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URDU DÂİRE-i MAÂRİF-i İSLÂMİYYE Skip to content 1959-1989 yılları arasında Pencap Üniversitesi tarafından yayımlanan İslâm dini, tarihi, kültürü ve medeniyeti ansiklopedisi.
Hollanda’nın Leiden şehrinde 1913-1936 yıllarında çıkan The Encyclopaedia of Islam ’ın Urduca’ya çevrilip yayımlanması düşüncesi ansiklopedinin neşir yıllarına kadar gider. 1935’ten önce Nevvâb İmâdülmülk Seyyid Hüseyin Bilgrâmî bu konuyu gündeme getirmiş, Patna ve Haydarâbâd şehirlerinde bazı çalışmalar yapılmış, neticede Haydarâbâd’da faaliyete girişilmiştir (Khalidi, XXXVI/1 [1962], s. 79). Haydarâbâd Akademisi’nin 1938’de başlattığı hazırlık çalışmaları, 1947’de bağımsız Hindistan Devleti’nin kurulup Haydarâbâd Nizamlığı’nın işgal edilmesi ve Urduca’nın resmî dil olmaktan çıkarılması üzerine sonuçsuz kalmıştır (Hamidullah, WI , VI/3-4 [1961], s. 244-245). Bir İslâm ansiklopedisi hazırlama fikri 22-24 Mart 1940 tarihinde Lahor’da toplanan Hindistan Müslümanları Birliği’nin toplantısında da dile getirilip görüşülmüştür. Urduca İslâm ansiklopedisinin fikir babası kabul edilen Lahor Oriental College müdürü Muhammed Şefî‘ ve yardımcısı Seyyid Muhammed Abdullah bir proje hazırlamış, aynı yıl Lahor şehrindeki Pencap Üniversitesi tarafından düzenlenen Arapça ve Farsça Kongresi’nde bu proje çerçevesinde konu tekrar tartışılmıştır. 1948’de Pencap Üniversitesi Urduca Kongresi’nde de gündeme gelen ansiklopedi hazırlama düşüncesi burada benimsenmiş ve üniversite tarafından hayata geçirilmesi kararı alınmıştır. Üniversite yönetimi rektörün başkanlığında Encyclopaedia Committee adıyla bir kurul oluşturmuş ve üniversiteye bağlı olarak 1950 yılında kurulan Şu‘be-i Urdu Dâire-i Maârif-i İslâmiyye (Department of Urdu Encyclopaedia of Islam) adlı birimle proje fiilen başlatılmıştır. 1942’de Oriental College müdürlüğünden emekliye ayrıldıktan sonra mesaisini ansiklopedi çalışmasına veren Muhammed Şefî‘, 1 Aralık 1950 tarihinde bu birimin başına ve ansiklopedinin yayın kurulu başkanlığına getirilmiştir.
Yapılan hazırlık çalışmalarının ardından bir yayım planı ve periyodu belirlenerek The Encyclopaedia of Islam ’ın ilk edisyonu yanında 1954’te başlayan ikinci edisyonundan da çeviriler yapılması, maddelerin tâdili ve genişletilmesi, ihtiyaç duyulan konuların yeniden yazılması kararlaştırılmıştır. Yirmi cilt olması düşünülen ansiklopedinin 1959 yılına kadar tercüme ve redaksiyon işinin bitirilerek yayıma geçilmesi ve beş küsur yıl gibi kısa bir zaman içinde yayımın tamamlanması planlanmıştır. Urdû Dâʾire-i Maʿârif-i İslâmiyye ’nin ilk fasikülü Temmuz 1959 tarihinde çıkmış ve yıl sonuna kadar her biri altmış dört sayfa hacminde beş fasikül neşredilmiştir. Muhammed Şefî‘in 14 Mart 1963’te vefatı ve malî sıkıntıların ortaya çıkmasıyla çalışmalar yavaşlamış, 1971’e kadar sadece ilk yedi cilt basılabilmiştir. Ansiklopedi çalışmaları Amerika merkezli The Asia Foundation adlı kuruluşun malî desteğiyle devam ettirilmiş ve 1973 yılı sonunda ilk on iki cildin baskısı tamamlanmıştır. Ansiklopediye merkezî hükümetin yanında eyalet hükümetleri de malî kaynak aktarmıştır. 1989’da yirmi üç cilt halinde tamamlanan ansiklopedinin fihrist niteliğindeki XXIV. cildi 1992’de basılabilmiştir. Toplam 9973 maddeden oluşan ansiklopedinin XIV ve XVI. ciltleri ikiye bölünerek basıldığından eser yirmi altı ciltten meydana gelmektedir. Ansiklopedinin tamamlanmasından sonra Muḫtaṣar-ı Urdû Dâʾire-i Maʿârif-i İslâmiyye adıyla bir ciltlik özeti çıkarılmıştır (Lahor 1997). Ayrıca ansiklopedide yer almayan veya gözden geçirilmesi gereken maddelerin yeniden yazdırılması yahut tamamlanması amacıyla hazırlanan Tekmile-i Urdû Dâʾire-i Maʿârif-i İslâmiyye ’nin “bâ” harfine kadar olan kısmı iki cilt halinde basılmış (Lahor 2002-2008), III. cilt de basım aşamasındadır.
