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UZRÎ AŞK Skip to content Benî Uzre kabilesine mahsus iffetli aşkı anlatan bir tabir.
Uzre adını taşıyan dört beş kabile varsa da iffetli (platonik) aşka adını veren kabile Yemen asıllı olup Kahtânîler’den Kudâa’nın kolu Uzre b. Sa‘dü Hüzeym b. Zeyd b. Leys’tir. En meşhur oğulları Kebîr, Âmir ve Rifâa’dır. Benî Hür, Kebîr b. Uzre kolundan olup Cemîl ile sevgilisi Büseyne, Urve b. Hizâm ile sevgilisi Afrâ da bu koldandır. Benî Uzre mensupları çöl kabilelerindendir. Hicaz’ın kuzeyinde Vâdilkurâ, Tebük ve Teymâ’dan Kızıldeniz kıyısındaki Eyle’ye kadar uzanan bölgede diğer Kudâa kabileleriyle birlikte otlak ve sulak yerlerde yaşarlardı. Vâdilkurâ, Hicr ve Cinâb önce Kudâa’nın, daha sonra Cüheyne ve Benî Uzre’nin konakladığı yerlerdi. Birçok köyün yer aldığı Vâdilkurâ hurma, üzüm, zeytin bağları ve yeşil otlaklarıyla meşhurdu. Halkı da erkek kadın yaklaşımına imkân veren ziraat ve hayvancılık gibi işlerle uğraşıyordu.
Fesahatleriyle tanınan Yemen kabilelerinden biri olması sebebiyle Benî Uzre’nin de fasih konuştuğuna dair rivayetler varsa da gerçekte Bizans’a komşu olan Suriye’nin sınır bölgesinde, çöl hayatı ile şehir hayatının birbirine karıştığı bir mevkide bulunduklarından dillerinde bozulma ve yabancılaşma (ucme) görüldüğü, bu yüzden lugat ve gramer âlimleri tarafından şiirleri şâhid kabul edilmediği için derlenmediği bilinmektedir. Ancak II. (VIII.) yüzyıldan sonra âşıkların hikâye ve anekdotlarına dair eser yazanlar bu âşık şairlerin şiirlerini bir araya getirmişlerdir. Arap kabileleri geleneğinde bazı sıfat ve erdemler, içlerinde yetişen şahsiyetler sebebiyle belli kabilelere nisbet edilmiştir. Cömertliğin Tay, yiğitliğin Abs, çokluğun Tağlib, deliliğin Benî Âmir b. Sa‘saa’ya atfedilmesi gibi aşk da Benî Uzre’ye nisbet edilmiştir. “Uzrî hub, Uzrî hevâ, Uzrî aşk, afîf aşk” gibi tabirlerle anılan bu aşk şiddetli tutkudan çok iffetli ve temiz aşkı ifade eder. Başta Urve b. Hizâm’ın amcasının kızı Afrâ ile, Cemîl b. Ma‘mer’in sevgilisi Büseyne ile yaşadığı aşk olmak üzere bu kabileye mensup şairlerin afîf aşk etrafında oluşan hikâyeleri Benî Uzre’nin bu tür aşkla şöhret bulmasını sağlamış, daha sonra Benî Âmir b. Sa‘saa’dan Kays b. Mülevvah (Mecnûn) ile Kays b. Zerîh ve Küseyyir gibi başka kabilelere mensup âşık şairler de aynı afîf aşk anekdotlarına konu olduklarından uzrî âşıklar diye anılagelmiştir. Câhiliye devrinden itibaren III. (IX.) yüzyıla kadar yetişen afîf âşıkların çoğu başka kabilelerdendi.
