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USÛLÜ’s-SERAHSÎ Skip to content Serahsî’nin (ö. 483/1090 [?]) fıkıh usulüne dair eseri.
Bugün Türkmenistan-İran sınırında küçük bir şehir olan Serahs’ta dünyaya gelen Serahsî’nin Hanefî hukuk düşüncesini, esaslarını ve yöntemlerini derli toplu biçimde ortaya koyan fıkıh usulü eseridir. Eser sonraki yüzyıllarda Hanefî mezhebinin hâkim olduğu Osmanlı ve çağdaşı bazı devletlerin hukuk sistemleri üzerinde derin etkiler icra edecek olan orta dönem Buhara Hanefî hukuk mektebinin ürünlerindendir. Taḳvîmü’l-edille adlı eseriyle bu mektebe öncülük eden Ebû Zeyd ed-Debûsî, Buhara Hanefî usul geleneğini Cessâs’ın el-Fuṣûl ’ü üzerinden tanıdığımız Irak Hanefî usul geleneğiyle telif etmiş ve iki ilmî merkezin mirasını yeniden yorumlayarak Hanefî hukuk düşüncesine yeni bir form ve içerik kazandırmıştır. Ebû Mansûr el-Mâtürîdî’nin öncülüğünde gelişen Semerkant mektebinin fıkıh usulü yaklaşımı Alâeddin es-Semerkandî’nin el-Mîzân ’ında görüldüğü gibi daha çok kelâmcı yöntemine yakın dururken Buhara mektebi, Irak ve Mâverâünnehir gelenekleri yanında Semerkant mektebinin katkılarıyla da zenginleşip diğer İslâm hukuk düşünce ekollerinden belirli noktalarda farklılaşan bir ağırlıkla Orta Asya bölgesine özgü bir fıkıh usulü yaklaşımı geliştirmiştir. Daha sonra fıkıhçılar yöntemi ya da Hanefî yöntemi diye anılacak olan bu yaklaşım kelâmcılar yönteminin karşısına yerleştirilmiştir. Diğer mezhepler ve geleneklerde de benzer bazı girişimler olmakla birlikte bu yöntem büyük ölçüde Buhara Hanefî mektebinin ürünüdür. Kelâmî/felsefî öncüllere daha az vurgu yapma ve fıkhî/hukukî bakış açısını merkeze alma yönüyle fukaha yöntemiyle İngiliz hukuk pozitivizmi ve Amerikan realizmi arasında bir benzerlik bulunduğu söylenebilir.
Debûsî yanında Buhara mektebinin gelişimine büyük katkı sağlayan bir diğer isim Buhara hukuk mektebinin, hatta genel olarak Hanefî mezhebinin klasik ve en muteber iki usul eseri kabul edilen Uṣûlü’s-Seraḫsî ile Uṣûlü’l-Pezdevî ’nin müelliflerinin hocası olan Abdülazîz el-Halvânî’dir. Serahsî’nin el-Uṣûl ’ü ile Ebü’l-Usr el-Pezdevî’nin el-Uṣûl ’ü arasındaki benzerlik hocaları Halvânî’nin Buhara fıkıh usulü geleneğinin oluşumundaki etkisini gözlemlemeye imkân vermektedir. Ele aldığı konuları kısaca inceleyen Serahsî’nin eseri araştırmacılara hitap eden bir ilmî referans kitabı özelliği taşırken Pezdevî’ninki -yine üst düzey bir ilim diliyle yazılmış olmakla birlikte- derli toplu ve sistematik sunuma öncelik veren bir ders kitabını andırmaktadır. Bu biçimsel fark dışında iki eser neredeyse aynı kalemden çıkmış gibi birbirine benzemektedir. Birinin diğerinin eserinden haberdar olup onu kullandığına dair herhangi bir veri bulunmadığından bu iki eserin esas itibariyle hocaları Halvânî ile birlikte geliştirilmiş ortak bir malzemeye dayandığı ve hocalarının ölümünden sonra ayrı çalışmalar halinde ortaya konduğu söylenebilir. Bu iki müellifin fürû alanındaki eserlerine el-Mebsûṭ , usul alanındakilere ise el-Uṣûl adını vermiş olmaları da (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 112; II, 1580-1581) bu ihtimali güçlendiren bir husustur.
