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UTBÎ, Muhammed b. Ahmed Skip to content Ebû Abdillâh Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Abdilazîz b. Utbe el-Utbî el-Kurtubî (ö. 255/869)
el-ʿUtbiyye adlı eseriyle tanınan Endülüslü Mâlikî fakihi.
Doğum tarihi bilinmemektedir. Soyu, Utbe b. Ebû Süfyân’a ya da tercih edilen görüşe göre bu ailenin mevâlîsinden Ebû Yezîd’e dayandığı için Utbî diye tanınır. Utbe adlı büyük dedesinden dolayı bu şekilde anıldığına dair bir rivayet de bulunmaktadır (Kādî İyâz, IV, 253-254; Burhâneddin İbn Ferhûn, s. 336). Endülüs’te İmam Mâlik’in fıkhî görüş ve fetvalarının hâkim olduğu ve Mâlikî mezhebinin teşekkül etmeye başladığı dönemde, muhtemelen Emîr I. Hakem’in (796-822) son yıllarıyla II. Abdurrahman döneminin (822-852) başlarında Kurtuba’da (Córdoba) yetişti ve başta Mâlik’in öğrencilerinden Yahyâ b. Yahyâ el-Leysî olmak üzere devrin tanınmış âlimlerinden ders aldı. Daha sonra çıktığı ilim yolculuğunda Mısır ve Kayrevan’da kalarak Mâlik’in Mısırlı öğrencileri İbnü’l-Kāsım, Eşheb ve İbn Vehb’e talebelik yapan âlimlerle görüştü; özellikle Asbağ b. Ferec ve Sahnûn’dan istifade etti. İmam Mâlik ile Mısırlı öğrencilerinin yanı sıra Mısır ve Kayrevanlı ikinci nesil Mâlikî fakihlerinin fıkhî görüş ve fetvalarını kapsayan zengin bir fıkıh birikimiyle Kurtuba’ya döndü; burada fıkıh eğitimine başladı. Aynı zamanda tefsir dersleri de veren Utbî, İmam Mâlik’in öğrencilerinden Ebû Mûsâ Abdurrahman b. Mûsâ el-Hevvârî’nin tefsirini okuttu. Çok sayıdaki öğrencisi arasında İbn Lübâbe, Ebû Sâlih Eyyûb b. Süleyman el-Meâfirî, Ebû Zekeriyyâ Yahyâ b. Abdülazîz el-Kurtubî (İbnü’l-Harrâz), Muhammed b. Futays el-Gāfikī, Ebû Saîd Osman b. Cerîr el-Kilâbî, Ebû Yahyâ Muhammed b. Üsâme es-Sarakustî, Abdullah b. Muhammed el-A‘rec, Saîd b. Osman el-A‘nâkī, Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Gālib İbnü’s-Saffâr, Ahmed b. Abdüsselâm el-Kurtubî, Sâlim b. Abdullah b. Ömer b. Abdülazîz sayılabilir. Utbî 254 (868) veya tercih edilen görüşe göre 255 (869) yılında vefat etti.
Eğitim, telif ve fetva faaliyetleriyle Endülüs’te Mâlikî mezhebinin teşekkülünde etkili olan İbn Müzeyn, Yahyâ b. İbrâhim diye de tanınan Ebû Muhammed Abdullah b. Muhammed b. Hâlid el-Kurtubî (İbn Mürtenîl), Ebü’l-Kāsım Asbağ b. Halîl el-Kurtubî, Ebû Zeyd Abdurrahman b. İbrâhim b. Îsâ el-Kurtubî gibi üçüncü nesil Mâlikî fakihleri arasında yer alan Utbî, muhtemelen Emîr I. Muhammed döneminde bu âlimlerle birlikte Kurtuba’daki resmî fetva ve müşavere heyetinde bulundu. Bunların ortak özelliği İmam Mâlik ve öğrencilerinin görüş ve ictihadlarını esas alan, bu görüşlerin (mesâil) ezberlenmesi, öğretilmesi ve uygulamaya aktarılmasıyla sınırlı bir re’y fıkhı anlayışına ve büyük ölçüde el-Muvaṭṭaʾ a dayanan bir hadis birikimine sahip olmalarıydı. Erken dönem Endülüslü ehl-i hadîs fakihlerinden Beyyânî’nin Utbî, İbn Müzeyn ve İbn Mürtenîl’e reddiye niteliğindeki eserine er-Red ʿale’l-muḳallide (el-Îżâḥ fi’r-red ʿale’l-muḳallidîn) adını vermesi, Utbî’nin de aralarında bulunduğu söz konusu âlimlerin Mâlik ve öğrencilerinin görüşlerini taklit esasına dayanan bir mezhep fıkhı teşkil etmeye başladıklarını gösterir. Bunların arasında Utbî’yi öne çıkaran en önemli husus, Endülüs Mâlikîliği’ne hâkim rengini veren İbnü’l-Kāsım çizgisini kalıcı hale getiren el-ʿUtbiyye adlı eseridir.