Afîf aşk hakkında Benî Uzre’ye dair abartılı anekdotlar yayılmış, güzellik, merhamet ve aşk sadece bu kabileye nisbet edilmiş, fertleri aşk ıstırabından ölen kabile olarak tanınmıştır (İbn Kuteybe, I, 346). Söz konusu kabileye mensup kişiler bu aşkı kadınlarının/kızlarının son derece güzel ve yürekleri eriten bir bakışa sahip olması, erkeklerinin ince hisler taşıması, aşkta sadakat, iffetini koruma ve günahlardan uzak durma gibi erdemlerine dayandırırlar. Onlar bedenî vuslatın aşkı bozacağına inanırlar. Nitekim Fezâre kabilesinden bir câriyenin halvet halinde iken âşığının elini tutma teşebbüsüne karşı, “Çek elini, bozma/kirletme temiz sevgiyi” demesi üzerine âşık utancından bir daha sevgilisinin yanına gidememiştir (Veşşâ, s. 90). İffetini koruma çabası bağlamında ağır bir aşk ıstırabının sonunda eriyip tükenmek ve ölmek âşık şairlerin ortak kaderi olmuştur. Benî Uzre’den bir kişi aşk ıstırabından ölen otuz genci defnettiğini ifade etmiştir (Serrâc, s. 20; Antâkî, II, 55). Bir bedevî de söz konusu aşk örfünü şöyle anlatır: “Aşk bozulmuş, sevgi ayağa düşmüş / Âşık olan acele eder olmuş da / Mahbûbesinden vuslat istemiş / Aşk şehidi olmadan ya da eriyip tükenmeden” (Kehhâle, s. 224). Uzrî âşıkları kirlenmemiş aşklarının öldükten sonra da devam edeceğine inanırlardı. Âşık Cemîl sevgilisi Büseyne’ye şöyle hitap eder: “Sevecek seni yaşadıkça bu gönül, ölürsem / İzleyecek yankım yankını kabirler arasında” (Mîhâîl Mes‘ûd, s. 11).
Afîf aşkın İslâmiyet’in ilk iki asrında ortaya çıkması ve gelişmesinde şüphesiz dinin zinadan, fuhuştan uzak durma ve iffetini korumakla ilgili öğretilerinin etkisi olmuştur. Fakat Câhiliye döneminde de bu tür aşkın örneklerine rastlanması sebebiyle cismanî vuslatın aşkı kirlettiğine dair anlayışın bu tür aşkın gelişimindeki etkisini göz ardı etmemek gerekir. Bununla birlikte İslâmî öğretinin öngördüğü kadın-erkek ilişkileri bunun gelişmesine imkân vermiş, bu tür aşk İslâm’ın ilk döneminde ve Emevîler devrinde gelişme kaydetmiş, Uzrî âşıkların çoğu bu asırda yetişmiştir. Söz konusu gelişmede kadının rolüne vurgu yapan Abdüllatîf Şerâre’ye göre İslâmî dönemde Câhiliye’deki içtimaî ve siyasî sultasını yitiren kadın bu tür ıstırap aşkının vesilesi olmak suretiyle kadim sultasını telâfi etmiştir (Felsefetü’l-ḥub , s. 105). Ayrıca bu gelişmeyi sosyoekonomik şartlara bağlayan bir anlayış söz konusudur: Emevî yönetiminin siyasetten uzak tutmak amacıyla akıttığı servetlerle ganimet malları ve gelişen ticaret sayesinde refah düzeyi yükselen Mekke ve Medine şehir halkı eğlence ve mûsiki yanında maddî/cismanî aşkı yaşar ve şairleri bu tür aşkı terennüm ederken Hicaz ve Necid çöllerinde hayat süren fakir göçebe halk maddî külfetini karşılayamadığı bu aşkın yerine cismanî mahrumiyeti koymuş ve uzrî aşkı dile getiren gazeller nazmetmiştir.
