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ÜSMENDÎ Skip to content Ebü’l-Feth Alâüddîn Muhammed b. Abdilhamîd b. Hüseyn el-Üsmendî es-Semerkandî (ö. 552/1157 [?])
Münazaracı yönüyle meşhur olan Hanefî fakihi ve kelâm âlimi.
1/2 Müellif: DAVUT İLTAŞ Bölüme Git
488 (1095) yılında doğdu. Semerkant’ın Üsmend (Esmend) köyünde doğduğu veya ailesi bu köyden olduğu için Üsmendî diye tanındı. Babasının ismi kaynakla…
2/2 Müellif: M. SAİT ÖZERVARLI Bölüme Git
KELÂM. Daha çok fıkıhçılığı ve hilâf ilmine katkılarıyla tanınan Üsmendî’nin Lübâbü’l-kelâm adlı eseri onun kelâmcı yönünün de bulunduğunu ortaya koym…
488 (1095) yılında doğdu. Semerkant’ın Üsmend (Esmend) köyünde doğduğu veya ailesi bu köyden olduğu için Üsmendî diye tanındı. Babasının ismi kaynakların çoğunda Abdülhamîd, bir kısmında Abdülmecîd veya Abdürreşîd şeklinde kaydedilmektedir. Bazı müelliflerin Üsmendî yerine Râzî nisbesini kullanmaları veya Ebû Hâmid, Ebû Bekir gibi künyeler zikretmeleri istinsah hatasından kaynaklanmalıdır. Babasının adında ve künyesindeki karışıklık sebebiyle Ömer Rızâ Kehhâle bu adla iki ayrı kişiye yer vermiştir (Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn , III, 387, 409). Hocalarına dair kaynaklarda fazla bilgi yoktur; ancak Eşref b. Muhammed el-Alevî’den fıkıh tahsil ettiği, Bağdat’ta iken Sadrüşşehîd Ömer b. Abdülazîz el-Buhârî’den hadis rivayet ettiği ve Ali b. Ömer el-Harrât’tan hadis dinlediği nakledilir. Öğrencileri arasında el-Furûḳ sahibi Ebü’l-Muzaffer Es‘ad b. Muhammed el-Kerâbîsî, Sirâceddin el-Ûşî, el-Hidâye müellifinin oğlu Nizâmeddin Ömer el-Mergīnânî’nin isimleri geçer. Tabakat âlimi Sem‘ânî’nin oğlu Abdürrahîm es-Sem‘ânî ve Asyût Kadısı Ebü’l-Berekât Muhammed b. Ali el-Ensârî’nin de ondan hadis rivayet naklettiği belirtilir.
Sem‘ânî’nin bizzat kendisinden dinleyip aktardığına göre Üsmendî, Merv Kadısı Muhammed b. Hüseyin el-Ersâbendî’yi görmek için Merv’e gitti, onu bulamayınca babasının (Muhammed b. Mansûr es-Sem‘ânî) dersine katıldı, daha sonra oradan ayrıldı. Hac münasebetiyle Bağdat’ı ziyaret ettiğinde buradaki âlimlerle münazaralarda bulundu ve onlara üstünlüğünü kabul ettirdi. Ayrıca Bağdat’ta iken İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin vaaz meclisine katıldı, hocası Sadrüşşehîd’in oğlu Ebû Ca‘fer Şemseddin Muhammed b. Ömer’le görüştü. Ancak kaynaklarda, Üsmendî’nin aynı bölgeye mensup çağdaşı Tuḥfetü’l-fuḳahâʾ müellifi Alâeddin es-Semerkandî ile görüşüp görüşmediğine dair bir bilgiye rastlanmamıştır. Hacdan döndükten sonra hayatının son dönemlerinde münazara ve cedeli terkedip zühd hayatı yaşadı ve birçok biyografi kaynağına göre 552 (1157) yılında vefat etti. İbnü’l-Cevzî, İbn Hacer, İbn Tağrîberdî ve İbnü’l-İmâd gibi müellifler ölüm tarihini 563 (1168) olarak kaydeder. Sem‘ânî’nin 553’te hac dönüşünde Merv’de Üsmendî ile görüştüğünü belirtmesi ölüm tarihi hakkındaki soru işaretlerini arttırmaktadır.