el-ʿUtbiyye , el-Mesâʾilü’l-müstaḫrece mine’l-esmiʿa / mine’s-semâʿât mimmâ leyse fi’l-Müdevvene ve kısaca el-Müstaḫrece diye de anılır. Mâlikî mezhebinin teşekkül döneminde farklı Mâlikî çevrelerince Mâlik b. Enes ve öğrencileriyle bir sonraki kuşağa mensup Mâlikî fakihlerinin fıkhî görüşlerini derlemek amacıyla yazılan ve mezhep içi fıkhî faaliyetlerin temel kaynağı kabul edilen eserler (ümmehât/devâvîn) arasında Endülüs Mâlikîleri’nin el-Müdevvenetü’l-kübrâ ’dan sonra en çok itibar ettikleri kaynaktır. Eser kısa zamanda, daha önce İbn Habîb es-Sülemî tarafından kaleme alınan ve yine ümmehât içinde mütalaa edilen el-Vâżıḥa ’nın yerini almıştır. Bunun en önemli sebebi, Endülüs’te Îsâ b. Dînâr ve hocası Yahyâ b. Yahyâ el-Leysî ile belirginleşen Mısır Mâlikîliği ve İbnü’l-Kāsım tercihinin resmî mezhep haline dönüşmeye başladığı bir aşamada Utbî’nin eserinde büyük ölçüde İbnü’l-Kāsım ve öğrencilerinin rivayet ve ictihadlarına ağırlık vermesi, buna karşılık İbn Habîb’in başta İbnü’l-Mâcişûn olmak üzere Mâlik’in Medineli öğrencilerinin rivayet ve ictihadlarını Endülüs’te yaygınlaştırmaya çalışması, ayrıca el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ile sınırlı kalmayan bir hadis anlayışına sahip bulunmasıydı.
Başka kaynaklarda yer almayan şâz rivayetleri ihtiva etmesi ve sağlam bir rivayet metoduna dayanmaması sebebiyle el-ʿUtbiyye ciddi eleştiriler almış olmakla birlikte kısa bir süre içinde Endülüs’te Mâlikî fıkhının öğretiminde ve uygulanmasında başvurulan temel kaynak haline gelmiş, kadı tayinlerinde fakihlerin el-Müdevvene ve el-ʿUtbiyye ’deki meseleleri ezbere bilmeleri şartı aranmıştır. Eserin bu şöhreti kazanmasında hem Utbî’ye hem de İbn Habîb’e öğrencilik yapan, döneminde Endülüs’te Mâlikîler’in fetva reisi sayılan, aynı zamanda buradaki ehl-i hadîs çevresine de yakın duran İbn Lübâbe’nin önemli rolü olmuştur. Utbî’nin özellikle İmam Mâlik’in ve sonraki nesillerin fıkhî görüş ve ictihadlarını iyi bilmesini ve derleme konusundaki başarısını dile getiren İbn Lübâbe hayatı boyunca öğrencilerine el-ʿUtbiyye ’yi okutmuş ve eseri, birtakım şâz rivayetlerle rivayet hakkı olmaksızın nakledilmiş meseleler ihtiva etmesi sebebiyle eleştirenlere