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VAHDÂNİYYET Skip to content Şerikinin olmaması anlamında Allah’a nisbet edilen selbî sıfatlardan biri.
Sözlükte “bir, yegâne, tek” anlamındaki vahd (vahdet ) kökünden türeyen yapma bir masdar olup “zâtında ve sıfatlarında ortağı bulunmama, bir ve tek olma” demektir (el-Muʿcemü’l-vasîṭ , “vḥd” md.). “Acz, eksiklik ve yaratılmışlık özelliği taşıyan mânalar” diye tanımlanan ve Allah’ın zâtına nisbet edilmeyen birçok selbî (tenzihî) sıfat vardır. Özellikle eğitim amacıyla kaleme alınan eserlerde bu gruba giren vücûd, kıdem, bekā, muhâlefetün li’l-havâdis, kıyâm bi-nefsihî, vahdâniyyet diye altı sıfat zikredilir. Allah’ın bir ve tek olması sayı itibariyle değildir, çünkü sayısal açıdan teklik yalnızca Allah’a mahsus olmayıp gerçek varlığa sahip her bir parçanın ayrılmaz niteliğidir. Bu sebeple vahdâniyyet, Allah hakkında bütün yönleriyle ulûhiyyetinin gerçekliği bakımından dengi bulunmayan, yaratıklara özgü nitelikten söz edilemeyen ve unsurlardan teşekkül etmeyen bir varlık olduğunu ifade eder (Beyâzîzâde Ahmed Efendi, s. 107-109).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de vahdâniyyet kelimesi yer almamakla birlikte ahad, vâhid, vahdehû lafızları zât-ı ilâhiyyeye nisbet edilmiş, birçok âyette kelime-i tevhidin yanı sıra şirki reddeden ifadeler kullanılmış, Allah’ın birliği gerçeğini insanlara tebliğ etmenin bütün peygamberlere emredildiği haber verilmiştir. Bu durum peygamberlerle kavimleri arasında geçen tartışmaların hemen hepsinde görülmektedir. Çeşitli âyetlerde belirtildiğine göre gerçek ilâh her şeyi bilen, duyan ve gören, her şeye gücü yeten, evreni yaratan, yarattığı varlıklara yol gösteren, yeryüzünü insanların ve diğer canlıların yaşamasına elverişli hale getiren, mükellefleri düşünme ve kavrama yetenekleriyle donatan, onları hidayete erdirip dualarına icâbet eden yüce bir varlıktır. Allah’tan başka herhangi bir varlığa tanrılık nisbet edenlerin hiçbir delili yoktur. Eğer evrende Allah’tan başka tanrılar olsaydı her bir tanrı kendi yarattıklarını yönetip diğerlerinden uzaklaşır, bunun sonunda evrenin düzeni bozulurdu. Evrende hayranlık verecek derecede mükemmel bir düzen bulunduğuna göre tabiatın sahibi ve mâliki ulûhiyyette dengi olmayan Allah’tır. Hadis rivayetlerinde de vahdâniyyet kelimesine rastlanmamakla birlikte A. J. Wensinck’in el-Muʿcem ’inin “vḥd” ile “şrk” maddelerinde konuyla ilgili yüzlerce nakil mevcuttur.