Biyografi yazarları Üsmendî’nin önde gelen bir münazaracı olduğu, cedel ve hitabette yetenekli sayıldığı konusunda aynı fikirdedir. Ṭarîḳatü’l-ḫilâf adlı eserinde mezhebin görüşünü savunmak ve muhalif görüşleri reddetmek için naslar yerine daha ziyade cedel usulünü kullanması bu yönünü açıkça ortaya koymaktadır. Fıkıh, fıkıh usulü, hilâfiyat ve kelâm alanlarında tanınan Üsmendî hakkında kaynaklarda iki iddia yer almaktadır. İbn Tağrîberdî’nin ileri sürüp İbnü’l-İmâd tarafından tekrarlanan onun ilim konusunda cimri olduğu, hatta sorulan sorulara bile cevap vermediği yönünde bir iddia vardır. Daha erken dönemdeki kaynaklarda geçmeyen bu iddia Üsmendî’nin münazaracı kimliği ve ilmî temaslara açık yapısıyla uyuşmamaktadır. Bir eserini arkadaşlarının isteği üzerine kaleme aldığını belirtmesi de (Beẕlü’n-naẓar , s. 3) bu iddianın zayıflığına işaret eder. İddia eğer doğru ise bunun münazarayı terkedip uzlete çekildiği hayatının son dönemlerine ait bir tavır olması mümkündür. İkincisi bazı kaynaklarda yer alan içki alışkanlığıyla ilgili iddiadır. Özellikle İbnü’l-Cevzî, Zehebî, İbn Hacer gibi Şâfiî ve Hanbelî biyografi yazarlarının yer verdiği bu iddia, Sem‘ânî’nin içki içtiği gerekçesiyle Üsmendî’den hadis rivayet etmediği şeklindeki sözlerine dayanmaktadır. Bu ifade sonraki kaynaklarda bazı eklemelerle onun içki müptelâsı olduğu şeklinde yayılmıştır. İbn Hacer, İbnü’l-Cevzî’den naklen Üsmendî’nin münazarayı bırakıp kendini ibadete ve hayır işlerine vermesinden hareketle onun bu alışkanlığı terkettiğini ileri sürer. Ancak Sem‘ânî, kendisinin hadis rivayet etmediğini belirttiği halde oğlunun Üsmendî’den hadis rivayetinde bulunduğunu, ayrıca tövbe ettiğine ilişkin herhangi bir şey söylemeden hac dönüşünde Merv’e uğradığında ona birtakım hadisleri okuduğunu belirtmesi söz konusu iddiayı zayıflatır niteliktedir. Hanefî biyografi yazarlarının eserlerinde böyle bir iddiaya yer vermemeleri dikkat çekicidir. Bu durum söz konusu suçlamanın Hanefîler’in mubah, diğer mezheplerin haram saydığı nebîzle ilgili tartışmanın abartılmasından kaynaklanmış olabileceğini düşündürmektedir (krş. Ṭarîḳatü’l-ḫilâf , neşredenin girişi, s. 37-39).
Eserleri. 1. Ṭarîḳatü’l-ḫilâf beyne’l-eʾimmeti’l-eslâf . Fıkıh konularına göre düzenlenen eser, Hanefîlik içinde bazı görüş farklılıklarının yanında özellikle Hanefîler’le Şâfiîler arasında ihtilâflı 200 civarında meseleyi içermektedir. Metinde daha çok aklî gerekçelere yer verildiği ve bu yönüyle cedel tekniğinin ağırlıklı biçimde uygulandığı görülmektedir. Beẕlü’n-naẓar ve Lübâbü’l-kelâm adlı eserlerinin mukaddimesinde müellif bu eserini zikretmektedir. Atıfta bulunmamakla birlikte mesele başlıklarının bile çoğunlukla aynı olması sebebiyle Sıbt İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin Îs̱ârü’l-inṣâf fî âs̱âri’l-ḫilâf adlı eserinde Üsmendî’nin bu kitabından faydalandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Öte yandan Osman b. Ali ez-Zeylaî Tebyînü’l-ḥaḳāʾiḳ ’te yirmiden fazla yerde esere atıfta bulunmuştur. Eser Muhammed Zekî Abdülber (Kahire 1410/1990) ve Ali Muhammed Muavvaz (Beyrut 1413/1992) tarafından yayımlanmıştır.