derslerinde bu tür meseleleri muteber kaynaklarla mukayeseli şekilde okuttuğunu söyleyerek karşılık vermiştir. Endülüs’te el-ʿUtbiyye ’nin İbn Lübâbe rivayeti meşhur olmakla birlikte bu rivayette eserin “Kitâbü’l-Câmi‘” adlı son bölümünün bulunmadığı ve bu kısmın Muhammed b. Futays ve Ebû Saîd Osman b. Cerîr rivayetlerinden tamamlandığı söylenmiştir (İbn Hayr, s. 208-209). İbn Lübâbe’nin yaptığı mukayeseli incelemenin bir benzerini yaklaşık iki yüzyıl sonra İbn Rüşd el-Ced yapmış ve Utbî’nin eserini âdeta ebedîleştirmiştir. Derslerinde el-Müdevvene ’nin yanı sıra el-ʿUtbiyye ’yi de okutan İbn Rüşd, el-Müdevvene okumalarına giriş niteliğindeki el-Muḳaddimâtü’l-mümehhidât adlı eserinin ardından kaleme aldığı el-Beyân ve’t-taḥṣîl ve’ş-şerḥ ve’t-tevcîh ve’t-taʿlîl fî mesâʾili’l-Müstaḫrece adlı hacimli şerhte (nşr. M. Haccî v.dğr., I-XX, Beyrut 1404-1407/1984-1987) el-ʿUtbiyye ’deki her meseleyi başta el-Müdevvene olmak üzere diğer temel kaynaklar ve muteber rivayetler ışığında değerlendirmiştir. İbn Rüşd’ün kısa zamanda şöhret bulan ve VI. yüzyıldan itibaren el-ʿUtbiyye ’nin yerine geçen bu eseri, günümüze ulaşması ve asıl metnin tamamını sonraki nesillere aktarması bakımından oldukça önemlidir.
el-ʿUtbiyye , Utbî’nin öğrencilerinden Muhammed b. Üsâme es-Sarakustî ile Yahyâ b. Abdülazîz el-Kurtubî vasıtasıyla Kayrevan’a ulaşmış ve ikincisinin rivayeti meşhur olmuştur. Sahnûn’un öğrencilerinden Yahyâ b. Ömer el-Kinânî’nin el-Münteḫabe adlı bir ihtisar çalışması yapması (Kādî İyâz, IV, 359) el-ʿUtbiyye ’nin IV. yüzyıldan itibaren Kayrevan çevresinde de yaygınlaştığını gösterir. Bir sonraki yüzyılda el-Müdevvene dışında farklı Mâlikî çevrelerince derlenen ümmehâtın içerdiği mezhep birikimini en-Nevâdir ve’z-ziyâdât adlı eserinde bir araya getiren İbn Ebû Zeyd el-Kayrevânî de bu eserinde en çok başvurduğu birkaç kaynaktan biri olan el-ʿUtbiyye üzerine Tehẕîbü’l-ʿUtbiyye (Kādî İyâz, VI, 218) ya da Tebvîbü’l-Müstaḫrece (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 250; Sezgin, I, 472; Abdullah b. Muhammed el-Habeşî, III, 1669) diye bilinen bir çalışma yapmış, bu eser XIX. yüzyıla kadar bazı bölgelerde medrese müfredatında yer almıştır (Füllânî, s. 159).