Cenâb-ı Hakk’ın varlığı yaratılıştan gelen bir eğilimin yanı sıra akıl yürütme yoluyla da bilindiğinden insanların büyük çoğunluğu başlangıçtan günümüze kadar O’nun varlığına inandığı halde birliği konusunda ortak bir inanç benimsenmemiş, ulûhiyyette denginin bulunduğu iddia edilmiş ve çeşitli varlıklara tanrılık izâfe edilmiştir (Yûsuf 12/106; el-Mü’min 40/12). Bu sebeple Allah’ın birliği meselesi İslâm literatüründe merkezî bir konuma sahip olmuştur. İslâm âlimleri, II. (VIII.) yüzyılın başlarından itibaren vâhid ve ahad sıfatlarının muhtevası üzerinde durmuş, bunların yorumundan hareketle Allah’ın birliğini temellendirmeye çalışmıştır. Tesbit edilebildiği kadarıyla Allah’ın birliği konusunu ilk defa inceleyen âlim İmâm-ı Âzam Ebû Hanîfe’dir. Ona göre Allah’ın birliği ulûhiyyette denginin bulunmadığı ve hiçbir varlığın O’na benzemediği anlamına gelir (el-Fıḳhü’l-ekber , s. 70). Daha sonra Ebû Mansûr el-Mâtürîdî vahdâniyyet kelimesini kullanarak Allah’ın yegâne tanrı olma sıfatını kanıtlayan delillerin bütün varlıklarda görüldüğünü belirtir. Mâtürîdî, vahdâniyyet sıfatını “Allah’ın zâtı ve sıfatları başta olmak üzere hiçbir yönden dengi ve benzerinin bulunmaması” şeklinde açıklamıştır. Bu inanca uymayan düşüncelerin hepsi çelişkilidir. Çünkü Allah’tan başka tanrılık niteliği atfedilen varlıklar tanrılıkla bağdaşmayan yaratılmışlık, sonradanlık ve değişkenlik gibi vasıflara sahiptir (Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 184-206).
Âlimler Allah’ın vahdâniyyetini dört yönden ele alırlar. 1. Zâtında Vahdâniyyet. Bunun ilk anlamı, ilâhî zâtın hücreler gibi unsurlardan ve organlardan meydana gelmemesi ve birleşik varlık niteliği taşımamasıdır. Aksi takdirde O parçalara ihtiyaç duyar, bu sebeple de yaratılmış varlıklar seviyesine iner. Şu halde hem düşünce hem gerçek yönünden Allah’ın zâtına parça veya unsur nisbet etmek mümkün değildir. İlâhî zâtta vahdâniyyetin ikinci mânası Allah’ın zâtı gibi varlığı zorunlu başka bir vâcibin düşünülmemesidir (Fahreddin er-Râzî, IV, 170-172). 2. Sıfatlarında Vahdâniyyet. Bütün sıfatlarının eksiklikten münezzeh olması ve her birinin alanıyla ilgili her şeyi kapsamasıdır. Yaratılmış varlıkların sıfatları ise eksik, hâdis ve değişkendir (Nûreddin es-Sâbûnî, s. 21-23). Mu‘tezile kelâmcıları sıfatlarda vahdâniyyeti yorumlarken kelâm ilminde “mâna sıfatları” diye geçen hayat, ilim, kudret gibi sıfatların zât-ı ilâhiyyeye nisbet edilemeyeceğini ileri sürmüştür, çünkü bu durumda ilâhî sıfatlar yaratılmışların sıfatlarına benzer duruma gelir (bk. SIFAT [Mâna Sıfatları]). 3. Rubûbiyyette Vahdâniyyet. Vahdâniyyetin bu kısmı Allah’ın ibadet edilmeye lâyık yegâne varlık olmasını ifade eder. Cenâb-ı Hak kâinatı yaratan ve idare eden en yüce varlıktır, gerçek rab ve mâbud yalnızca O’dur. O’ndan başkasına tapmak, dua etmek, ibadette bulunmak, ayrıca O’nun sevgisine denk bir sevgi ile başkalarını sevmek ulûhiyyette vahdâniyyeti zedeleyen ve kişiyi şirke düşüren davranışlardır. Tarih boyunca insanların tanrı inancında şirke düşmeleri rubûbiyyette vahdâniyyet ilkesine uymamalarından kaynaklanmıştır (Reşîd Rızâ, III, 326-328; XII, 199-200). İbn Teymiyye, vahdâniyyetin özünü bu husus teşkil ettiği halde kelâmcıların bunu ihmal ettiklerini ileri sürmüşse de (M. Seyyid Celyend, s. 241, 339-342) kelâmcılar arasında bu noktada hiçbir fikir ayrılığı yoktur (Alâeddin et-Tûsî, s. 179). 4. Fiillerinde Vahdâniyyet. Allah’ın zâtı, sıfatları ve mâbud oluşunda dengi bulunmadığı gibi fiillerinde de dengi yoktur. Çünkü fiiller fâilin zâtı ve sıfatlarının bir sonucudur. Allah’tan başka bütün fâillerin zât ve sıfatları O’nun zâtı ve sıfatlarına denk sayılmadığı gibi fiilleri de denk değildir. Ayrıca içindekilerle birlikte bütün evren Cenâb-ı Hakk’ın hükümranlığı altındadır ve O’nun evrene dilediği şekilde tasarruf etmesi tabiidir.