Ansiklopedide on beş kişiden oluşan Meclis-i İntizâmiyye yayın politikasını belirlemekte ve malî yapıyla ilgili kararlar almaktadır. 1950-1992 yılları arasında ülkede meydana gelen siyasî değişiklikler sebebiyle heyetin bazı üyeleri sık sık değişmiştir. Heyet kendi arasından beş kişiyi İdâre-i Tahrîr (Standing Committee of Editorial Board) adıyla yayın icra kurulu olarak belirlemiştir. Ayrıca Pakistan dışından ansiklopediye destek veren ilim adamlarından Foreign Editorial Board adıyla bir heyet teşkil edilmiştir. Muhammed Şefî‘in on üç yıllık başkanlğından sonra en uzun başkanlığı Oriental College müdürü Seyyid Muhammed Abdullah yapmış (1966-1986), uzun yıllar ansiklopediye hizmet veren Seyyid Muhammed Emced Eltâf, 9 Mart 1986’da yayın kurulu başkanlığını üstlenerek XXI. ciltte aldığı ansiklopediyi tamamlamıştır. Ayrıca kısa süreli yayın kurulu başkanlığı yapanlar da vardır. 22 Nisan 1980 tarihinden itibaren ansiklopedide telif ve redaksiyon heyetinde yer alan Mahmûd Hasan Ârif, 5 Temmuz 1995’ten beri halen Pencap Üniversitesi’nde ansiklopediyi çıkaran bölümün ve ansiklopedi yayın kurulunun başkanlığını yürütmektedir. Üniversitenin ülkede meydana gelen siyasî değişimlerden etkilenmesi yayın sürecinde zaman zaman bazı problemlere yol açmışsa da ansiklopedinin ihtiyaç duyduğu bilgi birikimi için iyi bir kaynak olması, personel bakımından iç yardımlaşma yollarını açık tutması böyle bir çalışma için avantaj teşkil etmiştir. Ansiklopedide, Urduca ve Farsça kitap yazımı ve basımında tercih edilen nesta‘lik hattı yerine nesih hattının kullanılması bölge halkının alışkanlıklarına ters düşmekle birlikte görünüşü daha güzel olan bu yazı stilinin seçimi daha isabetli bulunmuştur (Khalidi, XXXVI/1 [1962], s. 79). Sonraki yıllarda bilgisayarlı yazım ve dizgi teknolojisinin devreye girmesiyle nesta‘lik hattı da kullanışlı hale gelmiş, ek ciltler bu hatla basılmıştır.
Urdû Dâʾire-i Maʿârif-i İslâmiyye , Pakistan’da hem millî dil olarak kabul edilen Urduca’ya önemli bir kaynak eser kazandırılması hem de bu vesileyle İslâmî ilimler başta olmak üzere geniş bir bilgi birikiminin ortaya çıkarılması, ayrıca yerli ve yabancı ilim adamları arasındaki ilişkilerin geliştirilmesine yardımcı olması bakımından büyük bir işlev görmüştür. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ’dan tercüme edilen maddeler müelliflerinin imzasıyla yayımlanmış, önemli ekleme ve düzeltmeler yapılması durumunda ilk müellifin isminin yanına maddeyi düzenleyenin veya katkıda bulunanın adı da yazılmış, bazan müellif yerine “idare” kelimesi kullanılarak ikmalin editörler tarafından yapıldığına işaret edilmiştir. Gerek bu tür ortak maddelerde gerekse yeni yazılan maddelerde “idare” imzasının çokça kullanılmış olması editörlerin ve merkez müelliflerinin katkısının bir hayli fazla olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Ancak çevrilip ikmal edilen maddeler için bu imzanın kullanılması bir ölçüde mâkul karşılansa da “Pakistan”, “Sîret”, “Sıddîk Hasan Han Kannevcî”, “Muhammed Kāsım Nânevtevî”, “Muhammed Enver Şah Keşmîrî” ve “Marmaduke William Pickthall” gibi önemli maddelerin de bu anonim imzayla çıkarılması eleştiriye açık bir husustur.