Utbî’nin eserinin ana malzemesini, Mısırlı öğrencileri İbnü’l-Kāsım ve Eşheb ile Medineli öğrencisi Abdullah b. Nâfi‘in Mâlik’ten dinledikleri mesâile dair kayıtlarla (semâ) Yahyâ b. Yahyâ el-Leysî, Asbağ b. Ferec ve Sahnûn’un İbnü’l-Kāsım’dan dinledikleri mesâil kayıtları teşkil eder. İlk üç semâı hocası Sahnûn’dan rivayet eden Utbî, Sahnûn ve Asbağ’ın fetva ve ictihadlarını onlardan bizzat dinlemiş ve bunları “Nevâzilü Sahnûn” ve “Nevâzilü Asbağ” adıyla eserine dahil etmiştir. el-ʿUtbiyye ’de bu altı semâ ve iki nevâzil dışında yedi semâ ve bir nevâzil daha yer alır: Endülüslü Îsâ b. Dînâr, İbn Mürtenîl ve Abdülmelik b. Hasan’la (Zûnân) Mısırlı Ebû Zeyd Abdurrahman b. Ebü’l-Gamr ve Kayrevanlı Mûsâ b. Muâviye es-Sumâdıhî’nin hocaları İbnü’l-Kāsım’dan; Zûnân’ın Eşheb ve İbn Vehb’den rivayet ettikleri mesâil ile Îsâ b. Dînâr’ın derslerinde kaydedilmiş, onun görüşlerini içeren Nevâzilü ʿÎsâ b. Dînâr . Utbî’nin son sekiz derlemeyi söz konusu kişilerden doğrudan rivayet edip etmediği kesin olarak bilinmediği gibi İmam Mâlik’in Endülüslü öğrencisi Şebtûn’un hocasından rivayet ettiği mesâil derlemesinden (semâu Ziyâd) bir yerde (İbn Rüşd, el-Beyân ve’t-taḥṣîl , II, 227-228), Kayrevanlı öğrencisi Abdülmelik b. Ömer b. Gānim’in semâından bir yerde (a.g.e. , XVIII, 599-620), Medineli öğrencisi Mutarrif b. Abdullah’ın Nevâzil ’inden iki yerde (a.g.e. , II, 352-356; VII, 488-489) ve Endülüslü Hüseyin b. Âsım’ın hocası İbnü’l-Kāsım’dan rivayet ettiği semâdan üç yerde (a.g.e. , X, 335-351; XI, 371-376; XV, 421-433) naklettiği rivayetleri kimden aldığı konusunda da bilgi bulunmamaktadır. el-Beyân ve’t-taḥṣîl ’de nakledilen semâlar için birkaç istisna dışında (III, 93; VI, 429; IX, 159; XI, 5; XIV, 345; XV, 149) sened zikredilmediği ve İbn Rüşd bu gibi hususlarda açıklama yapmadığı için el-ʿUtbiyye ’deki kitapların rivayeti ve esere nasıl girdiği konusundaki belirsizlikler giderilememektedir.
Bütün fıkıh konularını içeren el-ʿUtbiyye abdest bölümüyle (Kitâbü’l-Vudû’) başlayıp el-Muvaṭṭaʾ başta olmak üzere Mâlikî fıkıh kitaplarının sonunda genellikle yer alan, haramlar-helâllerle bazı âdâb-ı muâşeret meselelerinin ele alındığı “Kitâbü’l-Câmiʿ” bölümüyle sona erer. İbn Ebû Zeyd’in en-Nevâdir ve’z-ziyâdât ’ta el-ʿUtbiyye ’den nakilde bulunurken atıf yaptığı kitap adlarının el-Beyân ve’t-taḥṣîl ’deki kitap adlarıyla aynı olması el-ʿUtbiyye ’nin konu tasnifinin bu iki eserden daha önceki bir tarihte yapıldığını gösterir. Nitekim İbn Rüşd’ün el-Beyân ve’t-taḥṣîl ’de el-ʿUtbiyye ’nin kendisine ulaşan tasnifli halini esas aldığı anlaşılmaktadır (İbn Rüşd, Fetâvâ İbn Rüşd , III, 1518-1520). Buna rağmen günümüze ulaşmayan el-ʿUtbiyye ’nin konu tasnifinin ne ölçüde Utbî tarafından yapıldığı kesin şekilde bilinmemektedir. Hattâb’a göre Utbî, farklı hocalarından aldığı malzemeyi fıkıh bablarına göre tasnif