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VAAD Skip to content Söz verme ve verilen söz; kişinin gelecekte kendiliğinden hukukî bir tasarrufta bulunacağını haber vermesi anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte vaad (va‘d ) “gelecekle ilgili olarak birine söz vermek; müjdelemek, tehdit etmek” anlamında masdar-isimdir. Aynı kökten gelen vaîd ise “geleceğe ilişkin tehdit” mânasında kullanılır. Vaad kelimesi ve bu kökten türeyen fiiller ve isimler Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de sıkça yer alır; en çok da Allah’ın verdiği sözün muhakkak gerçekleşeceği, O’nun dünyada ve âhirette müminlere olan müjdeleri, inanmayanların âkıbeti, peygamberlerin bu içerikte müjde ve tehditleri bağlamında geçmektedir (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “vʿad” md.). Fıkıhta vaad kişinin, tek taraflı irade beyanı ile gelecekte hukukî sonuçları bulunan bir davranışta veya başkası lehine karşılıksız olarak hukukî bir işlemde bulunacağını haber vermesidir. Vaad ahid ve iltizam terimleriyle ilişkilidir. Diğer anlamları yanında ahid “şarta bağlanmış vaad mânasında” kullanılır ve bağlayıcılığı mücerred vaade nisbetle daha kuvvetlidir (bk. AHİD ). Vaadin yerine getirilmemesi ihlâf (Âl-i İmrân 3/9), ahdin yerine getirilmemesi kurulmuş bir şeyin bozulmasına işaret eden “nakz” (el-Enfâl 8/56) kelimesiyle ifade edilir. “Yükümlülük altına girme, taahhüt” mânasındaki “iltizam” ise “kişinin kendisini bir borçla bağlı hale getirmesi” demektir. Vaad ile iltizam arasındaki fark irade beyanında bulunan kişinin üstlendiği borcun tahakkuk ettiği zamanla ilişkilidir. İltizam kavramı tahakkuk eden borçlanmayı, vaad ise henüz gerçekleşmemiş borçlanmayı ifade eder. Gelecekte bir akid yapmak üzere karşılıklı vaadleşmeye “muvâade” denilir.
Çeşitleri. Vaad mücerret veya muallak olmak üzere iki şekilde gerçekleşir. Mücerret vaad yerine getirilmesi bir şarta bağlanmamış vaad olup kişinin sadece, “Alacağım, satacağım, gelecekte veya yakın zamanda alırım, satarım” gibi ifadelerle gelecekte bir şey yapma niyetini ortaya koymasıdır. Muallak vaad ise yerine getirilmesi bir şartın gerçekleşmesine bağlanan vaaddir. Vaadin konusu ya da vaadin ta‘lik edildiği şart, kişiye vâcip veya haram kılınmış bir fiil olabileceği gibi mubah veya mendup bir fiil de olabilir. a) Kişinin haram kılınmış bir fiili vaad etmesi durumunda vaadini yerine getirmesi haram, yerine getirmemesi vâciptir. Vaadin, lehine vaadde bulunulan kişinin haram kılınmış bir fiiline bağlanması, meselâ, “Birini öldürürsen ya da içki içersen sana şunu vereceğim” denmesi durumunda da vaad bağlayıcı sayılmaz. b) Kişi kendi üzerine vâcip kılınan bir şeyi yapmayı vaad ederse vaadi bağlayıcıdır. Vaadin, lehine vaadde bulunulan kişinin vâcip bir fiiline ta‘lik edilmesi durumunda eğer vaad eden, lehine vaadde bulunduğu kişinin üzerine bu fiilin vâcip olduğunu bilmiyorsa vaadi bağlayıcı değildir. Meselâ Mâlikîler’e göre “cuâle”nin şartlarından biri istenen işi ifa edecek kişi açısından cuâlenin konusunun meçhul olmasıdır. Mal sahibi, “Kayıp eşyamı bulursan sana şunu veririm” dediğinde diğer taraf bu sırada eşyanın yerini zaten biliyorsa veya eşyayı bulmuşsa vaadde bulunan mal sahibi vaadiyle ilzam olunmaz ve vaadini ifa etmesine hükmedilemez; ödül vaad edilen işi yapan kişinin bir şey alması da câiz sayılmaz. Çünkü Mâlikîler’e göre cuâlenin şartlarından biri yapılacak işin ilgili üzerine vâcip olmamasıdır. Halbuki kayıp eşyanın yerini bilen kişinin bunu sahibine haber vermesi veya eşyayı zaten bulmuş olan kişinin onu sahibine teslim etmesi vâciptir. Ancak cenazeyi yıkamak gibi kifâî