtibat kurmak için Karaburun’a geldiğinden söz edilir. Aslında İmparator III. Andronikos, Midilli adasını ele geçiren Foça Valisi Dominique’i cezalandırmak amacıyla İstanbul’dan hareket etmiş, Midilli’ye asker sevketmiş, kendisi de Foça’yı kuşatmıştı (1336). Andronikos bu vesileyle Umur Bey ve Saruhan Bey’le iş birliği yapmak istiyordu. İmparatorun yakın adamı Kantakuzenos ile görüşen Umur Bey Bizanslılar’la ittifak kurdu. Bu ilişkiler, Umur Bey’le ileride Bizans tahtına geçecek olan Kantakuzenos arasında sarsılmaz bir bağın kurulmasını sağlayacaktı.
Bu hadiseden sonra Düstûrnâme ’de Umur Bey’in Atina’nın Katalan dükünün Latinler’e karşı yardım talebini olumlu karşılayıp harekete geçtiği ve Atina’ya gittiği belirtilir. Dönüşte Andros, Sifnos (Siphos), İşkinos (Sikinos), Nakşa (Naksos), Para (Paros) adalarını vuran Umur Bey, Eğriboz’a çıktı, oradan muhtemelen Bizans imparatorunun isteği doğrultusunda Tesalya’daki âsi Arnavutlar’ın üzerine yürüyerek bazı kaleleri kuşattı. İstefe’ye (Thebai) geldi, etrafı yağmalayıp İşkiros adasına ulaştı, fırtına yüzünden bir süre burada kaldı. Gemilerinin bir kısmı fırtınadan zarar görmüş ve zorlukla Midilli’ye ulaşabilmişti. Burada müttefiklerinin yardımıyla filosunu tamir imkânı buldu, ardından İzmir’e döndü. 1337-1338 yıllarında gerçekleştiği tahmin edilen bu uzun seferin ardından Umur Bey’in yeniden Mora seferine çıktığı, Germe (Isthmus) Hisarı’na ulaştığı, buradan gemileri karadan çektirip İnebahtı tarafına naklettirdiği, oradan İstanbul önlerine geldiği, müttefiki olan imparator tarafından iyi karşılandığı, arkasından Karadeniz’e açılarak Kili’ye ulaşıp etrafı yağmaladıktan sonra dört günde türlü zorluklarla yeniden Germe’ye dönebildiği, orada tekrar gemileri karadan çekip esirleri ve mallarıyla İzmir’e hareket ettiği belirtilir. Ancak Düstûrnâme ’de yer alan bu bilgiler coğrafya göz önüne alındığında inandırıcı görünmez ve Eflak seferinin başka bir sefer olma ihtimalinin bulunduğu, gemilerin de bu sefere çıkılırken Gelibolu’daki Germe’den çekildiği ileri sürülür.
1341’de Kantakuzenos’un küçük yaştaki İmparator Ioannes’in vasîsi sıfatıyla güçlü bir mevki elde edişiyle Umur Bey, Bizans İmparatorluğu için önemli bir müttefik haline geldi. Kantakuzenos, düşmanlarına ve otoritesine karşı çıkanlar için en samimi müttefik olarak Umur Bey’i görüyordu. Nitekim Kantakuzenos kendisine karşı ittifak kuran Saruhan, Osmanoğlu Orhan ve Karesi oğlu Yahşi beylerle anlaştığı gibi onlara yardım etmek amacıyla 250 gemiyle Trakya sahillerine çıkan Umur Bey’i de kendi yanına çekmeyi ve onu geri dönmeye ikna etmeyi başardı. Daha sonra da rakipleri karşısında zor duruma düşüp imparatorluk mücadelesinde başarısızlığa uğrayınca Umur Bey’den yardım istedi. Umur Bey 1342 yılı sonlarında 20.000’e yakın asker ve 380 kadar gemiyle Meriç ağzına geldi. Dimetoka’da bulunan Kantakuzenos’un