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UYVAR Skip to content Slovakya’da tarihî bir şehir.
Slovakça Nové Zámky, Almanca Neuhäusel, Latince Castelnuovo ve Türkçe’de Uyvar adıyla bilinen şehrin çekirdeğini 1545’te Tuna nehrinin kollarından Nitra suyu kıyısında Osmanlı akınlarına karşı Estergon başpiskoposu tarafından inşa ettirilen ve Macarca Érsek Ujvár denilen küçük bir kale (palanka) oluşturur. Osmanlılar’ın XVI. yüzyılın ortalarına doğru bu kesimdeki baskılarını arttırmaları üzerine bu küçük kale dönemin “yıldız kale” sistemine göre yenilendi ve güçlendirildi. 1573’te başlayan inşaat, 1585’te tamamlandı. Kale son şeklini 1663 yılında aldı. Bu dönem boyunca özellikle Uzun savaşlar sırasında (1593-1606) Osmanlılar burayı ele geçirmeye çalıştı. 1662’de başlayan Osmanlı-Habsburg savaşları Uyvar’ı Osmanlı hedefi haline getirdi. Sefere çıkan Köprülüzâde Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa yolu üzerindeki Győr (Yanıkkale), Komarno (Komaran) ve Uyvar gibi üç kuvvetli istihkâm arasında uzun istişarelerin ardından Uyvar’ı seçti. Osmanlı ordusu 17 Ağustos 1663’te burayı kuşattı. Şiddetli çarpışmalar 26 Eylül’e kadar sürdü. Kaleyi savunan Adam Forgács’ın halkın serbestçe dışarıya çıkması karşılığında teslim olmasıyla Uyvar Osmanlı idaresi altına girdi. Osmanlılar kalede önemli miktarda asker bıraktılar, surları da onardılar. Vasvar Antlaşması ile (9 Ağustos 1664) buradaki Osmanlı hâkimiyeti tasdik edildi.
Uyvar Osmanlı idaresine girince aynı adlı eyaletin merkezi haline getirildi. Eyaletin ilk beylerbeyiliğine kalenin alınmasından sonra 4000 askerle burada muhafazada kalan Kurd Mehmed Paşa tayin edildi. 1074 Rebîülâhirinde (Kasım 1663) Vezir Sarı Hüseyin Paşa, Uyvar muhafızlığına getirildi ve 1664 Mayısına kadar görev yaptı. Ardından Küçük Mehmed Paşa onun yerini aldı. Uyvar Kalesi fethini takip eden yıllarda (1075/1664-65) ve sonrasında Macaristan ve Balkan ülkelerinden getirilen sipahilerle güçlendirildi ve tam bir askerî garnizona dönüştürüldü. Ayrıca ticarî faaliyet desteklendi; Balkanlar’dan gelen müslüman tâcirler Uyvar’da küçük bir koloni meydana getirdi. Uyvar pazarı hareketlendi. Bu durum yerleşmeyi destekledi. Bunun sonucunda Uyvar’da giderek müslüman sivil nüfus arttı. Bunların çoğunluğunu asker aileleri oluşturuyordu ve şehrin varoş kesiminde oturuyorlardı. Pek çok asker bölgedeki kadınlarla evlenmişti.
Köprülü Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa şehre ayrı bir önem verdi ve kale surları yanında birçok binayı tamir ettirdi. Evliya Çelebi’ye göre kalenin merkezi kare şeklinde idi ve batı tarafında kale kumandanının iki katlı sarayı vardı. Güney tarafında yer alan iki katlı bina kütüphane ve mektep olarak hizmet veriyordu. Kalenin kuzey tarafında başpiskoposun iki katlı sarayı mevcuttu. Bu saray Uyvar’daki Osmanlı paşasının ikametgâhı haline getirildi. Saraylar taştan yapılmış, alt katın bölümleri Türkler tarafından dükkân şeklinde düzenlenmişti. Kalede üç kilise yer alıyordu. En büyüğü ve en eskisi daha sonra IV. Mehmed adına camiye çevrildi. İkinci kilise Vâlide camiine dönüştürüldü. Fransisken kilisesi kendileri tarafından Halvetî tarikatına mensup dervişlere verildi.
