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ÜSTÂDÜDDÂR Skip to content Bazı müslüman devletlerde sarayın ve sultan emlâkinin idaresinden sorumlu görevli.
Kelimenin menşei hakkında Farsça istez ve dâr kelimelerinden oluştuğu (isteddâr, siteddâr ) ve “alım memuru” anlamına geldiği (Kalkaşendî, V, 457; İbn Tağrîberdî, VII, 166), Farsça üstâz ile Arapça dâr kelimelerinden meydana geldiği (üstâzü’d-dâr, üstâdü’d-dâr ) ve “evin sorumlusu” mânasını taşıdığı (Hasan el-Bâşâ, I, 39; DMBİ , VIII, 139) yahut Farsça “baş usta” anlamındaki ustaserâ kelimesinin Arapça’ya üstâz şeklinde geçtiği ve zamanla üstâdâr biçimine dönüştüğü (Makrîzî, I/3, s. 794, nâşir dipnotu, nr. 3) görüşleri ileri sürülmüştür. Son çalışmalarda birinci görüşün doğru olduğu kanaati ağırlık kazanmıştır.
Abbâsîler’de ve onlara ait topraklarda kurulan müslüman hânedanlarda IV. (X.) yüzyılın başlarından itibaren üstâdüddâr unvanı taşıyan bir görevlinin bulunduğu görülmektedir. Nitekim 311 (923) yılında vezirliğe tayin edilen İbnü’l-Furât el-Âkūlî’nin maiyetinde “üstâzü dârihi” diye adlandırılan bir görevliden bahsedilir. Yine, 323’te (935) öldürülen Merdâvîc b. Ziyâr’ın ve Büveyhî Hükümdarı Adudüddevle’nin üstâdüddârlarının bulunduğu zikredilmektedir. Bunun yanında sarayın idaresinden sorumlu “kahramâne” unvanı taşıyan kadın görevliden ve onun yerine üstâdüddârın tayin edilmesinden söz edilmektedir. Nitekim Selçuklu Sultanı Melikşah’ın hanımı Terken Hatun, kızıyla evlenecek olan Halife Muktedî-Biemrillâh’a evliliğin gerçekleşmesi için sarayındaki kahramâneyi görevden almasını şart koşmuştu (İbnü’l-Cevzî, XVI, 222-223). Müstazhir-Billâh devrinde ise (1094-1118) kahramânenin yerine üstâdüddâr unvanını taşıyan erkek görevli getirilmiştir (Yılmaz, sy. 21 [2009], s. 15-21).
Diğer taraftan Memlükler dönemi tarihçilerinden İbn Tağrîberdî (en-Nücûmü’z-zâhire , V, 267) ve İbn İyâs (Bedâʾiʿu’z-zühûr , I/1, s. 310) üstâdüddârlık kurumunun Abbâsîler’de VI. (XII.) yüzyılın ortalarına doğru ortaya çıktığını ve bu görevin ilk defa, Muktefî-Liemrillâh’ın Benî Cehîr ailesinden Ebû Nasr Nizâmeddin Muhammed (Muzaffer) b. Ali’yi 535’te (1140-41) üstâdüddârlıktan vezirliğe getirmesiyle duyulduğunu söylemektedir. Bazı araştırmacılar bu bilgiyi üstâdüddârın görev alanının genişletilmesi, yetkilerinin arttırılması, dolayısıyla üstâdüddârlığın kurumsal şeklini alması olarak değerlendirmiş ve üstâdüddâr unvanının bu tarihe kadar kahramâne, üstâdü’l-gulâm ve hâcib gibi sarayın idaresinden sorumlu görevliler için kullanılan genel bir lakap olduğunu ileri sürmüştür (Yılmaz, sy. 21 [2009], s. 10-11). Bu müessesenin Selçuklular’dan Abbâsîler’e intikal ettiği hususu da neredeyse kesinlik kazanmıştır (a.g.e. , sy. 21 [2009], s. 21-23; Kucur, sy. 14 [2006], s. 1-5).