hanımı ve önde gelen asiller tarafından karşılandı. Bir süre burada kaldıktan sonra Kavala civarındaki Christoupolis’e yürüdü. Onun kendilerine saldırmasından korkan Ferecik ahalisi, o sırada Sırbistan’da olan Kantakuzenos’un ağzından sahte mektuplar yazarak Umur Bey’in daha fazla ilerlememesini sağlamaya çalıştı. Havanın çok soğuması yüzünden zor durumda kalan Umur Bey, Ferecik önlerinde bulunan donanmasına gitti ve orada adamlarından 300 kişinin donarak öldüğünü görünce daha fazla durmayıp 1343 başlarında geri döndü. Onun bu âni gidişi Kantakuzenos’u güç durumda bıraktı ve tekrar İzmir’e haberci yolladı. Kantakuzenos’un Sırbistan’da öldüğü yolundaki söylentilere inanan Umur Bey gelen haberciden doğru bilgileri alınca 744 (1343) yılı içinde Trakya’ya geçmek üzere hareket etti ve Selânik civarında karaya çıktı. Kantakuzenos’un rakibi İmparator Ioannes ve annesi İmparatoriçe Anna taraftarı olarak büyük dük unvanını alan Apokaukos ile karşılaşmayı bekliyordu, fakat onun İstanbul’a kaçtığını öğrendi. Bütün Selânik yöresine akınlar düzenledi, etrafı yağmaladı. Kantakuzenos ile buluştu, birlikte yapacakları harekâtı planladı. Selânik şehri direnince buradan ayrılan müttefikler Christoupolis surlarını geçip Trakya şehirlerini itaat altına aldılar. Umur Bey, Kantakuzenos’un İstanbul’a imparatoriçe nezdine gönderdiği elçilik heyetine kendi adamını da katmıştı. Kantakuzenos’un elçisi İstanbul’da tutulup işkenceye uğrarken Umur Bey’in adamı büyük bir saygıyla karşılandı. Hatta Apokaukos, kendisine Umur Bey’in ittifaktan ayrılması için lutufkâr ibarelerle dolu bir de mektup verdi. Ancak Umur Bey bu mektubu Kantakuzenos’a da okuttu.
Bir süre Kantakuzenos ile Dimetoka’da kalan Umur Bey Mora’ya kadar onunla birlikte sefere çıktı, fakat yolda hastalandı ve Dimetoka’ya döndü. Dönüş yolunda iken İstanbul’dan Edirne muhafazasına tayin edilen ve etrafı yağmalayan Françes’in birlikleri dağıtıldı, kendisi de öldürüldü. Umur Bey hasta haliyle bizzat savaştı, bu arada hayatî tehlike de atlattı; geri dönmesi için İstanbul’dan kendisine yapılan teklifi kabul etmedi. Fakat askerinin artık burada daha fazla kalmak istememesi üzerine Kantakuzenos’a geri döneceğini, ama tekrar asker toplayıp geleceğini bildirdi. Ayrıca Kantakuzenos’un talebiyle barış için İstanbul’a bir elçilik heyeti yolladı. Ancak heyet olumlu bir cevap alamadı; buna karşılık imparatoriçe, onun dönmesi için İstanbul’dan gemiler göndermeyi ve askerine dağıtılmak üzere para vermeyi taahhüt etti. Bu durum Kantakuzenos’un da işine geliyordu, zira dönüş kararı alan Umur Bey için ayrıca para sarfetmemiş olacaktı. Umur Bey, böylece on ay burada kaldıktan sonra bir kısım askerini Kantakuzenos’un yanında bırakıp İzmir’e döndü (Mayıs 1344). 1343 sonlarında adamlarından Ahad ile İlyas Bey’i geri gönderdiğinden bu sırada yanında 1000 kadar adamı kalmıştı.