Serahsî Uṣûlü’s-Seraḫsî ’yi, Hanefî hukuk doktrininin ayrıntılarına ilişkin kaleme aldığı büyük bir şerh çalışması olan el-Mebsûṭ ’u yazdığı sırada kendisine rehberlik eden teorik hukuk esaslarını ve yöntemlerini derli toplu biçimde ortaya koymak üzere telif ettiğini belirtmektedir (el-Uṣûl , I, 10). el-Mebsûṭ , Hanefî mezhebinin hukuk doktrininin esasını teşkil eden Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî’nin temel eserlerinde yer alan ve mezhebin esası kabul edilen görüşlerin (zâhirü’r-rivâye) ayrıntılı bir şerhi olup hem hukuk tarihi hem mezhep doktrini açısından son derece önemlidir. Serahsî, uzun bir süreçte tamamladığı el-Mebsûṭ ’u kaleme alırken muhtemelen el-Uṣûl ’ünü yazmayı planlamış, onu tamamladıktan sonra da bu projesini gerçekleştirmiştir. Hapiste iken başlayıp çıktıktan sonra tamamladığı el-Uṣûl , bilindiği kadarıyla onun son eserlerinden biridir; Serahsî eseri 479 yılı Şevval ayının sonunda (6 Şubat 1087) Özkent Kalesi’nin bir odasında yazmaya başladığını dîbâcesinde belirtmektedir (I, 9); fakat bitiriş tarihi günümüze gelen nüshalarında kaydedilmemektedir. Bu tarihten kısa bir süre sonra vefat ettiği için eserini gözden geçirme fırsatı bulamadığı ve konu tertibindeki bazı düzensizliklerin bunun için giderilemediği anlaşılmaktadır.
Serahsî, İslâm akaidine dair temel ilkelerin öğrenilmesinden sonra en değerli meşgalenin Selef’in yolunu izleyip fıkıh ilmiyle uğraşmak olduğunu belirterek kitabına başlar. Ona göre fıkıh üç şeyin birleşiminden oluşur. Birincisi dinin uyulması gereken kurallarını bilmektir ki bu fürû-i fıkıhtır. İkincisi nasları mânalarıyla kavrayıp hükümlerin asıllarını tanıyarak onlara ilişkin bilgiyi sağlamlaştırmaktır ki bu da fıkıh usulünü teşkil eder. Üçüncüsü ise hükümleri kişinin hayatına yansıtması (amel), bir anlamda ahlâkî tutarlılığa sahip olmasıdır. Serahsî’ye göre sadece birincisini yapabilene râvi denilir; birincisini ve ikincisini birlikte başarana -tam hak etmese de- fakih denebilir. Gerçek anlamda fakih ise üçünü birlikte yapabilen kimsedir. Ona göre Hanefî mezhebinin kurucuları kabul edilen Ebû Hanîfe, Ebû Yûsuf ve Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî bu üç özelliği taşıyan örnek şahsiyetlerdir; bunlar Hanefî mezhebinin hukuk doktrinini bu temellerden hareketle teşkil etmiştir.
İnsanın bu dünyadaki varlık sebebi olan imtihan sürecini başarılı biçimde yaşayabilmesi helâl ve haramı ayırt edebilmesine, kısaca Allah’ın kendisinden uymasını istediği kuralları bilmesine bağlıdır (a.g.e. , I, 11). Bir yükümlülükler sistemi olarak kurallar varlıklarını ve meşruiyetlerini Allah’ın emir ve nehiylerinden aldığı için Serahsî kitabına emir konusuyla başlar. Müslümanın, zihninde hukukun meşruiyetini ilâhî emirden alması düşüncesinin bir ifadesi sayılan bu yaklaşım belki de devrin önemli bir tartışma konusunu meydana getiren yükümlülüklerin aklî bir zorunluluktan mı yoksa ilâhî hitaptan mı doğduğu şeklinde özetlenebilecek hüsün-kubuh tartışmasında Serahsî’nin ikinci görüşe meylettiği şeklinde de anlaşılabilir. Kendisinden önce Hanefî fıkıh usulünün iki önemli otoritesi olan Cessâs ve Debûsî birinci görüşe meylederek yükümlülüklerin metafizik anlamda aklî bir temele dayandığı konusunda Mu‘tezile ile aynı görüşü paylaşmıştır. Serahsî ve çağdaşı Pezdevî seleflerine başka alanlarda büyük ölçüde katılmakla birlikte Abdülazîz el-Buhârî’nin de belirttiği gibi bu konuda onların Mu‘tezilî’ye yakın tavrını benimsememiş, Mu‘tezile ile Eş‘ariyye arasında orta bir yol olarak görülebilecek bir tavrın Hanefîler arasında gelişmesine zemin hazırlamıştır (Keşfü’l-esrâr , I, 182-184). Daha sonra Serahsî, Debûsî’yi izleyerek fıkıh usulü konularını hüccet (delil) kavramı çerçevesinde bir bütünlük içinde ele almaya yönelir (el-Uṣûl , I, 227 vd.) ve fıkıh usulü konularını dört şer‘î delil (kitap-sünnet-icmâ-kıyas) sırasına göre işler. Özellikle mütekaddimîn usulcülerinin fıkıh usulünün konusunu “deliller” şeklinde düşündükleri hatırlanırsa Serahsî’nin deliller çerçevesinde bir sıralamaya gitmesi doğaldır. Sonraki usûl-i fıkıh eserlerinde delillerin yanına hükümler de eklenmiştir. Serahsî, Buhara geleneğine bağlı olarak hükümler konusunun bir kısmını kitabın (Kur’an) altında bir bölüm olan emir konusunun içinde çeşitli yerlerde ele almış (meselâ emrin mûcebi altında şer‘î hükümlerin tanımları, azîmet ve ruhsat, hüsün ve kubuh vb., a.g.e. , I, 60 vd., 110 vd., 117 vd.) ya da ehliyet konusunda görüldüğü gibi bir kısmını da eserinin sonunda kıyas konusunu tamamladıktan sonra işlemiştir (II, 332 vd.).