vâcipler bundan istisna edilmiş ve kişinin, “Cenazeyi yıkarsan sana şunu veririm” şeklindeki muallak vaadi bağlayıcı görülmüştür. Bir diğer istisna vaad edenin vaadi ta‘lik ettiği fiilin, lehine vaad edilen kişiye vâcip kılındığını bilmesi durumudur. Meselâ, “Öğle namazını kılarsan sana şunu veririm” demek o kişiyi bu fiili yapmaya özendirme mahiyetinde olup bağlayıcıdır. Müslümanın bir gayri müslime, “Müslüman olursan sana şunu vereceğim” diyerek bir şey vaad etmesi durumunda da vaad eden vaadiyle ilzam olunur ve dava edilmesi halinde vaad eden aleyhine hükmedilir. c) Mendup ve mubah fiiller vaad edildiğinde hukuken bağlayıcılık doğurup doğurmayacağı ve bu vaadin ifasının hükmü tartışmalıdır. Fakat bu tür bir vaadin yerine getirilmesinin müstehap olduğunda ihtilâf yoktur; zira yapılan bir vaadin yerine getirilmesi müminin hasletlerinden ve güzel ahlâktandır.
Vaadi İfa Etmenin Hükmü. Fıkıhta vaadi ifa etmenin hükmü iki yönden ele alınmıştır: Kazâen ve diyâneten. Vaadin kazâen yani yargı yoluyla bağlayıcılığı hakkında ihtilâf edilmiştir. Konuyla ilgili görüşler şöylece özetlenebilir: 1. Vaad mutlak şekilde bağlayıcıdır. Ömer b. Abdülazîz, Hasan-ı Basrî, İbn Şübrüme, İshak b. Râhûye, bir rivayete göre Ahmed b. Hanbel, İbn Teymiyye ve İbnü’ş-Şât bu görüştedir. Vaadin mutlak şekilde bağlayıcı sayılması vaadin yerine getirilmesinin kazâen vâcip olması için herhangi bir ön şart aranmamasını, şarta bağlı ya da herhangi bir şarta bağlanmamış her türlü vaadin bağlayıcılığını yani kazâî borç doğurmasını ifade eder. Bu görüş, “Ey iman edenler! Yapmayacağınız şeyleri niçin söylüyorsunuz? Yapmayacağınız şeyleri söylemeniz Allah katında büyük nefretle karşılanır” âyeti (es-Saf 61/2-3) ve, “Münafığın alâmeti üçtür: Konuştuğunda yalan söyler, vaad ettiğinde sözünde durmaz, kendisine güvenildiğinde ihanet eder” hadisinin (Buhârî, “Îmân”, 24; Müslim, “Îmân”, 107, 108) yanı sıra Hz. Peygamber’in vaad edip yerine getirmemekten Allah’a sığındığına dair rivayetlere dayanır (Buhârî, “İstiḳrâż”, 10). Vaadi ifayı kazâî borç gören diğer üç grup bu hükmü bazı kayıtlara bağlamıştır. 2. Vaadin bir sebebe dayanması durumunda kendisine vaadde bulunulan kişi vaad sebebiyle bir mükellefiyet altına girerse vaadi ifa kazâen vâciptir. Meselâ ev satın aldığı takdirde kendisine borç vereceğini vaad eden kişiye güvenerek ev satın alana yapılan vaad gibi. Mâlikî mezhebinde meşhur görüş bu yöndedir. 3. Vaad ancak şarta bağlı olduğunda kazâî borç doğurur. Hanefîler’e göre vaad ihtiyarî işleri vâcip ve bağlayıcı hale getiremeyeceği için kişi kendisine vâcip kılınmayan bir şeyi yapmayı vaad ettiğinde mücerret vaadi bağlayıcı olmaz; ancak şarta ta‘lik edilmesi câiz görülen işlemlerde vaad bir şarta bağlanırsa bağlayıcı olur (Mecelle , md. 84; ayrıca bk. ŞART ). 4. Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî gibi bazı fakihler özür ve mani bulunmadıkça vaadi ifa etmenin vâcip sayıldığı kanaatindedir. 5. Vaadin ifası kazâen vâcip değildir. Şâfiî ve Hanbelî mezhepleri ve fakihlerin çoğunluğu bu görüştedir. Vaadi ifa etmenin diyâneten, yani kişinin yargı kararı dışında iç sorumluluğuna göre hükmü de tartışmalıdır. Bazı âlimlere göre kazâen olduğu gibi diyâneten de vaadi yerine getirmek vâciptir. Bir kısım âlimler ise mazeret durumunu bundan istisna etmiştir. İfa etme niyetiyle vaadde bulunan kişinin vaadini yerine getirmemesi halinde günahkâr sayılmayacağına dair bir hadisten hareketle (Ebû Dâvûd, “Edeb”, 90) Cessâs gibi bazı âlimler, içinde yerine getirmeme niyeti olduğu halde vaadde bulunmayı câiz görmez. Çoğunluğa göre vaadi yerine getirmek mendup, yerine getirmemek ise mekruhtur.
