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URÂBÎ PAŞA Skip to content (1841-1911)
Mısırlı devlet adamı, İngiliz işgaline karşı direnen ordu kumandanı.
7 Safer 1257’de (31 Mart 1841) Mısır’ın Şarkıye müdüriyetine (muhafaza) bağlı Hirriyyetürezne köyünde doğdu. Adı Ahmed’dir. Aslen Iraklı olup VII. (XIII.) yüzyılda Mısır’a göç eden bir aileden geldiği rivayet edilir. Babası Muhammed Urâbî köyün şeyhülbeledi idi. İlk tahsilini köyünde tamamladı. Sekiz yaşında babasını kaybedince 1265’te (1849) Kahire’ye gitti. Ezher’e kaydoldu, dört yıl sonra öğrenimini tamamlamadan köyüne döndü. 1854’te Mısır Valisi Said Paşa’nın kabile reisleri, meşâyihin oğulları ve yakınlarının askere alınması kararı üzerine Urâbî de askere alındı ve bölük emini unvanıyla kâtip tayin edildi. Daha sonra yapılan düzenlemelerle zâbit kadrosuna geçti ve 1860’ta kaymakam (yarbay) rütbesine terfi etti. Said Paşa’nın 1861’de Medine’yi ziyareti esnasında ona yaverlik yaptı. Bu sırada Napolyon’un hayatını ve Mısır seferini anlatan bir kitap okuması askerî kimliği üzerinde etkili oldu.
Urâbî, 1863’te Mısır valiliğine getirilen İsmâil Paşa’nın fellâh kökenli subaylara karşı olumsuz tavrından etkilendi. Çerkez Hüsrev Paşa ile aralarında çıkan bir anlaşmazlık neticesinde askerî mahkemede yargılandı ve yirmi bir gün hapse mahkûm edildi. Bir üst mahkeme kararı bozduysa da Urâbî ile Çerkez-Türk kökenli kumandanlar arasındaki husumet devam etti. Bu arada üç yıl orduyla ilişiği kesildi. Hidiv hareminden bir câriye ile evlenmesinin ardından tekrar orduya döndü ve uzun süre rütbesi yükseltilmeden yarbay olarak görev yaptı. 1875’te kurulan gizli bir zâbitan cemiyetine katıldı. Subayların maaşlarında kesintiye gidilmesi ve tasarruf amacıyla bir kısmının ordudan ihraç edilmesi üzerine Şubat 1879’da çok sayıda subay bir bildiri yayımlayıp gösteri düzenledi. Urâbî bu olayların içinde yer almamakla birlikte askerî mahkemede yargılandı ve İskenderiye’ye tayin edildi. Haziran 1879’da Hidiv İsmâil Paşa’nın görevden alınıp yerine oğlu Tevfik Paşa’nın getirilmesinin ardından Urâbî önce miralay (albay) rütbesine yükseltildi, ardından yaverler arasına alınıp Kahire’deki Abbâsiye Kışlası’nda 4. piyade alay kumandanı olarak görevlendirildi.
Orduda Çerkez-Türk ve fellâh kökenli subaylar arasındaki gerginliklerin tırmanması sırasında Urâbî’nin ordu içerisindeki etkinliği ve şöhreti arttı. Riyâz Paşa hükümetinin Cihâdiye Bakanı Osman Rıfkı’nın yerli askerlerin subay kadrosuna geçmelerini engellemesi bu subayları huzursuz etti. Çerkez-Türk kökenli subayların kendilerine komplo kurduğuna inanan bir grup yerli subay 16 Ocak 1881’de Urâbî’nin evinde toplanarak onu sözcü seçti. Urâbî başbakana Cihâdiye bakanını şikâyet eden bir dilekçe yazıp görevden alınmasını istedi. Bunun üzerine askerî mahkemede yargılanan Urâbî ve iki subay arkadaşı görevden uzaklaştırılarak tutuklandı, yerlerine Çerkez-Türk subayları tayin edildi. Ancak Urâbî ve arkadaşlarını destekleyen 1 ve 6. piyade alayları 1 Şubat’ta Cihâdiye Bakanlığı’nı bastılar ve Urâbî ile iki arkadaşını alıp Âbidîn Kışlası’na döndüler. Ayaklanan askerleri yatıştıran Urâbî, Fransız başkonsolosu Baron de Ring’e hitaben bir mektup yazdı, kendisi ve arkadaşları için ondan destek istedi. Fransa ve İngiltere başkonsoloslarının araya girmesiyle Urâbî ve arkadaşlarının talepleri kabul edilerek Cihâdiye bakanı görevinden alındı ve yerine Mahmûd Sâmî el-Bârûdî tayin edildi (Schölch, Ägypten den Ägyptern , s. 132-133).