Louis Massignon, Arap Uzrî aşkının kadim Yunan felsefesinde yer alan platonik aşktan alındığını veya ondan türediğini iddia etmiştir (Âlûsî, s. 192). Halbuki Uzrî aşkın ortaya çıkıp yayılması I. (VII.) yüzyılın ortalarına rastlar. O dönemde Araplar’ın Yunan felsefe ve edebiyatından haberdar olmadıkları için duygusal hayatlarında ondan etkilenmeleri söz konusu değildir. Ayrıca Uzrî aşk felsefeyle ilgisi bulunmayan gazel şiirlerinde dile getirilip şekillendirilmiştir. Platonik aşk, Eflâtun’un To Symposion (şölen) adlı eserinde ideal güzellik ve buna duyulan ideal aşkla ilgili fikrî, aklî ve felsefî düzeyde bir teoridir. Uzrî aşklar ise kahramanları bulunan, bizzat duygusal boyutta yaşanmış gerçeklerdir. Tâhâ Hüseyin’e göre Emevî hilâfet merkezi Suriye (Şam) ile bu hilâfete karşı olan grupların merkezi sayılan Irak halkı, edip ve şairleri siyasî mücadelelerle uğraştığından içe dönmeye ve duygusal hayata eğilmeye fırsat bulamayıp geleneği muhafaza etmiş, aşk şiirleri (gazel) konusunda kadim kasidelerin girişini teşkil eden nesîb tarzını korumakla yetinmiştir (a.g.e. , s. 193). Siyasî ikbal ümidini yitiren Hicaz şehirlerinde (Mekke, Medine, Tâif) anılan refah düzeyine paralel olarak Ömer b. Ebû Rebîa’nın öncülüğünde dünyevî/ibâhî gazel gelişme kaydetmiştir. Öte yandan Hicaz ve Necid çöllerinde yaşayıp siyasî ümidi bulunmayan yoksul bedevîler arasında da yanı başlarındaki şehirlerde yaşanan maddî aşka ve dünyevîliğe karşı bedevî sadeliğiyle İslâm’ın iffet, takvâ ve zühd ilkelerinin kaynaşması neticesinde hâlis dinî zühd ile (tasavvuf) afîf aşk ve bunu terennüm eden afîf gazel olmak üzere iki eğilim ortaya çıkmıştır (a.g.e. , s. 194). Öncelikle amca kızı Afrâ’nın âşığı Urve b. Hizâm, Büseyne’nin âşığı Cemîl b. Ma‘mer, Lübnâ’nın âşığı Kays b. Zerîh, Leylâ’nın âşığı Kays b. Mülevvah (Mecnûn), Azze’nin âşığı Küseyyir, Meyye’nin âşığı Zürrumme gibi şairlerle sevgililerine ait olan veya onlara nisbet edilen şiirlerde birbirinden kopuk hikâye parçaları halindeki anlatımlar, III. (IX.) yüzyıl ile IV. (X.) yüzyılın başlarında yaşayan râviler, şiir antolojisi düzenleyenler ve edep kültürü derleyenler tarafından muntazam aşk hikâyelerine dönüştürülmüştür. Tâhâ Hüseyin’e göre evvelâ şiirler mevcuttu; bunların anlatımları arasındaki irtibatı sağlamak amacıyla araya nesir parçaları halinde hikâyelerin yerleştirilmesi daha sonraki süreçte meydana gelmiştir (Ḥadîs̱ü’l-erbiʿâʾ , s. 197-198). Bu hikâyeler de âşık şairler ve sevgilileri etrafında yayılan şifahî rivayetlere dayanıyordu. Aşk hikâyelerinin derleyicileri II ve III. (VIII-IX.) asırlarda yaşayan Asmaî, İbnü’l-Kelbî, Heysem b. Adî, İbrâhim el-Mevsılî, İshak el-Mevsılî, Hişâm b. Hassân, Ebû Vâil el-İzâhî, Ebü’s-Sâib el-Mahzûmî, Zübeyr b. Bekkâr gibi ahbâr derleyicileri ve râvileridir.