2. Beẕlü’n-naẓar fi’l-uṣûl . Son dönem kaynaklarında bu adla geçmektedir (Leknevî, s. 176; Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , II, 92; Ziriklî, VI, 187; Kehhâle, III, 387). Eserin yazma nüshasının başında Kitâbü’l-Mîzân fî uṣûli’l-fıḳh şeklinde bir kayıt varsa da (neşredenin girişi, s. 43) bu başlık muhtemelen Mîzânü’l-uṣûl müellifi Alâeddin es-Semerkandî’nin eseriyle karıştırılarak müstensih tarafından konulmuştur. Eserin mukaddimesinde (s. 3) müellifin Ṭarîḳatü’l-ḫilâf adlı eserine atıfta bulunulması kitabın Üsmendî’ye ait olduğunu göstermektedir. Giriş kısmında müellif, arkadaşlarının kendisinden usulün bütün konularını içeren bir eser yazmasını istediklerini, bunun üzerine kitabını kaleme aldığını belirtir. Konuların tertibi bakımından büyük ölçüde Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî’nin Kitâbü’l-Muʿtemed ’ine benzeyen eserde birçok açıklama isim verilmeden ondan iktibas edilmiştir (örnek olarak krş. Beẕlü’n-naẓar , s. 269-306; el-Muʿtemed , I, 316-363). Bununla birlikte müellif, Mu‘tezile usulcüleri ve Hanefîler arasında ihtilâflı meselelerde mezhebinin görüşlerini savunmuştur. Eserin, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ndeki tek yazma nüshası (Damad İbrâhim Paşa, nr. 485) esas alınarak Muhammed Zekî Abdülber tarafından edisyon kritiği yapılmıştır (Kahire 1412/1992). Ayrıca Yahyâ Murâd tarafından el-Mîzân fî uṣûli’l-fıḳh başlığıyla gerçekleştirilen bir neşri daha mevcuttur (Beyrut 1425/2004).
3. Lübâbü’l-kelâm . Hanefî-Mâtürîdî itikadî geleneğini özlü biçimde ortaya koyan bir eserdir. Bazı kaynaklarda el-Hidâye fi’l-kelâm (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 2040; Kehhâle, III, 387) ve el-Hidâye fî uṣûli’l-iʿtiḳād (Leknevî, s. 176) adıyla geçen eserin ismi yazma nüshalarının birinde Kitâb fî Taṣḥîḥi’l-iʿtiḳād , diğerinde Lübâbü’l-kelâm şeklinde kaydedilmiştir. Söz konusu başlıkların çoğunun eserin mukaddimesindeki ifadelerden kaynaklandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Eserin içeriğine uygunluğu gerekçesiyle M. Sait Özervarlı, Lübâbü’l-kelâm ismini tercih ederek bir giriş ve değerlendirmeyle birlikte kitabı neşretmiştir (İstanbul 1426/2005). Üsmendî, eserinin sonunda kelâma dair daha geniş bir çalışma yapmayı düşündüğünü belirtmekte, ancak onun böyle bir eseri yazıp yazmadığı bilinmemektedir.
4. Şerḥu Manẓûmeti’n-Nesefiyye . Necmeddin en-Nesefî’nin hilâf ilmine dair eserinin şerhi olup kaynaklarda Ḥaṣrü’l-mesâʾil ve ḳaṣrü’d-delâʾil adıyla da geçmektedir. Kataloglarda Muḫtelifü’r-rivâye fî şerḥi’l-Manẓûme ve ʿAvnü’d-dirâye ve muḫtelifü’r-rivâye isimleriyle Üsmendî’ye nisbet edilen eserler de aynı kitaptır. Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn ’da (II, 1187) ve Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn ’de (III, 387) Ḥaṣrü’l-mesâʾil ’in Ebü’l-Leys es-Semerkandî’nin ʿUyûnü’l-mesâʾil adlı eserinin şerhi diye kaydedilmesi doğru değildir. Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde belirtilen farklı isimlerle esere ait çok sayıda yazma nüsha bulunmaktadır (Lübâbü’l-kelâm , neşredenin Türkçe yazdığı giriş, s. 28-29).