Ancak Mısır’da istikrar bir türlü sağlanamadı. Mahmûd Sâmî el-Bârûdî’nin Cihâdiye bakanlığından alınması ve yerine getirilen Dâvud Paşa’nın bazı alayları Kahire’den uzaklaştırmak istemesi ordu içinde karışıklığa yol açtı. Bunun üzerine Urâbî kumandasındaki birlikler 9 Eylül 1881’de Âbidîn Sarayı önünde bir gösteri yaptı; Riyâz Paşa hükümetinin görevden alınması, meclisin açılması ve ordudaki asker sayısının 18.000’e yükseltilmesi gibi taleplerde bulundu. Hidiv bu talepleri uygun görünce Urâbî ve arkadaşları Kahire’yi terketmeyi kabul ettiler. Urâbî yeni görev yeri olan Şarkıye’deki Re’sülvâdî’ye gitti. Bu sırada Bâbıâli, Mısır’da gerginliği azaltmak ve Hidiv Tevfik’e destek vermek amacıyla Ali Nizâmî Paşa başkanlığında bir heyeti Kahire’ye gönderdi. Heyetin Mısır’daki temaslarından rahatsız olan İngiltere ve Fransa, geri çağrılması yönündeki askerî ve diplomatik girişimlerini arttırdı. Ali Nizâmî Paşa heyeti de iki haftaya yakın bir sürede belirgin bir başarı elde edemeden 18 Ekim 1881’de Mısır’dan ayrıldı. Bu arada şöhreti daha da artan Urâbî eşraftan, ulemâdan, gazetecilerden önemli destek buldu ve ileride Urâbî hareketi diye adlandırılacak olan Vataniyye hareketinin liderliğini üstlendi. Yabancılar tarafından tanınan Urâbî, Batılı siyasetçiler ve gazetecilerle birçok görüşme yaptı. Bunlardan İngiliz eski diplomatı, seyyah ve yazar W. S. Blunt, Urâbî ile yaptığı mülâkatlar neticesinde hazırladığı taslak metnin, Urâbî, Muhammed Abduh, Süleyman Abaza Paşa ve diğer bazı önemli kişilerin incelemesinden sonra kendi programları olarak kabul edildiğini söyler. Bu metin ilk defa 1 Ocak 1882 tarihli Times gazetesinde yayımlandı (Blunt, s. 383-385; Arapça çevirisi için bk. Nakkāş, Mıṣr li’l-Mıṣriyyîn , IV, 217-220).
Urâbî, Şerif Paşa hükümetinin Ocak 1882’de istifa etmesinin ardından kurulan Mahmûd Sâmî el-Bârûdî hükümetinin Cihâdiye ve Bahriye bakanlıklarına tayin edildi (4 Şubat 1882). Daha sonra hidiv tarafından kendisine livâ rütbesi ve paşa unvanı verildi. Bu arada Bârûdî ile birlikte orduda kendi taraftarlarından pek çok kişiyi terfi ettirdiler. Ayrıca Çerkez-Türk kökenli subaylara karşı tavır almaya başladılar. Nisan 1882’de Urâbî’ye ve hükümetin diğer üyelerine suikast hazırlığı içinde bulundukları gerekçesiyle kırk kadar Çerkez asıllı subay ve eski Cihâdiye Bakanı Osman Rıfkı Paşa tutuklandı. Bu olaylar sırasında hükümetle Hidiv Tevfik arasında gerginlik yaşanmaya başlandı. Osmanlı hükümeti meşrû yönetici olarak hidivi desteklediğini açıkladı. Ayrıca Fransa ve İngiltere de hidivi desteklemekteydi. Mayıs 1882’de bu iki ülke donanmalarını İskenderiye önlerine göndererek Mısır’a bir nota verdi ve Urâbî Paşa’nın geçici bir süre Mısır’dan uzaklaştırılmasını ve bakanlar kurulunun istifasını istedi. Bakanlar kurulu notaya karşı çıktıysa da hidiv onu kabul etti. Bunun üzerine hükümet 26 Mayıs’ta istifa edince hidiv Muhammed Şerif Paşa’yı yeni hükümeti kurmakla görevlendirdi. Ancak Urâbî taraftarları bundan rahatsız oldu. Subaylar, ulemâ, tüccar, eşraf gibi pek çok kesim Urâbî Paşa’nın eski görevine iadesini talep etti. Baskılara dayanamayan hidiv 28 Mayıs’ta Urâbî Paşa’yı tekrar Cihâdiye bakanlığına getirdi.
