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ÜSKÜDAR MATBAASI Skip to content 1802’de Üsküdar Harem’de Selimiye Kışlası civarında kurulan matbaa.
İstanbul’da Mühendishâne Matbaası’nın yer darlığı sebebiyle taşındığı Üsküdar’da faaliyet gösterdiği için bu adla anılır. Matbaanın yeni yeri Harem İskelesi’nin arkasında inşaatı henüz bitmiş Selimiye Kışlası civarında yalnızca bu işe tahsis edilmiş müstakil büyük bir binadır. Selimiye kışlası, camisi, hamamı ve etrafındaki binalarıyla âdeta yeni kurulmuş bir şehir haline gelmiştir. Bu “şehr-i cedîd” içinde “sekiz on kese sarfıyla erbâb-ı ulûm ve fünûn teksirine ve cemî‘ maârif ve sanâyie dâir ve envâ-ı kütüb ve haritalar tab‘ olunmak için kebîr bir tabhâne dahi inşa edilmiş olduğu” devrin kaynaklarında belirtilmektedir (Beydilli, TED , XII [1987], s. 336-337; Türk Bilim ve Matbaacılık Tarihinde Mühendishâne , s. 136). Matbaa binasının müstakil ve gösterişli bir yapı olduğu dönemin görgü şahitlerinden Behiç Efendi tarafından da vurgulanmıştır (Sevânihü’l-levâyih , vr. 70a ). Aynî Efendi de binayı tavsif ederken bunun padişahın şahsiyeti gibi büyük olduğunu ifade eder. Dönemin olaylarını özel olarak kaydeden Câbî Ömer Efendi ise Selimiye Kışlası, matbaası ve burada basılan eserler hakkında bilgi aktarır (Târih , I, 38). Câbî Efendi bir başka yerde, “Üsküdar’da Selimiye Câmi-i şerîfi kurbünde muanven kitap ve sair basmahânesi bina ve içine mürettipler ve mubassırlar, mâhiyeler tayin ve Hatice Sultan tarafından 1000 Birgivî risâlesi ve 1000 Van Kulu ve Küçük Tezkireci Muhib Efendi’nin pederinin şerheylediği Âmentü Şerhi basılıp, Atlas-ı Cedîd’ler basılıp ve Harem İskelesi’ne bir kâgir iskele bina …” kayıtlarına yer verir (a.g.e. , I, 90). Selimiye Kışlası’nın deniz tarafındaki ahırların olduğu yerde bulunan matbaa binasının bu ahırların yapımı esnasında (1843) yıkıldığı ayrıca belirtilmektedir (Konyalı, II, 528, 531).
Mühendishâne Matbaası’nın taşınmasının ardından buradaki faaliyetiyle ilgili olarak yeni bir düzenleme yapıldı. Buna göre matbaanın eskiden olduğu gibi masrafları devlet tarafından karşılanan bir kurum olma haline son verildi, belirli şartlarla işletmeye devredilmesi yoluna gidildi ve bir sermaye tahsis edilerek kâr ve zarar hesabıyla çalışacak bir yapıya dönüştürüldü. Bu amaçla mevcut mal varlığına ilâveten 25.000 kuruş sermaye ayrıldı. Matbaanın Selimiye Vakfı arazisi üzerinde olması sebebiyle vakfa senelik 1200 kuruş kira ödemesi öngörüldü. Matbaanın idaresi Mühendishâne Matbaası’nı da idare etmiş olan müderris Abdurrahman Efendi’ye havale edildi ve kendisine bununla ilgili yeni bir berat verildi (Aralık 1802). Matbaanın o zamana kadar Îrâd-ı Cedîd Hazinesi’nden aynen devir ve teslim edilen kitaplarına, basma tezgâhlarına, hurufat ve sair alet ve edevata şimdiye kadar sarfedilen meblağ 66.425 kuruşu bulmaktaydı. Bu paranın 18.301 kuruşu mevcut alet ve edevatın değeri olarak belirlendi ve demirbaş şeklinde Abdurrahman Efendi’nin zimmetine geçirildi. Meblağın 25.000 kuruşu sermaye, geri kalanı da işletmenin kâra geçmesiyle tedrîcen ödenmesi gereken miktar olarak tesbit edildi. Maaşlar yeni işletme tarafından ödenecek, teslim edilen demirbaşın bakımı ve korunması sağlanacak, vakfın kira bedeli düzenli biçimde ödenecekti. Yeni bir idarî yapıya ve sivil bir kimliğe kavuşturulan, ancak bir kamu işletmesi olma özelliğini de kaybetmeyen Üsküdar Matbaası’nda o zamana kadar basılması söz konusu olmayan tefsir ve hadis gibi dinî kitapların basılmasına ve dışarıdan her türlü basım işlerinin kabul edilmesine izin verildi. Matbaanın iş hacmini arttırmak amacıyla da başka basımevlerinin faaliyette bulunmasına yasak getirildi. Bunun içine gayri müslimlerin bastırmak istedikleri dinî eserler de girmekteydi.