Biyografi kitaplarında, Üsmendî’ye nisbetle el-ʿÂlimî adıyla bilinen fıkha dair birkaç ciltlik bir ta‘lika ve bir tefsir kitabı zikredilse de bunların günümüze ulaştığına dair bilgi yoktur. Öte yandan Alâeddin es-Semerkandî’ye ait Tuḥfetü’l-fuḳahâʾ , Mîzânü’l-uṣûl fî netâʾici’l-ʿuḳūl , Şerḥu Teʾvîlâti’l-Ḳurʾân adlı eserler de isim ve nisbe benzerliği sebebiyle bazı kaynaklarda Üsmendî’ye izâfe edilmiştir (Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , II, 92; Kehhâle, III, 387). Bağdatlı İsmâil Paşa, Nûreddin es-Sâbûnî’nin el-Hidâye üzerine yazdığı kelâma dair şerhi Üsmendî’ye nisbet etmiştir (Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , II, 92).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Üsmendî, Ṭarîḳatü’l-ḫilâf fi’l-fıḳh beyne’l-eʾimmeti’l-eslâf (nşr. M. Zekî Abdülber), Kahire 1410/1990, neşredenin girişi, s. 17-39.
a.mlf., Beẕlü’n-naẓar fi’l-uṣûl (nşr. M. Zekî Abdülber), Kahire 1412/1992, s. 3, 269-306, ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, s. 17-45.
a.mlf., Lübâbü’l-kelâm (nşr. M. Sait Özervarlı), İstanbul 1426/2005, s. 32, 195, ayrıca bk. neşredenin Türkçe yazdığı giriş, s. 25-30.
Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî, el-Muʿtemed , I, 316-363.
Sem‘ânî, el-Ensâb , I, 255-256.
İbnü’l-Cevzî, el-Muntaẓam , XVIII, 180.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân , Beyrut 1977, I, 189.
Osman b. Ali ez-Zeylaî, Tebyînü’l-ḥaḳāʾiḳ , Bulak 1313, III, 184, 230.
Zehebî, Târîḫu’l-İslâm: sene 551-560 , s. 97-98.
Safedî, el-Vâfî bi’l-vefeyât (nşr. Ahmed el-Arnaût – Türkî Mustafa), Beyrut 1420/2000, III, 182.
Ebü’l-Fidâ İbn Kesîr, el-Bidâye ve’n-nihâye (nşr. Abdullah b. Abdülmuhsin et-Türkî), Cîze 1419/1998, XVI, 427.
Kureşî, el-Cevâhirü’l-muḍıyye , III, 208-209; IV, 136, 418.
İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Lisânü’l-Mîzân (nşr. Abdülfettâh Ebû Gudde), Beyrut 1423/2002, VII, 274-275.
Bedreddin el-Aynî, el-Binâye , Beyrut 1411/1990, VIII, 255.
İbn Tağrîberdî, en-Nücûmü’z-zâhire (nşr. M. Hüseyin Şemseddin), Beyrut 1413/1992, V, 359.
İbn Kutluboğa, Tâcü’t-terâcim fî ṭabaḳāti’l-Ḥanefiyye (nşr. M. Hayr Ramazan Yûsuf), Dımaşk 1413/1992, s. 243-244, 265.
Süyûtî, Ṭabaḳātü’l-müfessirîn (nşr. Ali M. Ömer), Kahire 1396/1976, II, 177.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1187, 1636, 1868, 2040.
İbnü’l-İmâd, Şeẕerât (Arnaût) , VI, 348.
Ahmed b. Muhammed Edirnevî, Ṭabaḳātü’l-müfessirîn (nşr. Süleyman b. Sâlih el-Hizzî), Medine 1417/1997, s. 186.
Leknevî, el-Fevâʾidü’l-behiyye , s. 176.
Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , I, 641.
Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , II, 92.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm , IV, 187.
Kehhâle, Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn , III, 387, 409.
M. Sait Özervarlı, “Alâeddin el-Üsmendî’nin Kelâmcılığı ve Bilgi Teorisi: Maverâünnehir Kelâm Düşüncesine Bir Katkı”, İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi , sy. 10, İstanbul 2003, s. 39-63.