Kelâm âlimleri, vahdâniyyetin naklî delillerine ilişkin metinlerin yorumundan hareketle çeşitli aklî kanıtlar da geliştirmiştir. III. (IX.) yüzyıldan itibaren tartışılmasına başlanan bu delilleri iki başlık altında toplamak mümkündür. 1. Burhân-ı Temânu‘. Adını “karşılıklı şekilde birbirine engel olmak” anlamındaki temânu‘ kelimesinden alan bu delil, kâinatta Allah’tan başka ilâhların mevcudiyeti halinde evrenin vücut bulmasının imkânsızlığı fikrine dayanır. Buna göre Allah’tan başka ilâhlar olsaydı bunlar mutlaka evreni yaratma ve yönetme iradesi gösterirdi. Bu durumda ya her ilâhın iradesi geçerli olur veya hiçbirinin iradesi geçerli olmaz ya da birinin iradesi geçerli, diğerlerininki geçersiz olur. İlk iki ihtimal dikkate alındığında aklen evren aynı anda hem var hem yoktur veya ne var ne yoktur gibi bir sonuçla karşı karşıya kalınır ki bunların her ikisi de tutarsızdır. Üçüncü ihtimale göre iradesi geçersiz olanlar gerçek ilâh sayılmaz, geçerli olan ise evrenin gerçek yaratıcısıdır ki o da Allah’tır (Mâtürîdî, s. 38; Nesefî, I, 83-84; Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî, s. 479). Ebû Hâşim el-Cübbâî, ilâhların ittifak etmesinin mümkün olduğu tezini ileri sürerek burhân-ı temânuun kesin bir sonuç vermediğini iddia etmiş, ancak vahdâniyyet sıfatını kanıtlayamama neticesini verdiği gerekçesiyle Ebü’l-Muîn en-Nesefî tarafından tekfir edilmiştir (Tebṣıratü’l-edille , I, 86-88). Daha sonra Teftâzânî, Ebû Hâşim’in görüşüne benzer düşünceler ileri sürmüş (Şerḥu’l-ʿAḳāʾid , s. 64-65), onu da aynı gerekçe ile çağdaşlarından Abdüllatîf el-Kirmânî küfre nisbet etmiştir (İbn Kutluboğa, s. 49-51; Kemâleddin İbn Ebû Şerîf, s. 49-57). İbn Rüşd, kelâmcıların Enbiyâ sûresinde geçen âyetten (21/22) ilham alarak geliştirdikleri temânu‘ deliliyle âyette işaret edilen delilin farklılığını ileri sürer. Kur’an’ın işaret ettiği imkânsızlık evrenin var oluşu anındaki kaostur, kelâmcılara ait delilin içerdiği imkânsızlık ise evrenin devamlı bir kaos içinde bulunmasıyla ilgilidir. Ayrıca ona göre kelâmcılarca var sayılan ilâhların ihtilâfı kesin bir sonuç değildir ve onların ittifak etmesi de mümkündür. Ancak İbn Rüşd’ün bu eleştirileri temânu‘ delilini geçersiz kılacak veya zayıflatacak güçte değildir. Çünkü kelâmcılar var sayılan ilâhların ittifak etmesine ilişkin ihtimali dikkate almış ve onu tevârüd delili çerçevesinde incelemiştir. 2. Burhân-ı Tevârüd. Evrende Allah’tan başka ilâhların varlığı durumunda bunların ittifak etme ihtimalini dikkate alan bir delildir. Adını “ittifak etmek, birleşmek” anlamındaki tevârüd kelimesinden alan bu delile göre evrende Allah’tan başka ilâhlar bulunsaydı ittifak etmek mecburiyetinde kalırlardı, mecburiyet ise âcizliktir. İttifak etmek mecburiyetinde kalma vuku bulabilecek müdahalenin önüne geçme zorunluluğunun bir sonucudur ve ittifak ihtimali bir nesnenin iki ayrı kādir tarafından meydana getirilmesini gerektirir. Bu ise hem bir nesnenin iki ayrı varlığa sahip olmasını hem de ilâhların ortak ve birleşik (mürekkep) bulunmasını akla getirir. Bu da ilâhın yetkin, mutlak hâkim ve istiğnâ nitelikleriyle bağdaşmaz (Mâtürîdî, s. 38-40; Fahreddin er-Râzî, XXII, 151-154; Teftâzânî, Şerḥu’l-Maḳāṣıd , II, 62-63).