Üsküdar Matbaası bu düzen içinde çalışmalarını dört beş yıl kadar sürdürdü ve pek çok değerli eser basıldı. Ancak 1807 yılına gelindiğinde faaliyetini durdurduğu ve kitap basma işlerine son verdiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bunda matbaanın içinde bulunduğu malî sıkıntılar yanında III. Selim’in saltanatının son döneminde yaşanan iç ve dış olayların da etkisinin olduğunu söylemek gerekir. Matbaanın durumunu bir raporla açıklayan eski defter emini vekili Sâlihzâde Hüseyin Beyefendi, konulan sermayenin yetersizliği yüzünden matbaanın terkedilip çalışmaz durumda kaldığını ve başkanlığına tâlip olduğunu bildirmekteydi. Bu mesele matbaadan sorumlu olan Abdurrahman Efendi’yle konuşuldu. Abdurrahman Efendi de matbaanın kapanma merhalesine geldiğini kabul etmekte ve bunu içine düştüğü malî krize bağlamakta, sebep olarak da basılan kitapların satılamayıp elde kalmasını göstermekteydi. Nitekim kitapların İstanbul dışında pazarlanması gerçekleştirilemediğinden mevcut olanların satılıp yatırılan paranın geri dönmesi için senelerin geçmesi gerekmekteydi.
Meselenin tahkiki ve bir karara varılması işi Reîsülküttâb Galib Efendi’ye havale edilince Galib Efendi matbaa idaresine Hüseyin Beyefendi’nin getirilmesinin daha uygun olacağını söyledi. Ardından Hüseyin Beyefendi’ye selefi için öngörülen şartlar dahilinde bir berat düzenlenerek tayini sağlandı (2 Aralık 1807). Galib Efendi ayrıca Türkçe, Arapça, Farsça, Rumca kitap ve risâlelerin başka yerlerde basılmasının önlenmesini ve matbaanın tekel imtiyazının tekrar vurgulanmasını istedi. Hüseyin Beyefendi’nin başkanlığı ancak bir yıl kadar sürdü ve kendisi, Nizâm-ı Cedîd aleyhtarı büyük olaylar yüzünden herhangi bir iş yapmaya fırsat bulamadan ayrılmak zorunda kaldı. Temmuz 1808’de matbaa konusu yeniden ele alındı, idaresi de bu işe tâlip olan Hâcegân’dan Maraşlı Ali Efendi ile Üsküdar Doğancılar Camii imamı Hâfız Mehmed Emin Efendi’ye verildi. Bunların teslim aldığı alet ve edevat, mevcut kitap ve haritalara 33.382 kuruş değer biçildi, bu meblağı hazineye tedrîcen ödemeleri kaydıyla kendilerinden borç senedi alındı.
Bu arada İstanbul’da önemli gelişmeler cereyan etti ve II. Mahmud, Alemdar Mustafa Paşa’nın askerî müdahalesiyle tahta çıkarıldı (6 Temmuz 1808). Alemdar’a karşı duyulan tepki kısa zamanda kendini gösterdi. 15 Kasım’da patlak veren ayaklanma Alemdar’ın ölümüyle sonuçlandı ve tepkiler sarayı da tehdit edecek boyutlara ulaştı. Yeniçeriler, kısa bir zaman önce kurulan Sekbân-ı Cedîd ordusuna karşı duydukları infiali bu askerlerin barındığı Levent ve Selimiye kışlalarını yakmakla gösterdi (17 Kasım 1808). Özellikle Selimiye Kışlası’na yapılan saldırı bütün yakın çevrenin de isyan ve yangın ateşiyle yanmasına ve büyük tahribine yol açtı. Çevrede subayların oturduğu evler yanında vatandaşların ikametgâhları ve dükkânları da yağma edilerek ateşe verildi. Selimiye Kışlası ve çevresindeki binalardan geriye kısmen yanmış olarak Selimiye Camii’nden başka bir şey kalmadı. Harem İskelesi’nin arkasında bulunan matbaanın da bu felâketten etkilendiği anlaşılmaktadır. Doğancılar Camii imamı Mehmed Emin Efendi’nin beyanına göre matbaada mevcut pek çok kitap, alet ve edevat, basım tezgâhları ve diğer malzeme tahrip edildi ve yağmalandı, bir kısmı da yangında mahvoldu. Böylece 1730 Patrona İsyanı’ndan zarar görmediği bilinen Müteferrika Matbaası’nın aksine bu defaki yeniçeri isyanında Nizâm-ı Cedîd’in bir kurumu olarak algılanan Üsküdar Matbaası önemli bir şekilde hasara uğramış oldu.