Serahsî, konuları ele alırken örnekleri daha çok fürû-i fıkıhtan seçen fukaha geleneğini büyük ölçüde sürdürmekle birlikte mütekellimîn usulünde görüldüğü gibi önce konuyu teorik olarak ortaya koyar, ardından o konuda farklı görüşleri genelde görüş sahibi kişi veya ekollerin adını belirtmeden sıralar ve bu görüşlerin tartışmasına geçer. Umumiyetle usul ihtilâflarına, hatta kelâmî neticeleri olan meselelerde tarafların görüşlerine işaret edilmekle birlikte Doğu İslâm coğrafyasında Hanefîler’in rakibi olan Şâfiî mezhebinin görüşleri genel bir hedef olarak seçilir (meselâ bk. I, 21, 75, 82, 256). Serahsî tartışma bölümlerinde muhaliflerinki dahil bütün görüşleri etraflıca tartışır ve muhalifin görüşünü onun bakışıyla ortaya koyan pasajlara uzunca yer verir (meselâ bk. I, 15-17, 132-135). Ancak tartışmaların tamamı, Serahsî’nin kendi benimsediği görüşü temellendirmek amacına hizmet edecek şekilde seyretmektedir. Serahsî’nin diğer bütün mezhep mensubu İslâm âlimleri gibi fürû-i fıkıhta mezhebine ait fikirleri savunmada onları dinin asıllarıyla irtibatlandırma ve teorik çerçevede temellendirme isteği baskındır. Dolayısıyla bu bazan icmâ edilen bir konuda dinî ya da Sünnî bir temel tercihi savunma mânasına gelirken bazan da ihtilâflı bir konuda kendi mezhebini savunma şeklinde tezahür eder. Mezhep içi ihtilâflarda ise Serahsî kendi kişisel tavrını açıkça ortaya koyabilmektedir (I, 74-75, 144-145; II, 335).
Uṣûlü’s-Seraḫsî üzerine herhangi bir şerh çalışması yapılmamış, ancak Pezdevî şerhleri başta olmak üzere sonraki usul eserlerinde el-Uṣûl ’den bolca faydalanılmıştır (meselâ bk. Abdülazîz el-Buhârî, I, 44, 106, 110, 123). Öte yandan Ömer el-Habbâzî’nin el-Muġnî adlı eserinin büyük ölçüde Uṣûlü’s-Seraḫsî ’nin bir ihtisarı olduğu söylenebilir. Çok sayıda nüshası bulunan Uṣûlü’s-Seraḫsî ’nin (meselâ bk. Süleymaniye Ktp., Damad İbrâhim Paşa, nr. 434, Fâtih, nr. 1236, Cârullah Efendi, nr. 437; Konya Bölge Yazma Eserler Ktp., nr. 4410) ilmî neşri üç yazma nüshadan hareketle Ebü’l-Vefâ el-Efgānî tarafından gerçekleştirilmiş ve iki cilt halinde yayımlanmıştır (Haydarâbâd 1372, bundan ofset Beyrut 1393/1973). el-Muḥarrer fî uṣûli’l-fıḳh adıyla yapılan neşirde (nşr. Ebû Abdurrahman Salâh b. Muhammed b. Uveyza, Beyrut 1417/1996) dipnotlar ve indeks kısmı çıkarılıp âyetlerin Kur’an’daki yerleri ve hadis kaynakları gösterilmiş, metinde geçen kişiler hakkında bibliyografik notlar eklenmiştir. Bunların dışında her şey birinci neşirle aynıdır; öyle ki onun hatalı bir baskısından kopyalandığı için sayfa atlama ve yer değiştirme gibi hatalar aynen tekrarlanmıştır, dolayısıyla bu neşir güvenilir değildir (Serahsî’nin usul eseri üzerine modern dönemde yapılan çalışmalar için bk. bibl.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Nasi Aslan, Usulü’s-Serahsi’nin Tahlili (yüksek lisans tezi, 1991), EÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Tahsin Görgün, Sprache, Handlung und Norm: Eine Untersuchung zu “Usul al-Fiqh” und “Kitab as-Siyar” des Sams al-A’imma Muhammad b. Abi Sahl Ahmad as-Sarahsi (1009-1090 n.c.) , İstanbul 1998.
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A. Cüneyd Köksal, Fıkıh Usûlünün Mahiyeti ve Gayesi , İstanbul 2008, s. 97 vd.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 221-222 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.