Burhan en-Nefâtî, “el-Üsmendî, Ebü’l-Fetḥ Muḥammed b. ʿAbdülḥamîd”, Mv.AU , I, 674-680.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 388-389 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
KELÂM. Daha çok fıkıhçılığı ve hilâf ilmine katkılarıyla tanınan Üsmendî’nin Lübâbü’l-kelâm adlı eseri onun kelâmcı yönünün de bulunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Üsmendî kelâm konularını işlerken özellikle Mu‘tezile’nin delillerini cevaplandırmak suretiyle Mâverâünnehir’deki Hanefî/Mâtürîdî kelâm ekolünün naklî ve aklî delillerini sunmaktadır. Bilhassa fıkıh usulüyle ilgili Beẕlü’n-naẓar adlı eserinde Hanefî/Mu‘tezilî âlimi Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî’nin kelâmî usul teorisinden ve onun el-Muʿtemed ’inden etkilenmişse de kelâmda kesinlikle Mu‘tezilî değildir. Çünkü halku’l-Kur’ân, ef‘âl-i ibâd, aslah, rü’yetullah gibi tartışmalı konularda Mu‘tezile’nin görüşlerini reddettiği gibi bu ekolü kastederek Kaderiyye’yi müstakil bir başlık altında eleştirmiştir (Lübâbü’l-kelâm , s. 144-154). Ayrıca tekvin sıfatını ve bunun mükevvenden farklı olduğunu savunması da onun bazı sentez girişimlerine rağmen Mâverâünnehir ilim geleneğinin genel çerçevesi içinde kaldığını göstermektedir. Üsmendî, ele aldığı konularda kendi görüşünün doğruluğunu ispat etmeye çalışırken okuyucunun meseleyi iyice anlaması ve kesin bir kanaate ulaşabilmesi için iki aşamalı bir akıl yürütme yöntemi kullanmıştır. “Tarîkatü’l-binâ’” adını verdiği birinci aşamada meseleyi ilke temelinde ele alıp içeriğini ortaya koyarken “tarîkatü’l-ibtidâ’” dediği ikinci aşamada konuyu bütün yönleriyle baştaki ilke etrafında temellendirmektedir. Bu yöntem Üsmendî’ye hem bütünüyle meselelerin neye dayandığını gösterme, hem de onların açılımını yapıp yorumlama imkânı sağlamaktadır. Onun bu yöntemi kendi düşüncesine sistematik bir nitelik kazandırmıştır. Ayrıca kelâm meselelerini ele alış biçimi incelendiğinde muhakeme gücü ve cevap verme kabiliyetinin yanında kendine has tercih ve eğilimleri de kolayca farkedilmektedir.
Kelâmcıların değişik bilgi tanımlarını nakledip kendi görüşlerini belirtirken Mu‘tezile’nin bilgiyi inanç diye tanımlamasını, bazı kelâmcıların ise mârifetle açıklamalarını doğru bulmayan Üsmendî, kaynaklarda Eş‘arî’ye nisbet edilen “sahibini âlim kılan mâna” şeklindeki tanımı tercih eder (a.g.e. , s. 34-36; Beẕlü’n-naẓar , s. 8). Lübâbü’l-kelâm ’da kısaca temas ettiği haberle ilgili görüşlerinin ayrıntıları daha çok fıkıh usulüyle alâkalı eserinde verir. Haberin tanımını “iki şey arasında olumlu veya olumsuz nisbeti ifade eden söz” şeklinde yapar (Beẕlü’n-naẓar , s. 367-370; krş. Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî, II, 73-75). Üsmendî, sadece duyulara dayalı bilgilerle sınırlı kalmanın pratikte imkânsız göründüğünü, dolayısıyla günlük hayatla ilgili birçok bilginin haberle elde edildiğini belirtir. Nübüvveti ispatlanan kişiden gelen kesin haberlerin mütevâtir gibi bağlayıcı bilgi sağladığını, bu sebeple haberin delil kabul edilme özelliğine yönelik bazı mezhep ve grupların gösterdiği muhalefetin yersiz olduğunu söyler (Lübâbü’l-kelâm , s. 37-39; Beẕlü’n-naẓar , s. 372-393; krş. Mâtürîdî, s. 13-15). Duyuların ulaşamadığı, hakkında zaruri bilginin bulunmadığı konularda akıl yürütmenin devreye girdiğini ifade eden Üsmendî pratik hayattaki yaygın kullanım dikkate alındığında onsuz bir işin yapılamayacağını belirtir. Çünkü insanlar bir mesele ile karşılaştıklarında işi bilgisizliğe, kendi haline veya zevke bırakmayıp konuyu anlamak ve çıkabilecek problemlere çözüm getirmek için gayret gösterirler. Tarih boyunca gerçekleşen bu tecrübe akıl yürütmenin gerekliliğinin ispatı için güçlü bir delildir. Yanlış akıl yürütmelerin mevcudiyeti bu metodun geçerliliğine halel getirmez. Esasen akıl yürütmeyi inkâr edenler bu iddialarını yine bir akıl yürütme yoluyla ortaya koymaya çalışırlar (Lübâbü’l-kelâm , s. 39-43).