Umur Bey’in faaliyetleri Latinler için büyük problem olmuş, İzmir’in kurtarılması amacıyla yeni bir teşebbüse girişilmişti. Özellikle Papa VI. Clement’in oluşturduğu hıristiyan birliği Kıbrıs, Venedik, Cenova ve Rodos gemilerinden müteşekkil bir filoyla 745 Cemâziyelâhirinde (Ekim 1344) İzmir’e âni bir baskın düzenledi. Bu kuvvetlerin başında İstanbul’un Latin patriği unvanını taşıyan metropolit Henri d’Asti bulunuyordu. Umur Bey âni baskın karşısında kuvvet toplamakta sıkıntı çekti, aşağı liman kısmındaki kaleden çekildi; böylece İzmir’in kıyı kalesi Latinler’in eline geçti (28 Ekim 1344). Bu durum Umur Bey’in gazâ şöhretine önemli bir darbe vurdu. Kaleyi geri alma çabaları bir sonuç vermedi. Buna karşılık kalede sıkışmış olan Latinler kışı geçirmek üzere Eğriboz’a giden Patrik Henri’den yardım talebinde bulundu. O da hemen İzmir’e döndü, zorlukla kaleye girebildi ve ardından yapılan bir huruç harekâtı Umur Bey tarafından başarısızlığa uğratıldı (Ramazan 745 / Ocak 1345). Bu savaşta başta patrik olmak üzere Latinler’in önemli kumandanları hayatlarını kaybetti. Düstûrnâme ’de bu nazik ortamda İzmir’e gelen Saruhanoğlu Süleyman Bey’in Umur Bey’i yeniden akın için teşvik ettiği bildirilir. Ancak bu harekâtın, Kantakuzenos’un imparatorluk mücadelesinde zor durumda kalarak eski müttefikine başvurmasından dolayı yapıldığı açıktır. Baskın sırasında gemilerinin çoğunun yok olmasına karşılık Umur Bey karşı bir harekâtla intikam almak için bu teklifi benimsedi. Umur Bey ile Saruhan ve Karesi ortak birlikleri 1345 yılı Haziranında Gelibolu’dan Rumeli yakasına geçtiler. Dimetoka, Gümülcine, Selânik taraflarında faaliyet gösterdiler, Bulgaristan üzerine yürüyerek bölgeyi yağmaladılar. Ardından Umur Bey, Kantakuzenos ile beraber Makedonya’dan Meriç’e kadar olan kesime hâkim olup müttefiklerine ihanet eden Momçila’ya karşı yürüdü. Şiddetli savaşın ardından Momçila hayatını kaybetti. Müttefikler Ferecik’i kuşatırken Kantakuzenos’un rakibi Apokaukos’un öldürüldüğü haberi geldi (11 Haziran 1345). Bunu fırsat olarak gören Umur Bey ile Süleyman Bey İstanbul’a yürümeyi teklif ettiler. Ancak Kantakuzenos taraftarlarının İstanbul’da duruma hâkim olamadıkları haberi gelince Makedonya’ya dönme kararı alındı. Yolda Süleyman Bey’in hastalanıp ölmesi üzerine Umur Bey İzmir’e döndü. Bu onun son seferi oldu, daha sonra kendi topraklarını korumak ve Aşağı İzmir’i ele geçirmekle uğraştı. Düstûrnâme ’de Umur Bey’in sefer dönüşü yeniden kıyıdaki kaleyi sıkıştırmaya başladığı bildirilir. Bu sırada hem Latinler’e yardım etmek hem Türkler’in Ege adalarına yönelik faaliyetlerini önlemek için papa yeni bir Haçlı seferi çağrısı yaptı; Dük Dauphin Humbert’in kumandasında yirmi altı kadırgadan ibaret bir donanma oluşturuldu. Bunlar Ege’deki korsanları temizleyip Midilli’ye geldi, oradan 747 Saferinde (Haziran 1346) İzmir’e çıktı. Umur Bey topladığı kuvvetlerle iki İzmir Kalesi arasındaki ovada bunları karşıladı. Çıkan savaşta her iki taraf da kesin bir başarı elde edemedi. Bunun üzerine Humbert Rodos’a döndü. Hemen ardından Umur ve Hızır beylerle diplomatik ilişki kurmaya çalıştı. Anlaşma için papadan destek istedi. Aşağı kalenin yıktırılıp şehrin teslimi, buna karşılık Latinler’in bazı imtiyazlarla burada kalmaları yolunda bir anlaşma zemini belirmişti. Fakat papa bunu onaylamadı (1347-1348). Bu arada Umur Bey bir kısım askerlerini Saruhanoğlu ile birlikte yine Rumeli’ye gönderdi.
