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UZUNÇARŞILI, İsmail Hakkı Skip to content (1888-1977)
Osmanlı tarihçisi.
23 Ağustos 1888’de İstanbul Eyüp’te doğdu. Babası Mehmed Latif Efendi, annesi Râtibe Hanım’dır. İlk öğrenimini aynı semtte tamamladı. Ardından Soğukçeşme Askerî Rüşdiyesi’ne girdi, iki sene sonra Beyazıt Merkez Rüşdiyesi’ne nakledildi. 1904’te rüşdiyeyi bitirip Mercan İdâdîsi’ne kaydoldu. Kendi ifadesine göre tarih ve coğrafya derslerine duyduğu ilgi bu sıralarda başladı. 1910’da idâdî diplomasını aldığı gün İstanbul Dârülfünunu Edebiyat Şubesi’ne kaydını yaptırdı. Dârülfünunda Ahmed Midhat Efendi, Abdurrahman Şeref, Ali Ekrem, Mehmed Âkif, İzmirli İsmail Hakkı, Hüseyin Dâniş, Şehbenderzâde Ahmed Hilmi, Hamdullah Suphi gibi hocalardan ders gördü. 1912’de dârülfünundan mezun olunca ilk tayin edildiği Kütahya İdâdîsi ve Sultânîsi’nde sekiz yıl tarih-coğrafya öğretmenliğinde bulundu. Burada iken Kütahya tarihi üzerine araştırmalar yaptı ve kaynak topladı. Hazırladığı çalışma sonradan Maarif Vekâleti tarafından yayımlanmış (İstanbul 1932), kendisine de Kütahya Meclisi tarafından Kütahya fahrî hemşeriliği verilmiştir.
Şubat-Eylül 1922 tarihlerinde Kastamonu Lisesi’nde tarih öğretmenliği yaptı. Açıksöz gazetesinde tarih yazıları yazdı, İsmail Habip Bey’in bulunmadığı dönemlerde gazetenin başmuharrirliğini üstlendi. Kasım 1922 – Ekim 1925 arasında bir taraftan Karesi Lisesi ve Karesi maarif müdürlüğü görevlerini ifa ederken aynı zamanda bu şehirde Karesi Lisesi Salnâmesi , Karesi Vilâyeti Tarihçesi , Karesi Meşâhiri adlı eserlerini neşretti (İstanbul 1341). Mahallî tarih ve simalar hakkında her biri kısa birer araştırma olan gazete makaleleriyle başlayan yayın hayatı Anadolu’da görev yaptığı Kütahya, Kastamonu, Sivas, Balıkesir şehirleriyle ilgili kitâbeler üzerine yaptığı çalışmalarla devam etti; Anadolu kitâbelerini 1927 ve 1929 yıllarında iki büyük cilt halinde yayımladı. Bir süre Maarif Vekâleti umumi müfettişliğinde bulundu ve ilk tedrisat umum müdürlüğü yaptı. 9 Kasım 1927’den 1950 yılına kadar yirmi üç yıl aralıksız Balıkesir milletvekilliği yaptı. Bu görevi sırasında İstanbul Üniversitesi Tarih Bölümü’nde dersler verdi. Bu dönem onun Osmanlı tarihi ve teşkilâtıyla ilgili çalışmalarını neşrettiği en verimli yıllarını oluşturur.