Üsmendî, Allah’ın varlığını ispat etme konusunda akıl yürütmenin delil olma özelliğinin bulunup bulunmadığı üzerinde durur, Allah’ı bilmenin aklen ve dinen gerekliliği prensibinden hareket eder. Buna göre kişinin kendisi de dahil kâinatı meydana getiren bir yaratıcının mevcudiyetine ve O’na şükür görevini yerine getirmesine yönelik akıl yürütmesi vâciptir ve bu konuda taklit câiz değildir. Ayrıca dinî hükümlerin doğruluğu, akılla ispatlanabilen bir yaratıcının varlığı ve O’nun hikmetten uzak bir iş yapmadığı bilgisine dayanır. Bir cihet ve mekânda bulunmayan ve zihinde tasavvur edilemeyen bir ilâhın varlığının ispatlanamayacağı şeklindeki muhtemel itiraza Üsmendî, Allah’ın duyularla hissedilen değil akılla bilinen bir varlık olduğu tezinden hareketle ispatının imkân dahilinde bulunduğunu söyler. Bu tür ispatta kabul ve red açısından aklî bir zorunluluk yoktur. Nitekim insanda mevcut akıl, ilim ve kudret gibi özelliklerin varlığı da duyularla hissedilmediği halde aklî çıkarımlarla bilinip kabul edilir (a.g.e. , s. 42-44; Beẕlü’n-naẓar , s. 677). Üsmendî, müslüman çoğunluğunun mutlak mukallit olmayıp icmâlî de olsa kendilerine özgü delillere dayandıklarını, bedevîlere varıncaya kadar hemen herkesin basit bir şekilde eserden müessire ulaşmak suretiyle bir yaratıcı fikrine ulaşabildiğini belirtir (Lübâbü’l-kelâm , s. 45-46).
Tekvin ile mükevvenin aynı olduğu görüşündeki Eş‘arîler’den farklı olarak Mâtürîdîler’in kabul ettiği tekvin-mükevven ayırımını ve tekvinin kadîm, mükevvenin hâdis olduğu görüşünü savunan Üsmendî söz konusu tekvin telakkisinin yaratılmışların ezelîliğini kabule götüreceği tezini reddeder (a.g.e. , s. 88-90). Allah’a nisbet edilen arş üzerine istivâ, semada bulunma ve yere inme (nüzûl) gibi haberî sıfatları yaratılmışlar arasındaki mekân ve yön ilişkisine dair aklî delillerle karşılaştırır, söz konusu naslarda literal anlamların kastedilmediğini söyler. Bu sebeple zâhirî ve lafzî mânası teşbih ifade eden bu tür nasların te’vil edilmesi gerekir. Meselâ istivâ “hâkimiyeti altına alması”, gökte bulunma “yarattığı eserlerin orada bulunması”, nüzûl “Cebrâil’in gönderilmesi” şeklinde anlaşılmalıdır (a.g.e. , s. 69-71). Allah’ın varlığı ve sıfatları kabul edildikten sonra insanlara doğruyu göstermek ve örneklik yapmak üzere O’nun tarafından peygamberlerin gönderilmesi hikmet açısından gereklidir. Çünkü akıl nimete şükretmenin iyiliğini, nankörlüğün kötülüğünü bilmekle beraber şükrün ayrıntısını, nasıl, ne kadar ve ne zaman yerine getirileceğini bilemez (a.g.e. , s. 99-101).