Mahmûd Sâmî ve Urâbî Paşa, Bâbıâli’ye hidiv aleyhinde yazılar göndererek problemlerin kendilerinden kaynaklanmadığını göstermeye çalıştılar. Gelişmelerden endişe duyan Bâbıâli, Derviş Paşa başkanlığında bir heyeti Mısır’a gönderdi. 7 Haziran’da İskenderiye’ye ulaşan Derviş Paşa’nın Urâbî’yi takviye için geldiğine inanan halk heyeti büyük bir tezahüratla karşıladı. Osmanlı heyetinin Mısır’a gelmesinden sonra 11 Haziran’da İskenderiye hadisesi meydana geldi. Biri yabancı, diğeri yerli iki kişi arasında çıkan kavga kısa sürede büyüdü ve yerli-yabancı çatışmasına dönüştü, her iki taraftan pek çok kişi hayatını kaybetti. İki gün devam eden olaylarda şehir ciddi şekilde hasar gördü.
Urâbî Paşa bu arada Râgıb Paşa’nın başbakanlığında kurulan hükümette görev aldı. Hidivin sarayında Derviş Paşa ve yabancı konsolosların da katıldığı bir toplantıda Urâbî Paşa hidiv tarafından verilecek emirlere itaat edeceğine, huzur ve asayişi sağlayacağına dair söz verdi. Derviş Paşa, 25 Haziran’da padişah tarafından gönderilen birinci dereceden Mecîdî nişanını Urâbî Paşa’ya ulaştırdı. Derviş Paşa’nın görevi Urâbî’yi İstanbul’a davet edip Mısır’dan uzaklaştırmak, sultanın meşrû temsilcisi olarak Hidiv Tevfik Paşa’nın konumunu güçlendirmek ve Osmanlı ordusunun Mısır’a gitmesini gerektirecek bir durumun ortaya çıkmasını engellemekti. Böylece hadiselerin yatışacağına ve Urâbî’nin kontrol altına alınacağına inanıyordu (Deringil, XXIV/1 [1988], s. 8). Ancak Mısır’da gerginlik artmaya devam etti. Avrupalılar’ın çoğu Mısır’ı terketmeye başladı. Urâbî Paşa, muhtemel bir yabancı müdahalesine karşı savaş hazırlıklarına ve İskenderiye istihkâmlarını kuvvetlendirmeye yöneldi. O güne kadar İngiltere ile birlikte hareket eden Fransa gemilerini İskenderiye Limanı’ndan çekti. İngiltere ise limandaki donanmanın tehlike altında bulunduğunu bahane ederek 11-12 Temmuz’da İskenderiye istihkâmlarını topa tuttu. Urâbî Paşa askerlerini toplamaya çalışırken hidiv ve bazı bakanlar İngiliz gemilerinde “koruma” altına alındı. Mısır’ın içine düştüğü durumdan hidivi sorumlu tutan Urâbî, ordusuyla birlikte İskenderiye yakınlarındaki Kefrüddevvâr’a çekildi. Mısır’da gerginliği önleyemeyen Derviş Paşa 14 Temmuz’da İstanbul’a döndü. İngilizler 15 Temmuz’da İskenderiye’yi işgal etti. 17 Temmuz’da Kahire’de toplanan ulemâ ve eşrafın büyük bir kısmı Urâbî’yi desteklediğini ilân etti. 20 Temmuz’da hidiv Urâbî’yi Cihâdiye ve Bahriye bakanlığı görevlerinden aldı. 29 Temmuz’da ülkenin çeşitli yerlerinden gelip Kahire’de toplanan Meclis-i Örfî üyeleri bazı kararlar aldılar. Bu çerçevede hidivin düşman elinde bulunduğu için özgür davranamadığı, dolayısıyla Urâbî’nin Mısır ordularının başında kalmaya devam edeceği belirtildi.