Ansiklopedinin muhtevasına bakıldığında The Encyclopaedia of Islam ’ın birinci ve ikinci neşirleri üzerine ciddi katkıların yapıldığı görülmektedir. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ’da bulunmayan İslâm sanatı ve bilimi, Fars ve Urdu edebiyatları, İslâm ülkeleriyle ilgili maddeler tamamlanmış, özellikle Urdu dili ve edebiyatına, mahallî dillere, Hint-Pakistan coğrafyasına, tarih ve kültürüne, âlimlerine ve eserlerine dair birçok yeni madde ilâve edilmiş veya mevcutların yerine yenileri yazılmıştır. “Ahmed Han”, “Urdu”, “Âzâd”, “Eşref Ali Tehânevî”, “Birelvî”, “Pakistan”, “Peştu”, “Pencâbî”, “Cem‘iyye (Hindustan aor Pakistan)”, “Diyûbendî”, “Rızâ Han”, “Refîuddin”, “Sîret”, “Sıddîk Hasan Han Kannevcî”, “Abdülhak (Bâbâ-yı Urdu)”, “Şâh Abdülkādir Dihlevî”, “Ubeydullah Sindî”, “’İnâyetullah Han el-Meşrikī”, “Mahmûd Hasan”, “Medâris”, “Na‘t: Urdu” gibi maddeler bunlardan bazılarıdır. İslâmiyet’e dair önemli maddeler yeniden yazılmış veya ciddi eklemeler yapılmıştır. Meselâ “Hazret-i Muhammed” maddesi (XIX, 3-312) tamamen yeniden yazılmış, daha sonra bazı düzenlemelerle birlikte Sîret-i Ḫayrü’l-enâm adıyla müstakil kitap halinde basılmıştır (Lahor 1999, 1424/2003). “Kur’ân” maddesi de Gulâm Ahmed Harîrî, Abdülkayyûm, Muhammed İshak Battî ve editörlerin eklemeleriyle bir hayli genişletilmiştir (XVI/1, s. 318-617). Türk tarihi ve medeniyetiyle ilgili bazı maddeler, The Encyclopaedia of Islam ’ın Türkçe tercümesi ve ikmali olan İslâm Ansiklopedisi ’nden alınmış, şarkiyatçılara da yeni maddeler yazdırılmıştır. Türkçe tercümeye nisbetle İslâm’la ilgili maddelere yönelik müdahale ve iyileştirmeler Urdû Dâʾire-i Maʿârif-i İslâmiyye ’de daha fazladır. Urduca ansiklopedide The Encyclopaedia of Islam ’daki maddelerde yer alan çok sayıda hatanın tashih edildiği görülmektedir (Hamidullah, WI , VI/3-4 [1961], s. 245-246). Muhammed Hamîdullah, incelediği ilk fasiküllere dayanarak maddelerin güzel tercüme edildiğini ifade etmekle birlikte (İTED , II/2-4 [1960], s. 280) özellikle ilk ciltlerdeki tercümelerde aslına sadık kalma endişesiyle çok ağdalı bir dil kullanılmış, metin yer yer zor anlaşılır hale gelmiştir. Ayrıca bazı maddelerde fahiş tercüme hataları yapılmıştır (örnekler için bk. Khalidi, XXXVI/1 [1962], s. 79-81). Gerek tercüme edilen gerekse yeniden yazılan bir kısım maddelerdeki muhteva yetersizliği, ansiklopedinin genelinde uyum ve iç bütünlüğü eksikliği, eserlerin basım yeri ve tarihlerindeki hatalar dikkat çekmekle birlikte bunların uzun zaman içinde gerçekleştirilen hacimli ve ortak bir çalışmada kaçınılması zor hususlar olduğu da belirtilmelidir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Urdû Dâʾire-i Maʿârif-i İslâmiyye , I-XXIV, Lahor 1962-92.
Urdû Dâʾire-i Maʿârif-i İslâmiyye Ehl-i ʿİlm kî Naẓar meyn (Urdu Encyclopaedia of Islam: Views of Some Eminent Scholars) , Lahor 1970.
Prospectus of the Encyclopaedia of Islam in Urdu: A Panjab University Project , Lahor, ts. (Punjab University Press).
Introducing Urdu Encyclopaedia of Islam , Lahor, ts. (Punjab University Publication).
M. Hamîdullah, “Orduca İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Lahor 1959”, İTED , II/2-4 (1960), s. 278-280.
a.mlf., “The Urdu Edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam”, WI , VI/3-4 (1961), s. 244-247.
A. N. MD. Khalidi, “Urdu Encyclopaedia of Islam”, IC , XXXVI/1 (1962), s. 79-81.
Mahmûdü’l-Hasan Ârif, “İbtidâʾiye”, Tekmile-i Urdû Dâʾire-i Maʿârif-i İslâmiyye , Lahor 2002, I, 2-6.
Abdülhamit Birışık, “Muhammed Şefî‘”, DİA , XXX, 575.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 169-170 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.