Vahdâniyyete dair bir başka delil, İslâm filozoflarının vâcibü’l-vücûd kavramını tahlil etmekten yola çıkarak ortaya koydukları delildir. Şöyle ki: Allah vâcibü’l-vücûd bir varlıktır, vâcibü’l-vücûdun birden fazla olması mümkün değildir. İki vâcibü’l-vücûdun mevcudiyeti düşünülücek olursa “bu” ve “şu” diye birinin diğerinden ayırt edilmesi gerekir. Bu ayırım ya zâtî veya arazî sebeple gerçekleşir. Ayırım ikisi için de arazî ise her biri mâlûl olur, çünkü arazî zâta sonradan eklenen bir niteliktir. Eğer ayırım zâtî sebepten meydana geliyorsa iki vâcibü’l-vücûddan biri diğerinden ayırt edilmiş olur. Bu takdirde iki zâtî varlıkta ortaklık sebebiyle bir terkip gerçekleşir, bu da onları mâlûl hale getirir. Mâlûller ise vâcip değil mümkin varlıklardır. Buna göre vâcibin birden fazla olması aklen imkânsızdır (İbn Sînâ, er-Risâletü’l-ʿarşiyye , s. 16-17). Daha sonra kelâmcılar, filozofların bu delilini farklı bir şekilde takrir ederek vahdâniyyetin kanıtları arasında zikretmiştir (Fahreddin er-Râzî, XX, 48; XXII, 152; Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî, s. 478; bu delilin de eleştirisi için bk. Alâeddin et-Tûsî, s. 185; M. Seyyid Celyend, s. 195-200).
Diğer din mensupları büyük çoğunlukla vahdâniyyeti ihlâl eden inançları benimsemiştir. Biri hayır, diğeri şer veya biri nur, diğeri zulmet diye adlandırılan iki ilâhın varlığına inanan düalistler (Seneviyye), Mecûsîler’in yanı sıra Allah’tan başka bazı yaratıklara tapan putperestler, yıldızlara tapan Sâbiîler, Buda’yı tanrılaştıran Budistler ve Hz. Îsâ ile Hz. Meryem’e ulûhiyyet nisbet eden hıristiyanlar vahdâniyyet sıfatını ihlâl eden inanç gruplarını meydana getirir. Kelâmcılara göre bunların ortak noktası yaratılmış olduğu açıkça bilinen varlıklara tanrılık atfetmektir. Nur ve zulmet hâdis, hayır ve şer hem hâdis hem birbiriyle karışık, Hz. Îsâ, Hz. Meryem ve Buda ise diğer insanlar gibi Allah’ın yarattığı kullardır; insandan doğmuş, bir müddet yaşadıktan sonra ölmüşlerdir. Dolayısıyla bir varlığın hem yaratılmış hem tanrı olması mümkün değildir (Mâtürîdî, s. 185; Kādî Abdülcebbâr, Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse , s. 284-294; İbn Hazm, I, 109-129; Râgıb el-İsfahânî, s. 68-73). “İnsan tanrı” kavramı gibi “tanrı insan” kavramı da anlamsızdır ve herhangi bir gerçekliğe tekabül etmez. Ayrıca “bir”in “üç” ve “üç”ün “bir” olması aklî temelden yoksundur. Teftâzânî’ye göre eğer lafzî bir tahrif vuku bulmamışsa İncil’deki baba ve oğul ifadelerini yorumlayarak Hıristiyanlık’ta da vahdâniyyet sıfatına yer bulmak mümkündür. Zira mecazen baba kelimesine “rab”, oğul kelimesine de “Allah’a bütünüyle teveccüh edip buyruklarına uyan ve onun yolundan giden