edip bu bablar altında müsned tertibiyle nakletmiştir (Mevâhidü’l-celîl , I, 57). Ancak eserin sonraki nesillere ulaşan tasnifine Utbî dışında başkalarının da katkıda bulunduğunu gösteren rivayetler vardır. Meselâ Utbî bu çalışmayı yaparken Ahmed b. Mervân el-Kurtubî’nin kendisine yardım ettiği (Kādî İyâz, IV, 453; Burhâneddin İbn Ferhûn, s. 88), ayrıca öğrencilerinden Ebû Muhammed Abdullah b. Muhammed el-A‘rec’in el-Müdevvene ’deki konu tasnifini esas alarak el-ʿUtbiyye ’yi düzenlediği (İbnü’l-Faradî, I, 383), yine emîr II. Hakem’in isteği üzerine Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Abdullah b. Seyyid tarafından eserin bablara ayrıldığı (Kādî İyâz, VII, 21) kaydedilmektedir. Öte yandan İbn Ebû Zeyd’in Tehẕîbü’l-ʿUtbiyye ’si de muhtemelen bir tür tasnif çalışmasıdır. Nitekim el-ʿUtbiyye ’nin günümüze ulaşan parçalarında İbn Ebû Zeyd el-Kayrevânî tarafından bablara ayrılıp düzenlenen nüsha olduğu kaydedilmektedir. Bu bilgilerden yola çıkan Muranyi eserin Utbî’den sonra konularına göre tasnif edildiği görüşünü benimser (Dirâsât , s. 119-120; Utbî, Kitâbü’l-Ḥac , neşredenin girişi, s. 11-14). İbn Rüşd adına neşredilmekle birlikte öğrencisi İbnü’l-Vezzân tarafından derlenen Fetâvâ İbn Rüşd adlı eserde el-ʿUtbiyye ’nin şerâi‘, nikâh, büyû‘, akzıye, ıtk, hudûd ve “el-Kitâbü’l-Câmiʿ” olmak üzere yedi ana bölüme ayrıldığı, toplam 110 kitaptan (cüz) meydana geldiği söylenir (III, 1518-1520). Bölümlerin kim tarafından düzenlendiği bilinmediği gibi el-Beyân ve’t-taḥṣîl ’in bölümlere ayrılmayan matbu nüshası 121 kitaptan teşekkül etmekte ve bu kitapların tertibiyle İbnü’l-Vezzân’ın listesini verdiği tertip arasında küçük farklılıklar bulunmaktadır.
VI. (XII.) yüzyıldan itibaren el-ʿUtbiyye ’nin yerini alan el-Beyân ve’t-taḥṣîl ’in pek çok nüshası günümüze ulaştığı halde el-ʿUtbiyye ’nin dünya kütüphanelerinde eksiksiz veya bir araya getirilerek tamamlanmış müstakil bir nüshası yer almamaktadır (İbn Rüşd, el-Beyân ve’t-taḥṣîl , neşredenin girişi, I, 6). Eksiksiz bir nüsha olduğu söylenen (Abdülazîz Binabdullah, s. 142-143; M. İbrâhim Ali, s. 125; Brockelmann, GAL , I, 186; Suppl. , I, 301; Sezgin, I, 472’den naklen) Paris Bibliothèque Nationale’de kayıtlı yazmanın (nr. 1055) bu esere aidiyeti şüphelidir (Muranyi, s. 116-117; el-ʿUtbiyye ’ye ait günümüze ulaşan parçalar için bk. a.g.e. , s. 106, 112-116, 120). Ancak İbn Rüşd’ün eseri içerisindeki metin kısmını teşkil eden meseleler ve İbn Ebû Zeyd’in en-Nevâdir ’deki nakillerinden hareketle hem el-ʿUtbiyye ’nin hem de onun kaynaklarını oluşturan, ilk Mâlikî metinleri niteliğindeki semâ ve nevâzil kayıtlarının inşası mümkün görünmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Utbî, Kitâbü’l-Ḥac mine’l-Mesâʾili’l-müstaḫrece mine’l-esmiʿa mimmâ leyse fi’l-Müdevvene (nşr. M. Muranyi), Beyrut 1428/2007, neşredenin girişi, s. 9-19.