Üsmendî, Hz. Peygamber’in nübüvvetine delil olarak önce hissî mûcizeleri sıralar, ardından Kur’an mûcizesine yer verir. Kur’an’ın kıyamete kadar devam eden bir mûcize niteliği taşıması açısından ayrı bir önemi bulunduğunu, Araplar’ın fesahat ve belâgatta benzerini meydana getirmekten âciz kaldıklarını, bu aczin önemsememekten ileri gelmediğini, aksine bütün niyet, arzu ve girişimlere rağmen onun getirdiği vahiyde bir kusur veya çelişkinin yer almamasından kaynaklandığını belirtir (a.g.e. , s. 104-110). Aklın fiillerdeki iyilik ve kötülüğü (hüsün ve kubuh) anlaması konusunda Ebû Hanîfe’ye kadar dayandırılan ve Mâtürîdî’den nakledilen müsbet yaklaşıma sahip çıkan Üsmendî bunun Allah’ın vâcip kılma otoritesiyle çelişmediğini savunur. İyi ve kötü fiiller arasındaki fark doğrudan söz konusu fiillerin hallerini tesbitle ilgilidir, bu sebeple Eş‘arîler’in hüsün ve kubhun tesbitini sem‘î delillere hasredip aklın rolünü devre dışı bırakmaları doğru değildir (a.g.e. , s. 47-50).
İmâmetin gerekliliği başta sahâbe devri olmak üzere bütün dönemlerde ümmetin icmâıyla sabittir. Ayrıca dinin korunması, ahkâmın uygulanması, anlaşmazlıkların halli, zekâtın toplanması, cuma ve bayram namazlarının kıldırılması, diplomatik münasebetlerin yürütülmesi, dış saldırıların önlenmesi gibi işlerin yerine getirilebilmesi için müslümanların başında birinin bulunması aklen de gereklidir. Müslümanların liderliğini üstlenecek kişi hür, âkıl bâliğ, erkek, müslüman, âdil, helâl ve haramı bilen, inisiyatif sahibi, mazlumu zalimden kurtaran, had cezalarını uygulayabilen biri olmalı, rivayet edilen bir hadise göre imamın Kureyş’e mensubiyeti de bulunmalıdır. Ancak bazılarının iddia ettiği gibi onun mâsum, en faziletli kişi, Kureyş’in Hâşimî kolundan ve müctehid olması şart değildir; ayrıca başa getirilmesi irsiyet veya nasla değil güvenilir kişilerin seçimiyle gerçekleşmelidir (a.g.e. , s. 183-190).
Eserlerinde özellikle tartışma metodunu iyi kullanması, karşı görüşleri açıkça ortaya koyup reddetmesi, bu amaçla yaptığı istidlâllerde güçlü deliller getirmesi Üsmendî’nin ilmî birikimi hakkında fikir vermektedir. Hanefî/Mâtürîdî âlimlerinden Ebü’l-Yüsr el-Pezdevî ve Ebü’l-Muîn en-Nesefî’den etkilendiği açıkça görülmekle birlikte onun Mâverâünnehir geleneği içinde sentezci bir çizgiye eğilim gösterdiğini söylemek mümkündür. Üsmendî’nin Mu‘tezile’ye yönelik bazı sert ifadeleri, Ehl-i sünnet’e mensup âlimlerin Mâverâünnehir bölgesinde bu mezhebin yayılmasına karşı verdikleri yoğun mücadeleyle açıklanmalıdır. Benzer bir yaklaşım İmam Mâtürîdî ve mensuplarında da görülmektedir. Eserinde Kaderiyye hakkında müstakil bir başlık açan (s. 152-154) Üsmendî, bu grupla Mu‘tezile’yi kastettiğini söylemeye çalışırken onlara karşı ithamlarda bulunmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Üsmendî, Beẕlü’n-naẓar fi’l-uṣûl (nşr. M. Zekî Abdülber), Kahire 1412/1992, s. 8, 367-370, 372-393, 677.
a.mlf., Lübâbü’l-kelâm (nşr. M. Sait Özervarlı), İstanbul 1426/2005, tür.yer.
Mâtürîdî, Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd (nşr. Bekir Topaloğlu – Muhammed Aruçi), Ankara 1423/2003, s. 13-15.
Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî, el-Muʿtemed (nşr. Halîl el-Meys), Beyrut 1403/1983, II, 73-75.
M. Sait Özervarlı, “Alâeddin el-Üsmendî’nin Kelâmcılığı ve Bilgi Teorisi: Mâverâünnehir Kelâm Düşüncesine Bir Katkı”, İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi , sy. 10, İstanbul 2003, s. 39-63.
Burhan en-Nefâtî, “el-Üsmendî, Ebü’l-Fetḥ Muḥammed b. ʿAbdülḥamîd”, Mv.AU , I, 674-680.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 389-391 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır. Bu bölüm en son 04.01.2019 tarihinde güncellenmiştir.