Bütün bunlara rağmen matbaayı işletmeye devam eden Mehmed Emin ve Ali efendiler bir taraftan alet ve edevatı tanzim etmeye çalışıyor, diğer taraftan da masrafların üstesinden gelmeye ve kira bedelini ödemeye gayret ediyorlardı. Bu arada işletmeciler, matbaaya tanınan tekel imtiyazının işlerliğinin sağlanması için tekrar müracaatta bulundular, İstanbul ve Bilâd-ı Selâse kadılarına hitaben bu yolda bir hükmün çıkarılmasını temin ettiler. Mehmed Emin ve Ali efendiler arasındaki ortaklık matbaanın geçirdiği sıkıntılar ve malî durum yüzünden bir süre sonra bozuldu. Neticede Ali Efendi yıllık 500 kuruşluk bir gelir payı karşılığında işleri ortağına devretti. Ancak Mehmed Emin Efendi’nin de matbaa işlerinin üstesinden gelemediği ve sıkıntıları gideremediği belirtilmektedir. Matbaa faaliyetini zorlukla sürdürmekte, bastıklarını satamamakta, işletme devamlı zarar ettiğinden ödemelerini yapamamakta ve sürekli borçlanmaktadır. Nitekim Eylül 1814’te Âsım Efendi’nin Kāmus tercümesinin basımına karar verildiğinde matbaanın alet ve edevatının yetersiz ve kötü hali, işçilerinin ise dağılmış olduğu ortaya çıktı. Bu durumda matbaanın tekrar İstanbul tarafına, Tersane’de Büyük Havuz’un yanındaki Tâlimhâne’ye nakli düşünüldüyse de bu bina Tersane’ye lâzım olduğundan matbaanın taşınmasından vazgeçilerek Kāmus basımı için gerekli düzenlemelerin yapılması kararlaştırıldı.
1817’de matbaanın idaresinde değişiklik yapıldı. Bu arada vefat etmiş olan matbaanın eski ortağı Ali Efendi’nin mirasçısı ile Mehmed Emin Efendi’nin elinde bulunan yarımşar hisse devlet tarafından alınarak matbaa mukātaası Rûznâmçe-i Evvel Abdürrahim Muhib Efendi’ye verildi. Ardından hesaplar incelendiğinde işletmenin zararda olduğu ve Mehmed Emin Efendi’nin toplam 17.768 kuruş gibi büyük bir borç altına girdiği anlaşıldı. Ayrıca zimmetinde bulunan bazı alet ve edevatın, kitapların mevcut olmadığı görüldü, bunların kendisinden tahsil edilmesi istendi. Mehmed Emin Efendi, hesabını vermek üzere sorgulandığında önce eksik görünen alet ve kitapların bedeli olan 17.768 kuruşluk borca itiraz etti, bu meblağın içinde görünen bazı alet ve kitapların Kasım 1808’deki olaylarda tahrip edildiğini, bazılarının ise yangında yok olduğunu ileri sürdü. Mehmed Emin Efendi kendi beyanına göre o sıralarda seksen yaşını aşmıştı ve borçlarına mahsûben satılmasını teklif ettiği en çok 1000 kuruş değerindeki bir evden başka bir serveti de yoktu. Bu durumda vazifesine devam etmekten başka çaresi olmadığını ifade etti. Neticede matbaa işlerini idare edemeyeceği açık şekilde görüldüğünden ihtiyarlığı ve zaruret halinden dolayı borçlarının silinerek devlet tarafından üstlenilmesine karar verildi.