Aşk hikâyeleri ve aşk şiirleri etrafında zamanımıza ulaşan kaynakların başında İbn Dâvûd ez-Zâhirî’nin Kitâbü’z-Zehre , Veşşâ’nın el-Müveşşâ , özellikle Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî’nin Kitâbü’l-Eġānî , İbn Hazm’ın Ṭavḳu’l-ḥamâme , Ca‘fer b. Ahmed es-Serrâc’ın Meṣâriʿu’l-ʿuşşâḳ , İbrâhim b. Ömer el-Bikāî’nin Esvâḳu’l-eşvâḳ fi(ḫtiṣâri) Meṣâriʿi’l-ʿuşşâḳ , İbn Ebû Hacele’nin Dîvânü’ṣ-ṣabâbe ve Dâvûd-i Antâkî’nin Tezyînü’l-esvâḳ adlı kitapları gelir. Uzrî aşkla ilgili hikâye ve gazellerin tahliline dair ortaya konulmuş çağdaş çalışmaların başında da Tâhâ Hüseyin’in Ḥadîs̱ü’l-erbiʿâʾ adlı eseri yer alır. Bu bağlamda Stendhal’in De l’amour ’u (Paris 1822), Jean-Claude Vadet’in L’esprit courtois en orient ’i gibi çalışmalarla Benî Uzre efsanesi Avrupa edebiyatında da tanınmıştır. Daha sonra Arap dünyasında ve Batı’da aşk teorisi ve Uzrî aşka dair çok sayıda çalışma yapılmıştır.
Uzrî aşk konusunda efsane haline gelen Leylâ ile Mecnûn hikâyesi dünya edebiyatını etkilemiş, bu konuda eski dönemlerden itibaren Türkçe, Farsça ve diğer bazı dillerde eserler yazıldığı gibi Kerem ile Aslı, Arzu ile Kamber, Tâhir ile Zühre, Âşık Garib ile Şah Sanem gibi birçok halk hikâyesi ve aşk şiirinin ortaya çıkmasında esin kaynağı olmuştur. İngiliz edebiyatında Shakespeare’in Romeo Julliet’ini Leylâ ile Mecnûn hikâyesinden esinlenerek yazdığı kaydedilir. Yine Alman şairi Heine’nin Asra (Azrâ) şiiri de aynı ilhamın ürünüdür. Uzrî aşk ile Leylâ ve Mecnûn aşkı İslâm tasavvufunu da etkilemiş, bu isimler tasavvufî aşkın anlatımında sembol haline gelmiştir. Diğer bir ifadeyle Uzrî aşk İslâm tasavvuf hareketinin başlangıcını ve çekirdeğini oluşturmuştur (Abdüllatîf Şerâre, s. 103). Tasavvuf ehli V. (XI.) yüzyıldan sonra Leylâ ile Mecnûn kıssasına önem vermiş, onda beşer ruhunun sırlarına dair en üstün anlatımı bulmuş, süflî aşktan arınan nefsin Allah’a dönüşüne ve O’nun zâtına yaklaşmasına ilişkin en yüce remizleri görmüş, iffetin en yüksek derecesindeki aşkı, Allah aşkını ve O’na kavuşma şevkini bu hikâye ile sembolleştirmiştir. İbnü’l-Fârız’ın divanında Leylâ el-Âmiriyye ile Necid çölleri çokça zikredilmiştir. Daha sonra Fars ve Türk şairlerinin yazdığı, binlerce beyitten meydana gelen Leylâ ile Mecnûn kıssaları tasavvufun yanı sıra tarikatların sırları ve sembollerine medar olmuştur (Nallino, s. 122).
