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VAFTİZ Skip to content Hıristiyanlık’ta cemaate katılımın göstergesi olarak kişinin suya daldırılması ya da üzerine su dökülmesi şeklinde icra edilen dinî merasim.
Sözlükte “suya daldırma, yıkama” anlamında Grekçe bapt kökünden gelen vaftiz , hem genel anlamıyla suya girme ya da sokma işlemini hem de bu şekilde icra edilen dinî merasimi ifade eder. Kelime isim (baptismos, baptisma) ve fiil (bapto, baptizo) halleriyle Ahd-i Cedîd’de sıkça geçer (Matta, 3/7; Markos, 1/4; Luka, 3/3; Yuhanna, 1/25; Resullerin İşleri, 1/22; Pavlus’un İbrânîler’e Mektubu, 9/10). Ahd-i Atîk’in Grekçe tercümesinde ise yalnız fiil şeklinde yer alır (Levililer, 4/6; II. Krallar, 5/14; ayrıca bk. Ben Sira, 34/30; Judith, 12/7). İbrânîce’deki karşılığı tevila dır. Vaftiz, bilhassa cemaate kabul âyini mânasında daha ziyade Hıristiyanlık’la ilişkilendirilse de hayat verici ve temizleyici özelliğinden dolayı su hemen her medeniyette başlangıç, kutsallık ve ölümsüzlükle özdeşleştirilmiş, bedeni suya sokma veya başa/vücuda su -bazan da yağ ya da kurban kanı- dökme âdeti ritüel kirlilikten ve günahlardan arınma, mânevî anlamda yeniden doğma vasıtası olarak birçok dinî gelenekte yer almıştır (bk. SU ).
Eski Mısır’da mâbede girmeden önce mânevî kirliliği gidermek için vücudu suya sokma âdetinin yanı sıra anne karnından gelen eksikliklerden arındırmak için yeni doğan bebekleri ve öteki dünyada ebedî yaşam bulmaları için ölüleri suya, bilhassa hayat verici, yenileyici güce sahip olduğuna inanılan Nil nehrine sokma âdeti bu ritüelin en eski örneklerindendir. Eski Yunanlılar’da ve Romalılar’da da büyük ölçüde Mısır geleneğinin etkisiyle mâbedlere, şifa ve kehanet ocaklarına girmeden önce yıkanma âdeti uygulanmıştır. Yıkanma kirlilikten/günahtan arındırıcı ve şifa verici özelliğe sahip görülmüş, bütün vücudu giyinik veya çıplak suya sokma, başa ve vücuda su ya da yağ dökme gibi şekillerde icra edilmiştir. Helenistik gizem dinlerinde ise vaftiz, gruba katılım (inisiyasyon) için ön hazırlık olarak yapılmıştır. Kibele ve daha sonra Mitra kültlerinde uygulandığı üzere gruba yeni katılanların üzerine akıtılan kurban (genellikle boğa) kanının geçmiş günahlardan arındırma, yeni bir hayat verme ve kurtuluşa ulaştırma özelliğine sahip bulunduğuna inanılmıştır.
Mezopotamya toplumlarında da yıkanma günahtan arınma ve ritüel temizlenme vasıtası olarak görülmüş, gerek din adamları gerekse sıradan insanlar tarafından düzenli biçimde uygulanmıştır. Bu geleneğin bir uzantısı biçiminde yıkanma âdeti eski İsrail toplumunda da yaygındır. Tevrat’ta hem ibadete katılım hem de sosyal ilişkiler açısından ritüel temizliğe büyük önem verilmiş, necâsetin ve deri hastalıklarının yol açtığı ritüel kirlilikten ve günahtan arınmak adına ayrıntılı temizlik kuralları manzumesi Mûsâ şeriatının bir parçası halinde yer almıştır (Sayılar, 19/1-22; Levililer, 14-15. bablar; 16/24-28). Bu kapsamda kirli durumda olan kişinin veya eşyanın üzerine su/kan dökülmesinden ya da serpilmesinden ve suda yıkanmaktan, II. Krallar kitabında ise cüzzam hastalığının giderilmesi için bütün bedeni Ürdün nehrinin sularına yedi defa daldırmaktan (İbr. taval; Gr. baptizo) bahsedilmiştir (5/14). İlgili pasajlarda yıkanma fizikî anlamda kirliliği/hastalığı giderme bağlamında anlaşılmıştır. Peygamberler kısmında yer alan iki ayrı pasajda ise su dökerek temizleme İsrâiloğulları’nı mânevî kirlilikten ve günahtan (putperestlik) arındırma mânasında kullanılmış (Hezekiel, 36/25; Zekarya, 13/1), ayrıca İşaya’da suyun yanı sıra ruh ve ateşle günahlardan temizleme imgesi yer almıştır (4/4; 6/6-7). İkinci mâbed döneminde Helenistik gizem dinlerinin etkisiyle suya girme âyinleri çoğalmış ve cemaate katılımın şartı olarak inisiyasyon vaftizi çeşitli yahudi grupları tarafından (Essenîler ve Kumran cemaati) uygulanmıştır. Ahd-i Cedîd’de Vaftizci Yahyâ olarak adlandırılan Zekeriyyâ oğlu Yahyâ’nın vaftiz uygulaması da bu gelenekle ilişkilendirilmiştir.
I. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren Yahudiliğin ana akımı içinde de cemaate yeni katılanlar için sünnet ve vaftiz şartı aranmıştır (B. Talmud, Pesahim, 8/8; Yebamoth, 46a-b ). Aday erkekse önce sünnet edilmekte, iyileştikten sonra, suyu özel hazırlanmış havuzda (mikve) iki din adamının nezaretinde çıplak halde üç defa suya dalıp çıkarak vaftiz edilmektedir. Suya girme fiili putperestlikten temizlenmeyi ifade ettiğinden bu şekilde Yahudiliğe geçen kişi de yeni doğmuş kabul edilmektedir. Buna paralel şekilde yahudi geleneğinde mikve anne karnıyla, mikveye girip çıkma ise kişiyi putperest dünyadan ayıran bir nevi yeniden doğumla özdeşleştirilmiştir.
Ürdün-Filistin kökenli heterodoks yahudi akımlarıyla ilişkili kabul edilen Sâbiîler de gelişmiş bir vaftiz geleneğine sahiptir. Sâbiî dininde ebedî hayat sağladığına inanılan akarsularda (bilhassa Ürdün nehri) veya akarsularla bağlantılı kült havuzlarında her gün doğumunda abdeste benzer şekilde yıkanarak ve ritüel kirlilik halinde üç defa suya girip çıkarak yapılan iki ayrı vaftizin yanı sıra bir de tam vaftiz vardır. Tam vaftiz (masbuta) her pazar günü, ayrıca önemli durumlarda (doğum sonrası, evlilik öncesi, öldükten sonra) ve büyük günah işlendiğinde bir din adamı nezaretinde üç defa suya sokulup çıkarılarak icra edilir. Bu vaftiz, vaftiz suyundan kötü güçleri kovma, beyaz elbise giyme, susam yağı, ekmek ve su ile yapılan kutsama gibi hıristiyan vaftizine benzer unsurlar içerir. Sâbiîler vaftiz geleneklerini Vaftizci Yahyâ’ya dayandırmamakla birlikte ona bir peygamber olarak büyük önem atfederler.
Hıristiyanlık’ta merkezî konumdaki vaftiz âyininin, bilhassa Kumran cemaatinin inisiyasyon vaftizi ve Vaftizci Yahyâ’nın tövbe vaftiziyle ilişkili bulunduğu kabul edilmektedir. Ahd-i Cedîd’de yer alan bilgiye göre Îsâ, Vaftizci Yahyâ tarafından Ürdün nehrinde vaftiz edilirken gökten kutsal ruh inmiş ve bir ses Îsâ’nın sevgili oğlu olduğunu söylemiş (Matta, 3/1-16; Markos, 1/1-11), böylece Îsâ’nın tebliğ görevi başlamıştır. Îsâ, çarmıha gerilerek öldürülmesinin ardından dirilip havârilere göründüğünde ise onlara bütün milletleri şâkird yapmalarını ve baba, oğul, kutsal ruh adına onları vaftiz etmelerini söylemiştir (Matta, 28/19; Îsâ’nın bizzat vaftiz yapıp yapmadığı konusunda Yuhanna’da iki farklı rivayet vardır, 3/22-26; 4/1-2). Buna paralel olarak Ahd-i Cedîd’de vaftiz ruhun günahtan arınması (Resullerin İşleri, 2/38; 22/16), su ve ruhtan yeniden doğma ve Tanrı’nın krallığına katılma (Yuhanna, 3/3-6), Îsâ Mesîh’te sembolik mânada ölüp yeniden dirilme (Pavlus’un Romalılar’a Mektubu, 6/3-4) ve kurtuluşa ulaşma vasıtası şeklinde sunulmuştur (Markos, 16/16; Pavlus’un Titus’a Mektubu, 3/5-7). Yeni hıristiyanlar için “bebek” (Petrus’un Birinci Mektubu, 2/2) ve -Îsâ’ya verilen Ichthus (balık) ismiyle bağlantı kurularak- “yavru balık” lakapları kullanılmıştır (Tertullian, On Baptism, 1/2-3). Vaftiz, etkisi açısından çıkması ve değişmesi imkânsız bir nevi damga şeklinde algılanmıştır. Yeniden doğuş simgesi olarak vaftizin Ahd-i Atîk’teki karşılığı ise tûfan, Kızıldeniz’den / Ürdün nehrinden geçme ve sünnet işlemi şeklinde görülmüştür (Petrus’un Birinci Mektubu, 3/20-21; Pavlus’un Korintoslular’a Birinci Mektubu, 10/1-2; Koloseliler’e Mektubu, 2/11-12; kutsal ruhun bulunduğu ilk makamın su olduğu şeklindeki hıristiyan inancının dayanağı için bk. Tekvîn, 1/2). Ahd-i Cedîd’de ayrıca kutsal ruh ve ateşle vaftizden bahsedilmiştir (Matta, 3/11; Markos, 1/8; Yuhanna, 1/33; Resullerin İşleri, 1/5).