Osmanlı döneminde kale içinde Mîrimîran, Saat, Kenîse Cami, Hünkâr Cami, Yûsuf Paşa Tabyası, Paşa ve Tophane adlı mahallelerin bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Evliya Çelebi kale içinde yirmi sokak ve 1800 hâne kapısı saymış, binaların düzgün olduğunu belirtmiştir. Kalenin iki büyük kapısını Beç ve Komaran kapıları diye kaydetmiş, ayrıca kale dışında yeni bir yerleşme yerinin inşa edildiğini, bu varoşun merkezini Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa Camii’nin teşkil ettiğini eklemiştir. Osmanlılar, Uyvar merkezli sancağı sekiz idarî bölgeye ayırdılar: Uyvar, Narhid, Barş, Komaran, Hond, Nitra, Jabokrek ve Şele. Buranın adlî ve kazâî işlerinden Uyvar kadısı sorumluydu. Bütün eyalette cizye ödeyen köy sayısı 470 olarak hesaplanmıştı. Narhid on altı, Barş 118, Komaran otuz üç, Hond altmış altı, Nitra 194, Jabokrek sekiz ve Şele seksen beş köye sahipti. Doksan yedi köy terkedilmişti.
Osmanlılar’ın giderek Girit’teki Kandiye kuşatmasına ağırlık vermeye başlaması, Uyvar’daki garnizonun yanı sıra Macaristan’daki Osmanlı asker sayısının da azaltılmasına ve buraya kaydırılmasına yol açtı. Bu durum Habsburglar’ın lehine bir gelişme oldu. Habsburglar, Nitra suyunun batısındaki Váh nehri boyunca yeni kaleler inşa ettiler veya eski kaleleri güçlendirdiler. Vasvar Antlaşması’nda adı geçen Leopoldstadt ve Gutta’ya ilâveten yeni askerî istihkâmlar yaptılar. Bunlar Osmanlı idaresi ve sipahilerinin Váh nehrinin sağ, Váh bölgesinin orta kısımlarından, Nitra nehri vadisiyle Hron vadisinin yukarı kesiminden vergi toplamasını engellediler. Bu durum giderek önemli bir gerginliğe yol açtı. Sınır boylarında iki taraf arasında çarpışmalar başladı. Girit’teki savaşların sona ermesinin ardından Osmanlılar sınırdaki durumu değiştirmek için Uyvar garnizonunu güçlendirdiler ve oradaki idareciyi değiştirdiler. Yeni idareci Seydi Mehmed Paşa, 1669’da idam edilen ve Macar soylularına, imparatorluk askerlerine, özellikle de yönetimi altındaki köylere karşı acımasız tutumuyla bilinen Sührab Mehmed Paşa’nın yerine geçti. Seydi Mehmed Paşa, Osmanlı idaresindeki köylerden vergi toplanmasında titiz davrandı, otoriteyi yeniden kurmaya çalıştı.
Uyvar kesimindeki anlaşmazlıklar ve Habsburglar’ın sınır boyunda yeni kale ve askerî istihkâmlar yapması Osmanlı tarafınca 1683’teki Viyana seferinin başlıca sebebi olarak ilân edildi. Uyvar’da oturan Vali Hasan Paşa, Váh’ta ve diğer bölgelerde Osmanlı idaresini yeniden kurmaya gayret etti. 1683 Haziranının başlarında Uyvar, Lorraine Dükü Charles de Lorraine tarafından kısa süren başarısız bir kuşatmaya mâruz kaldı. Uyvar Valisi Şeyhoğlu Ali Paşa yardıma gelerek kaleyi güçlendirdi. Fakat Viyana bozgununun ardından başlayan süreçte Uyvar müttefik hıristiyan birliklerince kuşatıldı. 7 Temmuz’da başlayan kuşatma sonunda kale ve şehir Habsburg idaresine girdi (19 Ağustos 1685); bölgedeki Osmanlı varlığı sona erdi.
Habsburglar’ın eline geçtikten sonra Uyvar, Estergon piskoposluğunca şehir imtiyazına kavuştu (1691). Fakat burası Katolik Habsburg idaresine karşı isyanların merkezi haline geldi. İmparator VI. Charles, 1724-1725’te âsilerin burada toplanmasını önlemek için surların önemli bir bölümünü yıktırdı. Şehir Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu’nun parçalanmasının ardından ortaya çıkan Çekoslovakya sınırlarına dahil edildi. 1938-1945 yıllarında II. Dünya Savaşı’nda Macarlar’ın kontrolü altına girdi. Fakat müttefiklerin ağır bombardımanına uğradı ve yıkıldı. Savaştan sonra yeniden Çekoslovakya’ya bırakıldı. Çek ve Slovakya’nın ayrılması üzerine Slovakya sınırları içinde kaldı. Günümüzde 40.000’i aşan nüfusuyla Nitra idarî bölümünün sınırları içindedir. Önceleri Macarlar çoğunluğu teşkil ederken 1991’den sonra Slovak nüfusu arttı (% 70). Ayrıca burada Almanlar da yaşamaktadır. Sanayi tesisi olarak makine ve gıda sanayii ile elektrikli ev aletleri yapımından söz edilebilir. Tarihî kalesinin yalnızca bir parçası günümüze ulaşmıştır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 253-254 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.