Gelecekte bir akid yapmak üzere vaadleşme ile de akid meydana gelir. Ancak taraflar, gelecekte akdetmeyi vaadleştikleri akdin hükümlerinin vaadleşme anından itibaren doğmasında anlaşırlarsa bu işlem akid sayılır ve sonuçlarını doğurur. Mâlikîler’e göre ancak teberru gibi tek taraflı akidler vaad edildiğinde bağlayıcı olur. Bey‘, icâre ve nikâh gibi iki taraflı akidleri gelecekte akdetmek üzere yapılan vaad bağlayıcı sayılmaz. “Bunu senden şu fiyata alacağım” gibi mücerret vaadler pazarlık olarak değerlendirilmiş ve bu ifade ile bey‘in gerçekleşmeyeceği belirtilmiştir (Mecelle , md. 171). Hanefî fakihlerinin bir kısmına göre istisnâ‘ akdi de bağlayıcı olmayan satım vaadi niteliğindedir (bk. İSTİSN‘ ). Vaadin bağlayıcılığı konusu modern dönemde özellikle murâbaha akdi çerçevesinde tartışmalara yol açmıştır. Tartışmanın odak noktası vaadleşmenin akid açısından ne anlam ifade ettiği ve tarafların vaad ettikleri fiilleri yerine getirme konusunda kazâ yoluyla zorlanıp zorlanamayacağı meselesidir (Cebeci, s. 67-88). İslâm Konferansı Teşkilâtı’na bağlı Mecmau’l-fıkhi’l-İslâmî’nin Küveyt’te 10-15 Aralık 1988 tarihinde yapılan beşinci dönem toplantısında vaad, günümüz faizsiz bankacılık sisteminde uygulandığı şekliyle murâbaha ile bağlantılı biçimde ele alınmış, vaadin bir mazeret bulunmadığı sürece diyâneten bağlayıcı sayıldığı, bir sebebe bağlı olarak yapılan ve söz verilen tarafın da harcama yaptığı durumlarda vaadin kazâen de bağlayıcı olacağı, taraflardan birine veya her birine muhayyerlik hakkı tanımak şartıyla murâbahada karşılıklı vaadleşmenin câiz olduğu görüşü benimsenmiştir.
Modern hukuktaki eksik borç kavramıyla karşılaştırıldığında fakihlerin bir kısmına göre vaadi ifa borcu bir borç halinde bulunmasına rağmen hukuk düzeni tarafından kazâ yoluyla talep edilmesine imkân tanınacak kadar kuvvetle desteklenmemiştir. Vaadde bulunan kişi vaadini yerine getirdiğinde borç olmayan şeyi ifa etmiş ya da bağışta bulunmuş sayılmakta ve eksik mahiyette olmakla beraber bir borcunu ifa etmiş olmaktadır. Buna bağlı olarak kendisine vaadde bulunulan kişi de ifa edilen vaadi aldığında bir haksız kazanç elde etmiş sayılmamakta ve yapılan edayı meşrû şekilde elde etmektedir. Vaadi kazâen bağlayıcı kabul etmeyen, fakat ifasını diyâneten vâcip gören fakihlere göre vaadi ifa etmenin bir eksik borç teşkil ettiği söylenebilir (Demiray, s. 194-195).
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