Ağustos 1882 başlarından itibaren İngiliz ordusu Süveyş ve İsmâiliye gibi önemli kanal şehirlerini işgal etti. Bedevîlerin desteğini alan Urâbî kumandasındaki Mısır ordusu ile İngiliz ordusu arasında çatışmalar bir süre devam etti. Nihayet Mısır ordusu, 13 Eylül’de Süveyş Kanalı ile Kahire arasındaki Tellülkebîr mevkiinde İngiliz ordusu karşısında ağır bir yenilgiye uğradı, Urâbî Paşa Kahire’ye kaçtı. Kahire’nin kuşatılması üzerine Urâbî 14 Eylül’de İngilizler’e teslim oldu. Böylece Mısır İngilizler tarafından işgal edildi. İngiltere birçok defa Osmanlı Devleti’nden Mısır’a asker göndermesini, Urâbî’yi âsi ilân etmesini talep etmiş, padişah ilk isteğe yanaşmamış, ikincisini de sürekli ertelemişti. Nihayet Tellülkebîr çarpışmasından bir hafta önce 6 Eylül 1882’de II. Abdülhamid Urâbî’yi âsi ilân etti. Urâbî Paşa ve yakın arkadaşları çıkarıldıkları savaş mahkemesinde isyancıların lideri olarak yargılandılar. Mahkeme sonucunda Urâbî ve arkadaşlarının mal varlıklarına el konuldu, kendileri de idama mahkûm edildi. Ardından bu ceza ömür boyu hapse çevrildi; daha sonra aileleriyle birlikte Seylan (Sri Lanka) adasına sürüldüler (yargılama sürecinin ayrıntıları için bk. Broadley, tür.yer.). Urâbî Paşa, Hidiv II. Abbas Hilmi’nin 11 Haziran 1901’de kendisini affetmesinden sonra ailesiyle beraber Kahire’ye döndü, mal varlığı ve özlük hakları iade edildi. Bundan sonraki hayatında siyasete karışmadan yaşadı ve hâtıralarını kaleme aldı. 21 Eylül 1911’de Kahire’de vefat etti.
Urâbî Paşa, Mısır’da siyasî hayatın dönüm noktalarından birinde önemli rol oynamış, lideri bulunduğu hareket Mısır ve Sudan’ın İngiliz işgaline uğramasının yolunu açmıştır. II. Abdülhamid, Derviş Paşa’yı görevlendirerek Urâbî’yi Mısır’dan uzaklaştırıp İngiliz işgaline mani olmaya çalışmış, fakat bunda başarı sağlayamamıştır. Ayrıca gerek Filistin ve Suriye’de gerekse Anadolu’da Urâbî lehine yapılacak gösteriler engellenmiş ve liderliğini yaptığı hareketin özellikle Osmanlı Arap vilâyetlerinde Arap kavmiyetçiliğine yol açmasını engellemek için etkin tedbirler alınmıştır. Böyle bir hareketin Osmanlı idarî yapısını tehdit etmesinin yanı sıra fiilî bir yabancı müdahalesine yol açacağı endişeleri de Urâbî’nin âsi ilân edilmesinde etkili olmuştur. Urâbî Paşa hareketi farklı açılardan değerlendirilmiş, hakkında çeşitli dillerde çok sayıda yayın yapılmıştır. Sonuçları açısından bakıldığında bu hareket, Mısır’ın uzun süre hukuken bir Osmanlı eyaleti olmakla birlikte İngiliz işgali altında kalmasının önemli gerekçelerinden birini teşkil etmiştir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 167-169 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.