Bunların dışında değişik kabilelerden pek çok Uzrî âşık ile mâşukaları, bunlara dair hikâye ve gazeller çeşitli eserlerde söz konusu edilmiştir. Reyyâ bint Gıtrîf es-Sülemiyye’nin aşkından ölen Utbe b. Hubâb el-Ensârî, Reyyâ bint Mes‘ûd’un aşkından ölen Sımme b. Abdullah, Hubeyşe bint Sa‘d’ın aşkı yüzünden öldürülen Abdullah b. Alkame b. Zürâre, Cennûb bint Kays’ın aşkından yirmi sekiz yaşında ölen Mâlik b. Hâris, Meylâ bint Übeyy’in aşkı yüzünden ölen Kâ‘b b. Mâlik, Tevbe b. Humeyyir-Leylâ el-Ahyeliyye aşkı, Vezzâhu’l-Yemenî-Ravza el-Kindiyye aşkı, Yezîd b. Tasriyye-Vahşiyye aşkı, ayrıca şiirlerinde afîf aşkı terennüm eden, ancak sevgilileri tesbit edilemeyen âşıklara dair pek çok şiir ve hikâye anılan eserlerde geçmektedir. Bu tür aşk tecrübeleri ve ilgili şiir ürünleri fukaha, kurrâ ve zâhidler muhitine de yansımıştır. Abdullah b. Mes‘ûd’un kardeşi Utbe’nin torunu, fukahâ-yi seb‘adan Ubeydullah b. Abdullah boşadığı karısı için afîf aşkının ıstırabını dile getiren şiirler yazmış, “Kass” (zâhid) lakabıyla tanınan Mekkeli fakih, kāri ve zâhid Abdullah b. Abdurrahman, Sellâme adlı bir şarkıcı kadına âşık olmuş, ona duyduğu iffetli aşkı dile getiren şiirler yazmış, uhrevî vuslatı kirletmemek için mâşukasının dünyevî vuslat talebini kabul etmemiştir (Veşşâ, s. 84-85). Bu tür aşkta âşıkları iffete sevkeden sebepler arasında Allah korkusu, cennette hûri umudu, vuslatla aşkın sona ermesi ihtimali, sevgilisini utanç verici bir konuma düşürme endişesi, soylu davranış, iffetin lezzetini maddî tatmin lezzetinden daha üstün görme, övünülecek bir isim bırakma gibi etkenler bulunur (Kehhâle, s. 229-230). Amca kızı Esmâ’nın aşkından ölen Murakkış el-Ekber (Amr/Avf b. Sa‘d), Able’nin âşığı Antere, Meylâ’in âşığı Muhabbel (Rebî‘ b. Mâlik) es-Sa‘dî, Hind’in âşığı Abdullah b. Aclân çektikleri aşk ıstırabını dile getiren şiirleriyle Câhiliye devrinde Uzrî aşkın nüvesini oluşturan başlıca şairlerdir.
Uzrî âşıkların ortak yanları, ölünceye kadar sadece tek kadına vefalı ve sadık birer âşık olarak aşkları uğrunda çektikleri ıstırapları iffet ölçüsü dahilinde şiirlerinde dile getirmeleridir. Bunun yanında üslûp bakımından benzer şiirler ortaya koyduklarından şiirleri birbirine karıştırılmış, meselâ Cemîl b. Ma‘mer, Kays b. Mülevvah (Mecnûn) ve Kays b. Zerîh’in şiirleri birbirine nisbet edilmiştir. Aynı şekilde bunların hikâyeleri de birbirine benzemektedir.
Emevîler zamanında gelişen ve yayılan Uzrî aşkın uzantısı şeklinde Abbâsîler devrinin şehir toplumunda saray aşkı diye anılan, saraya mensup gençlerin iffet ve edep dahilinde yaşadıkları aşk tecrübelerine dayanan aşk türü de Uzrî aşk sayılmıştır. Mâşukanın baskısı, üstünlüğü, aşkın ahlâkî değeri gibi unsurlar bu tür aşk anlayışına eklenmiştir. Başta İbnü’l-Ahnef olmak üzere bazı şehirli Abbâsî şairlerinin gazellerinde bu aşk anlayışı dile getirilmiştir.