Düstûrnâme ’de Umur Bey’in Aşağı İzmir’deki Latinler’i sürekli baskı altında tuttuğu, ardından Birgi’ye gidip babasının türbesini ziyaret ettiği, oradan ağabeyi Hızır’ı görmek için Ayasuluk’a geçtiği, buraya gelen diğer kardeşleriyle de görüştüğü, hemen sonra İzmir’de Latinler’le savaşırken öldüğü belirtilerek son iki yıl kısaca anlatılır. Aslında 748 Zilkadesinde (Şubat 1348) papa anlaşmayı kabul etmeyince mücadele yeniden başlamış, Umur Bey, Aşağı İzmir üzerindeki baskısını iyice arttırmıştı. Şiddetli hücumlar sırasında bizzat askerin önüne geçerek kaleye tırmanmak isterken bir ok isabetiyle hayatını kaybetti (Zilhicce 748 / Mart 1348, bu tarihi 749 Saferine denk düşen Mayıs-Haziran 1348 olarak verenler de vardır; ancak Düstûrnâme ’de açık şekilde 748 tarihi kaydedilmiştir). Onun ölümü üzerine muhasara kaldırıldı ve naaşı Birgi’ye götürülerek babasının türbesine defnedildi.
Düstûrnâme ’de Umur Bey’in yirmi bir yıl gazâda bulunduğu, bu süre içinde yirmi altı sefer yaptığı, vefatında otuz dokuz yaşında olduğu belirtilir. Onun gazâ şöhreti Osmanlı kaynaklarında da yankı bulmuştur. Denizcilik geleneğinde adı özellikle öne çıkmış, XV ve XVI. yüzyıllara ait bazı kaynaklar onu Osmanlı denizcilerinin atası saymıştır. Tursun Bey’in Kefe’ye hareket eden donanmadan söz ederken Umur Bey’e atıf yapması dikkat çekicidir (Târîh-i Ebü’l-Feth , s. 169). Gazilerin “Gazi Umur Bey canı için” yemin ettikleri, yeniçerilerin önceleri, “Umur Bey kısbetidir” diye onun giydiği tarzda başlık takındıkları rivayet edilir. Yanındaki azeb ve askerlerin kendilerini, “Biz Umurca oğlanıyız” şeklinde tanıttıkları belirtilir. Oruç Bey deniz gazilerini “Umur Bey müridleri” diye anar (Oruç Beğ Tarihi , s. 184). Onu yakından tanıyan Bizans İmparatoru Kantakuzenos hâtıratında son derece akıllı ve mantıklı düşünen biri olduğuna temas eder. Vakıf kayıtlarında Hundi Melek, Azize Melek ve Gürci Melek adlı üç kızının adı geçer. Denizli’de “bedraka” adlı bir verginin kaldırıldığına dair kitâbede Mehmed Bey oğlu Umur Bey şeklinde adı geçen şahsın da o olduğu ileri sürülür ve buna dayanarak nüfuzunun daha 1327’de bu yörelere kadar ulaştığı ifade edilir (Baykara, s. 20-21). Osmanlı dönemine ait tahrir kayıtlarında Umur Bey’in arazi tahriri yaptırdığı, mülk sahiplerine nişanlar verdiği, kendisinin Birgi, Keles, Tire ve Alaşehir’de cami, mescid ve medrese gibi hayır eserlerinin bulunduğu hakkında atıflar vardır. Onun adına kaleme alınan, Enverî’nin yeniden düzenleyip Mahmud Paşa’ya sunduğu Düstûrnâme ’de büyük bir gazi olarak ahlâklı ve son derece dindar biri gibi tanıtılmasına özel bir önem verildiği dikkati çekmektedir. Umur Bey’in adına bazı eserlerin yazıldığı bilinmektedir. Kul Mesud Kelile ve Dimne ’yi onun isteği üzerine Farsça’dan çevirmiştir. İbnü’l-Baytâr’ın el-Müfredât adlı eserinin de onun için tercüme edildiği belirtilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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E. Werner, “Johannes Kantakuzenos, Umur Paša und Orhan”, Byzantinoslavica , XXVI/2, Prague 1965, s. 255-276.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 156-159 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.