Hıristiyanlığın başlangıcında yetişkinlerin kendi seçimleriyle ve genelde ferdî olarak bu dine girmeleri sebebiyle daha ziyade yetişkin vaftizi uygulanmıştır (Resullerin İşleri, 2/41; 8/12-13, 38; 10/47; bütün aile bireylerinin vaftiz olduğundan bahseden pasajlar için bk. Resullerin İşleri 16/15, 33; Pavlus’un Korintoslular’a Birinci Mektubu, 1/16). Resullerin İşleri’nde sadece Îsâ Mesîh adına vaftiz yapıldığı belirtilse de (2/38; 8/16) II. yüzyıldan itibaren teşekkül etmeye başlayan kilisenin standart vaftiz uygulamasında teslîs adına suya üç kere girme şekli benimsenmiştir. Bebek vaftizi, Hıristiyanlığın resmî din kabul edilmesinden sonra bilhassa X. yüzyıldan itibaren yaygın biçimde uygulanmış, XIII. yüzyılda Katolik kilisesi tarafından resmen kabul edilmiştir. İmanlı hayata ve kilise cemaatine katılma sakramenti olarak vaftiz, ilâhî ışığı tanımak ve ebedî hayata katılmak yani kurtuluşa ermek için gerekli bir inisiyasyon sayılmıştır. Öte yandan ilk dönemlerde şehitlik (kişinin henüz vaftiz edilmeden inancı uğruna can vermesi) kan vaftizi adıyla vaftiz hükmünde kabul edilmiştir. Benzer şekilde istek vaftizi de (henüz İncil’i duymamış bir kimsenin Tanrı’nın iradesini yerine getirme arzusu göstermesi) kurtuluş için yeterli görülmüştür.
Batı kilisesinde vaftiz, yılda bir defa Îsâ’nın yeniden hayata gelmesinin anısına kutlanan Paskalya gününde (mart-nisan) icra edilir. Doğu kilisesinde ise vaftiz günü Îsâ’nın vaftiz olması anısına kutlanan Epifani (Epiphani) günüdür (6 Ocak). Geleneksel uygulamaya göre aday hazırlık döneminin ardından pazara denk gelen Paskalya gününde günah ikrarında bulunur, şeytanı ve ona ait kötü işleri reddettiğini ifade eder; daha sonra şer güçleri kovma (eksorsizm) amacıyla başı yağlanır, piskopos tarafından kutsanmış ve şer güçlerden arındırılmış suya baba, oğul ve kutsal ruh adına üç defa bütün vücudunu sokar, ardından tekrar şükür amacıyla başı yağlanıp ayakları yıkanır ve yeni kimliğine işaret olarak kendisine beyaz bir elbise giydirilir. En sonunda piskoposun, ellerini yeni vaftiz edilmiş kişinin üzerine koymasıyla o kişi kutsal ruhun inâyetini kazanır ve ilk defa Komünyon âyinine katılır. Bu şekilde kiliseye girmiş olur.
XII. yüzyıldan itibaren piskopos tarafından yağlama ve dokunma işlemi kilise âyinlerine katılımı sağlayan ayrı bir sakrament biçiminde (konfirmasyon) icra edilmeye başlanmış ve Hıristiyanlığın artık bilinmesi sebebiyle hazırlık dönemi kaldırılmıştır. XIV. yüzyılda vücudu suya sokmanın yerini başa su dökme almıştır. Reform süreciyle birlikte bebek vaftizi sorgulanmaya başlanmış ve Anabaptistler tarafından yetişkinliğe ulaşınca vaftizin yenilenmesi gerekli görülmüştür. Ayrıca ilk reformist teologlardan Martin Luther ve Ulrich Zwingli vaftizin ilk günahı silme etkisini reddederken Zwingli, vaftizi tıpkı yahudilerin sünneti gibi kişiyi yeni ahde (kiliseye) dahil eden zâhirî bir işaret şeklinde yorumlamış, John Calvin ise vaftizin kurtarıcı özelliğinin sadece seçilmişler üzerinde etkili olduğunu ileri sürmüştür.