18 Ağustos 1821 tarihindeki vefatına kadar matbaanın idaresi Abdürrahim Muhib Efendi’nin elinde kaldı. Muhib Efendi’nin matbaa işleriyle ilgilenmesi 1813’te başlamış, özellikle bu ilgi 1814’te Kāmus tercümesinin basımında daha belirgin hale gelmiş ve Kāmus basımı Mehmed Emin Efendi’ye bırakılması icap ederken Muhib Efendi’ye havale edilmişti. Abdürrahim Muhib Efendi’nin dört yıl süren yönetimi esnasında da matbaanın içinde bulunduğu malî durumda herhangi bir düzelme görülmedi, o da selefi gibi dönemini zararla kapattı. Ayrıca Arapoğlu Bogos tarafından imal edilen 1200 adet hurufat sebebiyle 33.950 kuruşluk yeni bir borç oluştu. Borçlu olarak ölen Muhib Efendi’nin daha önce devraldığı ve kendi zamanında yapılan yeni borçları da devlet tarafından zimmetinden silindi. Bunun genel toplamı 99.106 kuruştu. II. Mahmud ise mevcut kitapların satılamayacağını, dolayısıyla basımları için sarfedilen paranın geri gelmeyeceğini söylemekte ve bu durumu matbaa idaresinin ehline havale edilmemesine bağlamaktaydı.
Matbaa reisliği Hâcegân’dan Cebehâne-i Âmire Nâzırı İbrâhim Sâib Efendi’ye verildi. Kendisinin hazırladığı Eylül 1823 tarihli bir rapor matbaanın durumunu aydınlatmaktadır: 1821’de başlayan Rum ayaklanması sebebiyle İstanbul’da alınan güvenlik tedbirleri arasında önemli bazı kurumlardaki Rumlar’ın tasfiyesi de vardı. Böylece matbaada çalışan Rumlar da işten çıkarıldı ve yerlerine müslüman işçilerin konulmasına çalışıldı. Ancak Üsküdar ahalisinden matbaada çalışabilecek yeterli işçilerin tedariki mümkün olmadı. Dolayısıyla matbaa Üsküdar’da kaldığı sürece özellikle musahhih ve mürettiplerin temini ve yetiştirilmesinde devamlı zorluklarla karşılaşılacaktı ve matbaanın İstanbul içinde uygun bir yere taşınması kaçınılmazdı. İbrâhim Sâib Efendi’ye göre bu yer, Süleymaniye civarında uzun süreden beri boş duran Kaptan İbrâhim Paşa Hamamı’dır. Taşınma teklifi II. Mahmud’a sunularak onayı alındı. Kaptan İbrâhim Paşa Hamamı 20.000 kuruşa satın alındı ve bu meblağ iki senede iki taksit halinde geri ödenmek üzere İbrâhim Sâib Efendi’ye borç olarak kaydedildi. Aradan altı ay kadar bir zaman geçtikten sonra yeni matbaa yeri hazır duruma getirilince Üsküdar Matbaası’nda mevcut alet ve edevatın, kitapların dökümü çıkarıldı. Bunlardan yeni matbaaya nakledilecek kullanılır vaziyetteki malzemeler ayrıca belirlendi. Üsküdar Matbaası’nın taşınma işi 7 Haziran 1824’te tamamlandı (Beydilli, Türk Bilim ve Matbaacılık Tarihinde Mühendishâne , s. 144-150) (bu matbaada basılan eserlerin bir listesi için bk. a.g.e. , s. 255-259). Bu matbaa ise genel olarak İstanbul matbaası diye anılmaya başlandı (Dârü’t-tıbâati’l-âmire). BİBLİYOGRAFYA Câbî Ömer Efendi, Târih (haz. Mehmet Ali Beyhan), Ankara 2003, I, 38, 90; Aynî, Dîvân-ı Belâgat-Unvân-ı Aynî , İstanbul 1258, s. 283; Mehmed Emin Behic, Sevânihü’l-levâyih (haz. Ali Osman Çınar, yüksek lisans tezi, 1992), MÜ Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, vr. 70a ; Konyalı, Üsküdar Tarihi , II, 528, 531; Kemal Beydilli, Türk Bilim ve Matbaacılık Tarihinde Mühendishâne, Mühendishâne Matbaası ve Kütüphânesi: 1776-1826 , İstanbul 1995, tür.yer.; a.mlf., “İlk Mühendislerimizden Seyyid Mustafa ve Nizâm-ı Cedîd’e Dair Risâlesi”, TED , XII (1987), s. 436-437.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 629-630 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.