Aşk teorisine ve Uzrî aşka dair çok sayıda çağdaş eserden bazıları şunlardır. A. K. Kinany, The Development of Gazel (Dımaşk 1951); Mûsâ Süleyman, el-Ḥubbü’l-ʿUẕrî (Beyrut 1954); Cemâleddin er-Remâdî, Şuʿarâʾü’l-ḥub (Kahire 1960); Sâdık Celâl el-Azm, Fi’l-ḥub ve’l-ḥubbi’l-ʿUẕrî (Beyrut 1968); Mustafa Abdülvâhid, Dirâsâtü’l-ḥub fi’l-edebi’l-ʿArabî (I-II, Kahire 1972); T. L. Djedidi, La poésie amoureuse (Cezayir 1974); A. E. Khairallah, Love, Madress and Poetry (Beyrut 1980); Yûsuf Îd, Dîvânü’l-ʿUẕriyyîn (Beyrut 1413/1992); Abdülmuîn el-Mellûhî, el-Ḥub beyne’l-müslimîn ve’n-naṣârâ (Beyrut 1993); Şevkī Dayf, el-Ḥubbü’l-ʿUẕrî ʿinde’l-ʿArab (Kahire 1999); Stefan Leder, The ʿUdhri Narrative in Arabic Literature (Wiesbaden 2004); Malek Chebel, Encyclopedie de l’amour en Islâm (Paris 1995); Zekî Mübârek, el-ʿUşşâḳu’s̱-s̱elâs̱e (Kahire, ts. [Dârü’l-maârif]).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Cemîl, Dîvânü Cemîli Büs̱eyne , Beyrut, ts. (Dâru Sâdır), s. 5-12; a.e. (nşr. Emîl Bedî‘ Ya‘kūb), Beyrut 1412/1992, neşredenin girişi, s. 9-19.
İbn Kuteybe, eş-Şiʿr ve’ş-şuʿarâʾ , Beyrut 1964, I, 346.
Veşşâ, el-Müveşşâ (nşr. Abdülemîr Ali Mühennâ), Beyrut 1990, tür.yer.
Ca‘fer b. Ahmed es-Serrâc, Meṣâriʿu’l-ʿuşşâḳ , İstanbul 1301, tür.yer.
İbn Ebû Hacele, Dîvânü’ṣ-ṣabâbe (nşr. M. Zağlûl Sellâm), İskenderiye 1977, s. 305-349, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
Dâvûd-i Antâkî, Tezyînü’l-esvâḳ , Bulak 1291, tür.yer.
C. Nallino, Târîḫu’l-âdâbi’l-ʿArabiyye (nşr. M. Nallino), Kahire 1954, s. 122.
J.-C. Vadet, L’esprit courtois en orient dans les cinq premiers siècles de l’hégire , Paris 1968, s. 353-378.
Şükrî Faysal, Teṭavvürü’l-ġazel beyne’l-Câhiliyye ve’l-İslâm min İmriʾilḳays ilâ İbn Ebî Rebîʿa , Beyrut 1982, s. 280-289.
Hrîstû Necm, Cemîlü Büs̱eyne ve’l-ḥubbü’l-ʿuẕrî , Beyrut 1402/1982, s. 57-71, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
Blachère, Târîḫu’l-edeb , s. 771-784.
Şevkī Dayf, Târîḫu’l-edeb , II, 359-367.
Ömer Rızâ Kehhâle, el-Ḥub , Beyrut 1404/1984, s. 223-238.
Yûsuf Îd, Dîvânü’l-ʿUẕriyyîn: Cemîl b. Maʿmer, Ḳays b. el-Mülevvaḥ, Ḳays b. Ẕerîḥ , Beyrut 1413/1992, s. 3-12, 187-189, 367-368.
Adnân Zekî Dervîş, Şerḥu Dîvânı Cemîli Büs̱eyne , Beyrut 1994, s. 7-16.
Mîhâîl Mes‘ûd, Cemîl b. Maʿmer: Râʾidü’l-ḥubbi’l-ʿUẕrî: Dirâse ve muḫtârât , Beyrut 1414/1994, s. 5-65.
Tâhâ Hüseyin, Ḥadîs̱ü’l-erbiʿâʾ , Kahire 1997, s. 179-321.
Âdil Kâmil el-Âlûsî, el-Ḥub ʿinde’l-ʿArab , Beyrut 1999, s. 183-207.
Abdüllatîf Şerâre, Felsefetü’l-ḥub ʿinde’l-ʿArab , Beyrut, ts. (Dâru mektebeti’l-hayât), s. 91-117.
R. Jacobi, “‘Udhri Poetry”, Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature (ed. J. S. Meisami – P. Starkey), London 1998, II, 789-791.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 259-261 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.