1933 üniversite reformundan sonra da Edebiyat Fakültesi’nde Anadolu Selçukluları, Anadolu beylikleri ve Kanûnî devrine kadar Osmanlı Devleti tarihi derslerini okutmayı sürdürdü. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi açılınca iki hafta İstanbul’da, iki hafta Ankara’da ders verdi. İstanbul’da ders saatleri dışında Başbakanlık Arşivi’nde çalışıyordu. Bu çalışmaları 1939 yılı ortalarına kadar sürdü. Atatürk’ün ölümünün ardından Hasan Âli Yücel’in Maarif Vekâleti zamanında mebusluk veya hocalıktan birini tercih etmesi teklif edildiğinde M. Fuad Köprülü ve Şemsettin Günaltay ile birlikte hocalıktan ayrıldı. 1950 yılından sonra yeniden üniversiteye döndü. Ortaçağ Tarihi Kürsüsü öğretim kadrosu içinde “konferansçı” unvanıyla haftada dört saat Osmanlı tarihi ve Anadolu beylikleriyle ilgili dersler verdi. Bu arada Ankara Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi İlkçağ tarihi profesörlerinden Halil Demircioğlu’nun Başbakanlık Arşivi genel müdürlüğüne getirilmesi arşiv çalışmalarını aksattı; buradaki imtiyazlı konumuna son verildi, kendisine gösterilen belge sayısı azaltıldı. Bu sebeple araştırmalarını Topkapı Sarayı Arşivi’ne nakletti ve hayatının sonuna kadar burada araştırmalarını sürdürdü; ayrıca belgeleri tasnif eden küçük bir heyetin başında bulundu. Türk Tarih Kurumu’nun teşkili sırasında 1931’de başlayan kurum üyeliği ölümüne kadar aralıksız kırk altı yıl devam etti. Bu dönemde hem kitapları hem de müstakil birer monografi hacmindeki makaleleri kurum tarafından yayımlandı. On dokuz kitabı, Belleten’de doksanı aşkın makalesi çıktı. Uzunçarşılı’nın yayın hayatı âdeta Türk Tarih Kurumu ile özdeşleşti. 10 Ekim 1977’de vefat etti ve Edirnekapı Şehitliği’nde toprağa verildi.
Eserleri. İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı’nın güçlü ve ihatalı telif yeteneği, sistemli çalışmaları sonucu kaleme aldığı kitap ve makaleleri Osmanlı tarihine önemli katkılar yapmıştır. Arkadaşı ve meslektaşı Hikmet Bayur onun bir ilim adamında bulunması gereken bir görüş ve sezişe sahip olduğunu, yazılarına siyaset bulaştırmadığını belirtir. Özellikle bir genel Osmanlı tarihi yazma çabası, sadece siyasî değil teşkilât tarihini de ele alması ona farklı bir yer kazandırmıştır. 1930’lu yılların sonlarında Osmanlı tarihine giriş mahiyetinde hazırladığı iki eser yaklaşımı bakımından önemlidir. Bunlar, ana kaynaklara dayanarak yazdığı Anadolu Beylikleri ve Akkoyunlu, Karakoyunlu Devletleri ile (Ankara 1937) Osmanlı Devleti Teşkilâtına Medhal (Ankara 1941) adlı eserleri olup aşılmaz bir temel sağlamıştır. Özellikle Medhal dayandığı çok zengin Arapça ve Farsça kaynaklarıyla dikkati çeker. Bilhassa eserin hazırlanması ve kaynakların kullanılmasında Beyazıt Kütüphanesi müdürü İsmail Saib Sencer’den geniş ölçüde istifade etmiştir. Bu eserlerini Osmanlı teşkilât tarihiyle ilgili seri takip etmiştir. 1943’te Osmanlı Devleti Teşkilâtından Kapukulu Ocakları (I-II), 1945’te Osmanlı Devleti’nin Saray Teşkilâtı , 1948’de Osmanlı Devleti’nin Merkez ve Bahriye Teşkilâtı , 1965’te Osmanlı Devleti’nin İlmiye Teşkilâtı adlı eserlerini büyük vukuf ve zengin dip notlarıyla neşretmiş, bunlar Osmanlı tarihi alanında vazgeçilmez temel kitaplar haline gelmiştir. Teşkilât tarihine dair eserleri muhteva açısından değerlendirildiğinde üç ortak özellik ortaya çıkar. Birincisi Osmanlı devlet teşkilâtının yapısı, birimleri, kalemleri konusundaki çalışmanın esasını oluşturmalarıdır. İkinci özellik, Osmanlı Devleti’nin yükselmesine paralel olarak gelişen teşrifat ve devlet protokolüne ağırlıklı biçimde yer verilmesidir. Üçüncüsü dipnotlarda verilen uygulamaya ait örnekler, kurumların işleyişi veya aksaklıklarını anlatan arşiv kaynakları ile vekāyi‘nâmelerden aktarılan bilgilerdir. Osmanlı teşkilât tarihinin, ancak siyasî-idarî olayların ve bunların oluşmasında rol alan şahsiyetlerin incelenmesiyle anlaşılacağını en iyi şekilde Uzunçarşılı’nın eserleri ortaya koymaktadır. Karşılaştırmalı teorik bir çerçeveyi ihmal etmekle birlikte bu eserler, öğretici özelliği yanında zengin ham malzemeye işaret etmeleri bakımından vazgeçilmez konumdadır.