Kaynaklarda, Abbâsîler’de VI. (XII.) yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren üstâdüddârlığın mahiyeti ve üstâdüddârların görevleriyle ilgili bilgiler bulunmaktadır. Müsterşid-Billâh’ın 529 (1135) yılında kaybettiği bir savaşın ardından Bağdat’taki üstâdüddârına yazdığı mektupta ondan halka ihtimam göstermesini, hâs bölgelere ait vergilerin toplanmasına ve Kâbe kisvesinin hazırlanmasına nezaret etmesini emrettiği (İbnü’l-Cevzî, XVII, 295), Müstencid-Billâh’ın üstâdüddârı Adudüddin İbnü’l-Müslime’nin yönetimde etkin bir kişi olduğu, bazı emîrlerle anlaşarak halifenin öldürülmesi ve yeni halifenin tesbiti hadisesinde önemli rol oynadığı (İbnü’l-Esîr, X, 28-29) kaydedilmektedir. Nâsır-Lidînillâh zamanında (1180-1225) Üstâdüddâr Ebü’l-Fazl Mecdüddin İbnü’s-Sâhib’in devlet yönetimini bütünüyle eline geçirdiği ifade edilmektedir. Bu bilgiler, Abbâsî üstâdüddârlarının idarede etkin bir konumda bulunduğunu göstermektedir.
Hârizmşahlar, Anadolu Selçukluları ve atabegliklerin saray teşkilâtında da üstâdüddârların önemli bir yer işgal ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Hârizmşahlar’da üstâdüddârın saraydaki emîrlerin önde gelenlerinden biri olduğu, hazine gelirlerini ve vergilerden bir kısmını toplayarak sarayın bazı giderlerine harcamakla yükümlü bulunduğu belirtilmektedir (Taneri, s. 116). Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti’nde kendilerine “vekîl-i hâl” de denilen üstâdüddârlar ise sultanın gelirlerini tahsil edip gerekli yerlere sarfetme, saray mutfağının ve saraydaki diğer dairelerin ihtiyaçlarını giderme, buralardaki görevlilerin idaresini üstlenme, vakıflara nezaret etme gibi görevleri yürütürlerdi (Uzunçarşılı, s. 80). Zengîler’de üstâdüddârlar saygın ve etkili emîrler arasından seçilirdi. Teşkilâtlanmada Zengîler’i esas alan Eyyûbîler’de üstâdüddâr saray teşkilâtı içindeki en yetkili görevli durumundaydı. Sarayın güvenliğinden, mutfak, şaraphane ve inşaat işlerinden sorumlu olup çaşnigîrlik vazifesini de yürütüyordu. Eyyûbîler’de hükümdarın yanı sıra hânedan mensupları ve büyük emîrlerin de üstâdüddâr istihdam ettikleri bilinmektedir (Şeşen, s. 211). Eyyûbîler’in son dönemlerinde üstâdüddârların önemi daha da artmış, devlet idaresinde söz sahibi birkaç emîr arasına girmişlerdi. Diğer taraftan Eyyûbîler’de önceleri üstâdüddârın uhdesindeki çaşnigîrlik görevinin sonradan ayrı bir görev haline getirildiği anlaşılmaktadır (Yûnînî, I, 54).
Üstâdüddârlık müessesesi en parlak dönemini Memlükler zamanında yaşamıştır. Teşkilâtlanma bakımından Selçuklular’ın ve onları örnek alan Eyyûbîler’in vârisi sayılan Memlük Devleti’nde üstâdüddâr mutfak, taşthane ve şaraphane gibi sultana ait dairelerin gelir giderlerini tanzim etmek, buralardaki görevlileri, sultanın câriye ve hizmetçilerini idare etmek, bu dairelerde yaşayanların ihtiyaçlarının giderilmesini sağlamak ve sultanın isteği doğrultusunda seferlere katılmakla görevli bir memurdur. Kurumun başındaki üstâdüddârü’l-âliye sultanın huzurunda görev yapan az sayıdaki yüksek rütbeli emîrlerden biriydi. “Yüzler” emîri rütbesindeki üstâdüddârü’l-âliyenin maiyetinde çalışmak üzere tablhâne emîri rütbesinde önceleri iki, Bahrî Memlükleri döneminin sonlarından itibaren üç üstâdüddâr daha görevlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca büyük üstâdüddârın yardımcıları olarak nitelendirilen, genellikle “onlar” emîrleri arasından seçilen, nâibü üstâdüddâr, üstâdüddârü’s-sagīr ve üstâdüddârü’s-sohbe unvanlarını taşıyan görevliler bulunuyordu. 782 (1380) yılında üstâdüddârü’z-zahîre unvanlı bir görevlinin tayin edildiği görülmektedir. Bu görevli Burcî Memlükleri devrinde üstâdüddârü’z-zahîre, bazan üstâdüddârü’l-emlâk ve’z-zahîre, bazan da üstâdüddârü’l-emlâk ve’l-evkāf ve’z-zahîre diye adlandırılmıştır.