insan” anlamı verilebilir. İncil’deki “benim ve sizin babanız” ifadesi buna bir işaret kabul edilebilir (Şerḥu’l-Maḳāṣıd , II, 65). Her insanın doğuştan sahip kılındığı yetenek, ürettiği aklî kanıtlar ve peygamberlerin tebliğleri sayesinde varlığına inandığı Allah’ın birliğine de iman etmesi gerekir. Hz. Îsâ dahil bütün peygamberler, insanda doğuştan var olan vahdâniyyete dair duygu ve düşünceleri ortaya çıkarıp pekiştirmeye çalışmıştır. Evrende hüküm süren hassas düzen ve hayranlık uyandıran âhenk onun, bilgi ve kudreti sonsuz tek bir irade sahibi tanrı tarafından yaratılıp yönetildiğinin açık bir kanıtı kabul edilmelidir.
Sünnî kelâmcıların Allah’ın, zâtı gibi kadîm olan mâna sıfatlarının (hayat, ilim, kudret vb.) bulunduğunu savunmaları, Mu‘tezile kelâmcılarının insanları fiillerinin doğrudan yaratıcısı kabul etmeleri, tasavvuf mensuplarının mürşidlerine sevgi ve saygıda aşırı gitmeleri sebebiyle vahdâniyyeti ihlâl ettiklerini söylemek doğru değildir. Çünkü ilâhî zâtın kadîm sıfatları bulunduğunu ispat etmek vahdâniyyetin, insanların kendi fiillerini iradeleriyle yaptığını savunmak adaletin ve kişileri yükümlü kılmanın gereği olarak düşünülebilir. Bu durum Allah’ın her şeyi yarattığı gerçeğine aykırı düşmez. Çünkü ilâhî fiillerin bir kısmı doğrudan doğruya, bir kısmı da vasıtalı şekilde gerçekleşir. Sûfîlerin mürşidlerine besledikleri sevgide aşırı gitmeleri Allah’a yönelik muhabbetlerinin bir sonucu şeklinde kabul edilebilir. Herhangi bir mürşide ulûhiyyet niteliklerinden birini atfetmenin vahdâniyyet inancıyla bağdaşmadığında ise şüphe yoktur.
Vahdâniyyeti konu edinen eserlerden bazıları şunlardır: Fazlullah b. Abdülhamîd el-Kirmânî, ed-Dürretü’l-ḥaseniyye fî delâʾili’l-vaḥdâniyye (Köprülü Ktp., Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa, nr. 148); Kara Halil, Risâle fî cevâzi is̱bâti’l-vaḥdâniyye bi’d-delîli’s-semʿî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Reşid Efendi, nr. 1032); Dâvûd-i Kayserî, Esâsü’l-vaḥdâniyye (Tahran 1381); Abdülahad Dâvûd, Esrâr-ı Îseviyye: Vahdâniyyet-i Âliheyi İsbat (İstanbul 1332); Abdullah Yağsız, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Allah’ın Varlığı ve Vahdâniyetine Dair İstidlâl Çeşitleri (yüksek lisans tezi, 1996, EÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
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Beyâzîzâde Ahmed Efendi, İşârâtü’l-merâm min ʿibârâti’l-İmâm (nşr. Yûsuf Abdürrezzâk), Kahire 1368/1949, s. 107-109.
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Ca‘fer es-Sübhânî, el-İlâhiyyât , Kum 1411, II, 9-31.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 428-430 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.