Küfürden imana, günahtan tövbeye, ölümden hayata ve dünyadan kiliseye geçişi ifade eden vaftiz ve ardından icra edilen kutsal Komünyon (Evharistiya) bütün hıristiyan gruplarında (Quakerlar hariç) en önemli ritüeldir. Katolik, Ortodoks ve çoğu Anglikan hıristiyan için kurtuluş hıristiyan cemaatine katılmakla elde edilmekte, vaftiz de bunun işareti olmaktadır. Bu mânada vaftiz Tanrı’nın lutfunun kişiye geçmesini sağlamaktadır. Yine bu kiliselerde uygulama bebek vaftizi, genellikle de başa su dökme şeklindedir. Katolik inancında aslî günahın giderilmesi, günahların affı ve kiliseye girmeyi sağlayan vaftiz normalde piskopos, papaz veya papaz yardımcısı tarafından yapılmakta, gerektiğinde sıradan bir inanan da bunu icra edebilmekte; diğer kiliselerce gerçekleştirilen vaftiz işlemi de kabul görmektedir. Katolikler’de olduğu gibi bir aslî günah fikrine sahip bulunmayan Ortodoks Hıristiyanlık’ta vaftiz, Îsâ’nın ilâhî tezahürünün işareti ve onun ölüm üzerindeki kurtarıcı gücünün hatırlanmasını ifade etmektedir ve bu sebeple suçtan arındırmaktan ziyade kiliseye mistik katılımı sağlayan bir âyin özelliğine sahiptir; bu şekilde gerçek kötülük sayılan ölümün aşılabileceğine inanılmaktadır. Ortodokslar’da ve diğer Doğu kiliselerinde vaftiz bebeklere -kırk veya seksen günlükken- üç defa bütün vücudu suya sokma şeklinde uygulanmaktadır.
Protestanlık’ta kurtuluşun Îsâ ile kurulan kişisel tecrübe yoluyla elde edilebileceğine inanılmakta, vaftiz ise imanın bir işareti şeklinde görülmektedir. Bu sebeple bazı Protestan kiliseleri (Baptist, Mennonit, Pentekostal, Mormon vb.) bebek vaftizini reddetmekte ve sadece iman ikrarında bulunabilecek yaştaki yetişkin vaftizine (inanan vaftizi) onay vermektedir; vaftiz yaşı da Baptistler’de görüldüğü gibi altı yaşa kadar inebilmektedir. Bu kiliselerde vaftiz, mânevî anlamda yeniden yaratılışı temsilen bütün vücudu suya sokma şeklinde icra edilmektedir. Bebekken veya suya girmeden vaftiz olmuş yetişkinler bu kiliselere girmek istediklerinde yeniden vaftiz edilmektedir. Çoğu Protestan kilisesinde ise kutsama vasıtası veya çocuğu hıristiyan olarak yetiştirme vaadi mahiyetinde bebek vaftizi uygulanmaktadır. Ayrıca her kilise mühtediler için yetişkin vaftizi yapmaktadır. Günümüzde hıristiyan vaftizi dinî bir nitelik taşımaktan ziyade kültürel ve sosyal bir uygulama haline gelmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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G. Kittel v.dğr., Theological Dictionary of the New Testament: Abridged in One Volume , Grand Rapids 1985, s. 92-94.
M. Eliade, Images and Symbols (trc. Philip Mairet), Princeton 1991, s. 151-160.
J. W. Dale, Judaic Baptism: Baptizo: An Inquiry into the Meaning of the Word as Determined by the Usage of Jewish and Patristic Writers , Wauconda 1991.
The Ante-Nicene Fathers (trc. A. Roberts – J. Donaldson), Edinburgh 1993, III, 669-679.
G. Chapman, Catechism of the Catholic Church , London 1994, s. 276-288.
Şinasi Gündüz, Sâbiîler: Son Gnostikler , Ankara 1995, s. 139-148.
R. Arvigo – N. Epstein, Spiritual Bathing: Healing Rituals and Traditions from around the World , Berkeley 2003.
B. Cooke – G. Macy, Christian Symbol and Ritual: An Introduction , Oxford 2005, s. 70-84.
K. Parry, Blackwell Companian to Eastern Christianity , Oxford 2007.
E. Ferguson, Baptism in the Early Church: History, Theology and Liturgy in the First Five Centuries , Cambridge 2009.
Mustafa Erdem, “Hıristiyanlıktaki Vaftiz Anlayışı Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, AÜİFD , XXXIV (1993), s. 133-154.
M. Meslin, “Baptism”, Encyclopedia of Religion (ed. L. Jones), Detroit 2005, II, 779-783.
F. K. Flinn, “Baptism”, Encyclopedia of Catholicism , New York 2007, s. 84-87.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 424-426 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.