Uzunçarşılı’nın en çok bilinen ve popüler bir ilgiye mazhar olan eseri Osmanlı Tarihi serisidir. Türk Tarih Kurumu’nun büyük dünya tarihi yazdırma projesinin bir parçası şeklinde kaleme alınan bu seri Osmanlı Devleti’nin kuruluşundan XVIII. yüzyılın sonlarına kadar olan dönemi kapsar. Uzunçarşılı III ve IV. ciltleri ikişer kısımdan oluşmak üzere eserini altı büyük cilt halinde tamamlamıştır. Günümüzde de Osmanlı siyasî ve askerî tarihinin kapsamlı eserleri olma vasfını taşıyan bu çalışmada yine arşiv belgeleri ve vekāyi‘nâmeler kullanılmış, yer yer Batı kaynaklarından da faydalanılmıştır. Siyasî-askerî tarih anlatımı Osmanlı teşkilâtı, ilim ve sanat hayatı ve biyografilerle zenginleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca Osmanlılar’ın, müslümanlar ve bilhassa Avrupa devletleriyle münasebetlerine asırlara göre yer verilmiştir. Biyografiler ise padişahların dışında vezîriâzam ile şeyhülislâmları kapsar ve müstakil konular halinde yer alır. Hammer’in Osmanlı tarihinden geniş ölçüde istifade edildiği anlaşılan, Halil İnalcık’ın popüler tarih kategorisinde değerlendirdiği serinin ilk kitabının önsözünde Uzunçarşılı gördüğü kaynakları hisse mağlûp olmayarak tarafsız bir görüşle inceleyip göstermeye çalıştığını, olayların cereyan tarzını anlatırken ve bunlardan neticeler çıkarırken hakikatten ayrılmadığı zannında olduğunu belirterek bir ölçüde tarihe yaklaşımının ipuçlarını verir. Ayrıca Batı tarihçiliğinde Osmanlı tarihi üzerindeki yanlı ve kin duygusuyla yazılmış eserlere karşı duyduğu tepkiyi dile getirir, yapılan haksızlığa temas eder. Eserin I. cildi 1947’de Ankara’da basılmış olup Anadolu Selçukluları ve Beylikler’den itibaren Osmanlı Devleti’nin kuruluş devresini içine alır ve İstanbul’un fethine kadar gelir. Uzunçarşılı bu cildin sonraki baskılarına yeni bilgiler eklemiştir. II. cilt, İstanbul’un fethinden Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın ölümüne (Ankara 1949), III. cilt II. Selim’in tahta çıkışından Karlofça Antlaşması’na (Ankara 1951), IV. cilt Karlofça Antlaşması’ndan XVIII. yüzyılın sonlarına kadar gelir (Ankara 1959). Osmanlı Tarihi Farsça’ya da çevrilmiştir (I-II, Tahran 1370 hş.). Uzunçarşılı’nın Osmanlı siyasî ve özellikle teşkilât tarihlerine çeşitli eleştiriler yöneltilmiştir. Osmanlı kurumlarının tarihini anlatırken genellemeler yaptığı, sosyal ve ekonomik tarihi ihmal ettiği, temel olarak vekāyi‘nâmeleri ve Başbakanlık Arşivi’nde belirli bir kaynak grubunu kullanıp meselâ şer‘iyye sicillerini, tahrir defterlerini, Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü’ndeki belgeleri nazarı itibara almadığı, Batı literatürünü, hatta yeni araştırmaları takip etmediği belirtilirse de eserlerin yazıldığı dönemler dikkate alındığında söz konusu eleştiriler anlamsız kalmaktadır.
İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı’nın bu iki temel seri dışındaki eserleri şunlardır: Karesi Vilâyeti Tarihçesi (İstanbul 1341); Karesi Meşahiri: Edib ve Şairler, Ricâl-i Devlet Faslı (İstanbul 1341); Anadolu Türk Tarihi Tedkikatından Sivas Şehri (İstanbul 1346/1928, Rıdvan Nâfiz [Edgüer] ile birlikte); Kitâbeler (I-II, İstanbul 1927-1929); Kütahya Şehri (İstanbul 1932); Anadolu Beylikleri ve Akkoyunlu, Karakoyunlu Devletleri (Ankara 1937); Meşhur Rumeli Âyanlarından Tirsinikli İsmail, Yılık Oğlu Süleyman Ağalar ve Alemdar Mustafa Paşa (İstanbul 1942); Midhat ve Rüştü Paşaların Tevkiflerine Dair Vesikalar (Ankara 1946); Midhat Paşa ve Tâif Mahkûmları (Ankara 1950, 1985); Midhat Paşa ve Yıldız Mahkemesi (Ankara 1967); Mekke-i Mükerreme Emirleri (Ankara 1972, 1984); Çandarlı Vezir Ailesi (Ankara 1974, 1986). Bunların yanında bir kısmı kitap hacminde makaleleri de vardır: “Sadrâzam Halil Hamid Paşa” (TM , V [1936], s. 213-269); “Vezir Hakkı Mehmed Paşa 1747-1811” (a.g.e. , sy. 6 [1936-1939], s. 177-284); “Gazi Orhan Bey’in Hükümdar Olduğu Tarih ve İlk Sikkesi” (TTK Belleten , IX/34 [1945], s. 207-211); “Osmanlı Tarihinin İlk Devrelerine Âid Bazı Yanlışların Tashihi” (a.g.e. , XXI/81 [1957], s. 173-188); “Cem Sultana Dair Beş Orijinal Vesika” (a.g.e. , XXIV/95 [1960], s. 457-483); “II. Bayezid’in Oğullarından Sultan Korkut” (a.g.e. , XXX/120 [1966], s. 539-601); “Fatih Sultan Mehmed’in Ölümü” (a.g.e. , XXXIV/134 [1970], s. 231-234; XXXIX/155 [1975], s. 473-481); “Sancağa Çıkarılan Osmanlı Şehzadeleri” (a.g.e. , XXXIX/156 [1975], s. 659-696). Muhtelif dergilerde yayımlamış olduğu biyografik nitelikteki yazıları bir araya getirilerek yeniden neşredilmiştir (Osmanlı Tarihinden Portreler: Seçme Makaleler 1 , İstanbul 2010).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı’ya Armağan , Ankara 1976.
“Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı”, Türk Dünyası Edebiyatçıları Ansiklopedisi , Ankara 2007, VIII, 445-446.
Oktay Aslanapa, “Ord. Prof. İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı”, Tercüman , İstanbul 14.10.1977 (kendi ağzından derlenen hayat hikâyesi).
M. Münir Aktepe, “Sunuş”, TD , İ. Hakkı Uzunçarşılı özel sayısı, sy. 32 (1979), s. XI-XV.
Halil İnalcık – Bahaeddin Yediyıldız, “Türkiye’de Osmanlı Araştırmaları”, TTK Bildiriler , XIII (2002), I, 132-136.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 264-266 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.