Muhammed b. Hâris el-Huşenî, Aḫbârü’l-fuḳahâʾ ve’l-muḥaddis̱în (nşr. M. L. Avila – L. Molina), Madrid 1992, s. 119-121, 234-235, 269.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (nşr. İbrâhim Ramazan), Beyrut 1417/1997, s. 250.
İbn Ebû Zeyd, en-Nevâdir ve’z-ziyâdât (nşr. Abdülfettâh M. el-Hulv v.dğr.), Beyrut 1420/1999, I, 10, 12.
İbnü’l-Faradî, Târîḫu ʿulemâʾi’l-Endelüs (nşr. İbrâhim el-Ebyârî), Kahire-Beyrut 1410/1989, I, 383; II, 503, 634-636, 901.
İbn Rüşd, el-Beyân ve’t-taḥṣîl (nşr. Muhammed Haccî v.dğr.), Beyrut 1404-1406/1984-86, I, 26-32; II, 227-228, 352-356; III, 93; VI, 429; VII, 488-489; IX, 159; X, 335-351; XI, 5, 371-376; XIV, 345; XV, 149, 421-433; XVIII, 599-620; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, I, 5-23.
a.mlf., Fetâvâ İbn Rüşd (nşr. Muhtâr b. Tâhir et-Tilîlî), Beyrut 1407/1987, III, 1518-1520.
Kādî İyâz, Tertîbü’l-medârik , III, 343; IV, 238, 252-254, 262, 359, 453; V, 149-154, 217; VI, 218; VII, 21.
İbn Hayr, Fehrese (nşr. M. Fuâd Mansûr), Beyrut 1419/1998, s. 208-209.
Burhâneddin İbn Ferhûn, ed-Dîbâcü’l-müẕheb (nşr. Me’mûn b. Muhyiddin el-Cennân), Beyrut 1417/1996, s. 88, 274, 336-337.
İbn Haldûn, Muḳaddime (nşr. Dervîş el-Cüveydî), Beyrut 1415/1995, s. 422.
Hattâb, Mevâhibü’l-celîl (nşr. Zekeriyyâ Umeyrât), Beyrut 1416/1995, I, 57.
Füllânî, Ḳaṭfü’s̱-s̱emer fî refʿi esânîdi’l-muṣannefât fi’l-fünûn ve’l-es̱er (nşr. Âmir Hasan Sabrî), Mekke 1405/1984, s. 159.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 186; Suppl. , I, 301.
Sezgin, GAS , I, 472.
Abdülazîz Binabdullah, Maʿlemetü’l-fıḳhi’l-Mâlikî , Beyrut 1403/1983, s. 142-143.
M. Muranyi, Dirâsât fî meṣâdiri’l-fıḳhi’l-Mâlikî (trc. Ömer Sâbir Abdülcelîl v.dğr.), Beyrut 1409/1988, s. 106, 110-140.
Muhammed Haccî, “el-Müstaḫrece li’l-ʿUtbî ve’l-Beyân ve’t-taḥṣîl ve’l-Muḳaddimât li-İbn Rüşd ekberu ishâmin Endelüsî fi’l-fıḳhi’l-Mâlikî”, Buḥûs̱ü’l-mülteḳa’l-İsbâni’l-Maġribi’s̱-s̱ânî li’l-ʿulûmi’t-târîḫiyye , Madrid 1992, s. 43-48.
M. İbrâhim Ali, Iṣṭılâḥu’l-meẕheb ʿinde’l-Mâlikiyye , Dübey 1421/2000, s. 123-129.
Kāsım Ali Sa‘d, Cemheretü terâcimi’l-fuḳahâʾi’l-Mâlikiyye , Dübey 1423/2002, I, 278; II, 996-998.
Abdullah b. Muhammed el-Habeşî, Câmiʿu’ş-şürûḥ ve’l-ḥavâşî , Ebûzabî 1425/2004, III, 1669.
Ali Hakan Çavuşoğlu, “Endülüs’te Re’y-Hadis Mücadelesi”, İslâmiyât , VII/3, Ankara 2004, s. 59-74.
Ana Fernández Félix, “al-ʿUtbī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz”, EI2 (İng.) , X, 945.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 237-239 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.