Anadolu Selçukluları’nda vakıflara nezaret, Eyyûbîler’de ise sultanlara ait imar faaliyetleri üstâdüddârın görev alanına giriyordu. Ancak Memlükler’de bu görevler üstâdüddârın yetki alanının dışına çıkarılmış, birincisine devâtdâr, ikincisine şâddü’l-amâiri’s-sultâniyye unvanını taşıyan memurlar tayin edilmiştir. Çaşnigîrlik görevi de üstâdüddârın maiyetinde çalışan çaşnigîre verilmiştir. el-Melikü’n-Nâsır Muhammed b. Kalavun’un üçüncü saltanatına kadar devlet teşkilâtı içerisinde önemli bir yer tutan üstâdüddârlık bundan sonra yaklaşık yetmiş beş yıllık bir dönemde gerilemiş, hatta bir ara lağvedilmişti. Daha sonra yeniden faaliyete geçirilmişse de eski mevkiine ulaşamayan üstâdüddârlık Berkuk’un el-memâlîkü’s-sultâniyyenin masraflarını karşılamak ve sultan emlâkinin idaresini yürütmek üzere Dîvânü’l-müfred’i kurup başına üstâdüddârı getirmesiyle yeniden önem kazanmış, hatta vezir ve nâzırü’l-hâssın da kendisine bağlanması dolayısıyla üstâdüddâr Abbâsîler’deki vezirin konumuna yükselmiştir (EI 2 [İng., X, 925). Ancak Burcî Memlükleri döneminde hiyerarşik yapının zaman zaman altüst oluşu üstâdüddârları da etkilemiş, bu dönemin sonlarına doğru üstâdüddârlık güçlü bir emîrin uhdesindeki birçok görev arasında genelde bir nâibe tevdi edilen önemsiz bir vazife haline gelmiştir.
Üstâdüddârlar, Memlük Devleti’nde önceleri sadece askerî bürokrasi (ümerâ) arasından seçilirken Burcî Memlükleri devrinde sivil bürokrasiden bazı kişilerin de askerî pâye verilerek bu göreve tayin edildiği görülmektedir (İbn Tağrîberdî, XIV, 237). Sarayda ve sultanın çok yakınında görev yapmaları sebebiyle üstâdüddârların güvenilir olmasına çok özen gösterilirdi. Sultanın ikamet ettiği Kal‘atülcebel’de görev yapan üstâdüddârların gelirlerini kendilerine tahsis edilen iktâların yanı sıra günlük yiyecek vb. istihkakları oluştururdu (Ayaz, s. 175). Dımaşk ve Halep gibi taşra eyaletlerindeki nâiblerin maiyeti içinde de üstâdüddârlar bulunurdu. Ayrıca Eyyûbîler’de olduğu gibi yüksek rütbeli emîrler ve önemli devlet görevlileri üstâdüddâr istihdam ederdi. Üstâdüddârların görevlerini Gazneliler ve Delhi Sultanlığı’nda vekîl-i der (DİA , IX, 131), Osmanlı Devleti’nde Bâbüssaâde ağası ve Dârüssaâde ağası (a.g.e. , XXXIII, 503) yürüttüğünden bunlar vazifeleri bakımından üstâdüddârın muadili kabul edilebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 393-395 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.