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VAKF ve İBTİDÂ Skip to content Kur’an okurken lafız ve mânayı gözeterek durmak ve ardından okumaya başlamak anlamında terim, bu konuya ait bilim dalı.
Sözlükte vakf “durmak, kelimeyi kendinden sonraki kelimeden ayırmak, kelimeyi harekeden kesmek” anlamlarında masdardır (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “vḳf” md.; Kāmus Tercümesi , III, 762). Terim olarak okumaya tekrar başlamak niyetiyle nefes alacak bir zaman kadar sesi kesmeyi ifade eder. Bu şekilde kıraati kesmeye vakf dendiği gibi durulması gereken yerler için de aynı terim kullanılır. Sözlükte “başlamak, bir şeyi ilk defa yapmak” anlamındaki bed’ kökünden türeyen ibtidâ ise (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “bdʾe” md.; Kāmus Tercümesi , I, 6) vakfın karşıtı olup “ilk defa okumaya başlamak, vakftan sonra kıraate devam etmek için tekrar başlamak” demektir. “Bir şeye yeniden başlamak” anlamına gelen istînaf ve i’tinâf kelimeleri de aynı mânada kullanılır (Kāmus Tercümesi , III, 525). “Okuyuşta nefes almak veya kıraati nihayete erdirmek amacıyla kelimenin sonunda sesi kesip durmak” anlamındaki kat‘ genelde “kıraati nihayete erdirmek” mânasına gelmekle birlikte zaman zaman vakf yerine kullanıldığı, vakfın da bazan onun yerini aldığı görülmektedir. İbnü’l-Cezerî’nin belirttiğine göre önceki âlimler herhangi bir kayıt koymadıkça kat‘ kelimesini genellikle “vakf” anlamında, sonraki âlimler ise okumayı kesmek, kıraati bitirmek yerine kullanmışlardır (en-Neşr , I, 239). “Susmak, okuyuşu kesmek” mânasına gelen sekt , Kur’an tilâvet ederken iki kelime veya harf arasında nefes alıp vermeden çok kısa bir süre duraklamayı ifade eder (Tehânevî, I, 959). Bir kelimeyi kendisinden sonra gelen kelimeye sesi ve nefesi kesmeden bağlayarak okumaya da vasl denilmiştir. Vakf ve kat‘ kelimelerinin karşıtı olan vaslda esas olan harekedir.
Bir bilim dalı olarak vakf ve ibtidâyı, “Kur’an okurken lafız ve mânanın uygun olduğu yerlerde durmayı ve ardından başlamayı sağlamak amacıyla gerekli bilgileri veren ilim” şeklinde tanımlamak mümkündür. Vakf ve ibtidâ, Kur’an’ın i‘câzının gösterilebilmesi ve kastedilen mânanın doğru anlaşılabilmesi için dikkat edilmesi gereken bir husustur. Kur’an’da vakf ve ibtidâ kelimeleri geçmemekle birlikte Kur’an’ın anlaşılmasının (meselâ bk. el-Bakara 2/221, 242, 266; Âl-i İmrân 3/118; en-Nisâ 4/8), tertîl ve tecvid ile tane tane, dura dura okunmasının (el-Furkān 25/32; el-Müzzemmil 73/4) istendiği göz önünde bulundurulursa buna en başta Kur’an’ın kaynaklık ettiği söylenebilir. Nitekim Hz. Ali iki âyette geçen tertîli “vakfları bilmek ve harfleri tecvid ile okumak” şeklinde açıklamıştır (İbnü’l-Cezerî, en-Neşr , I, 255; Süyûtî, I, 258). Vakf ve ibtidâya riayet Hz. Peygamber’in sünnetiyle de sabittir. Ümmü Seleme, “Resûlullah Kur’an okurken kıraatini âyet âyet keserdi (âyet sonlarında dura dura okurdu)” demiş ve Fâtiha’dan örnek vererek her âyetin sonunda durduğunu ifade etmiştir (Müsned , VI, 302; Tirmizî, “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 23). Abdullah b. Ömer, Kur’an’ı öğrendikleri gibi vakf yapılması gereken yerleri de öğrendiklerini belirtmiştir (Hâkim, I, 35). Tâbiînden Meymûn b. Mihrân da kurrânın uzun veya kısa olsun konu tamamlanmadan kıraati kesmediklerini bildirmiş, bazı kimselerin bu hususa dikkat etmemesinden yakınmıştır (Dânî, s. 134-135). Kıraat imamları ve âlimler de vakf ve ibtidâyı bilmenin gereğine işaret etmiş, birçok âlim icâzet vermek için vakf ve ibtidâ bilgisini şart koşmuştur.
Çeşitleri. Vakf ya nefesin yetmemesi ve öksürük gibi zorunlu bir durumda ya da lafız ve mânanın tamamlandığı yerlerde yapılır. Bunlardan birincisine “el-vakfü’l-ıztırârî”, ikincisine “el-vakfü’l-ihtiyârî” denilmiştir. Bu ikisi dışında öğrenciyi bilgilendirmek ve imtihan etmek için yapılan vakfa “el-vakfü’l-ihtibârî”, bir kelimede muhtelif kıraat vecihlerini cemetmek üzere yapılan vakfa da “el-vakfü’l-intizârî” adı verilmiştir. Cebrâil’in vahiy esnasında yaptığı rivayet edilen vakflara “vakf-ı Cibrîl”, Hz. Peygamber’in vakflarına “vakf-ı nebî”, لَهَا مَا كَسَبَتْ وَعَلَيْهَا مَا اكْتَسَبَتْ (el-Bakara 2/286) örneğinde görüldüğü gibi birbirinin muadili olan, birbirinin anlamını tamamlayan yerlerde yapılan vakflara “vakf-ı izdivâc”, ifade edilen mânanın doğru anlaşılmasını sağlamak (وَتُوَقِّرُوهُ وَتُسَبِّحُوهُ [el-Feth 48/9] örneğinde olduğu gibi birinci zamirin Hz. Peygamber’e, ikinci zamirin Allah’a ait olduğunu göstermek) için yapılan vakfa “vakf-ı beyân” denilmiştir (İbnü’l-Cezerî, en-Neşr , I, 225; Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Üşmûnî, s. 8, 10, 19; Ali el-Kārî, s. 63). Zorunlu ve ihtiyarî vakflar çeşitli terim ve değerlendirmelerle gruplandırılmış, çoğunluğun benimsediği “tam, kâfî, hasen, kabîh” terimleri yanında “tam muhtâr, kâfî câiz, hasen kabîh metrûk, tam ve benzeri, nâkıs ve benzeri, hasen ve benzeri, tam ve etem, kâfî ve ekfâ, hasen ve ahsen, sâlih ve aslah, kabîh ve akbah, tamam, ceyyid, mefhum” gibi terimler de kullanılmıştır (Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Enbârî, s. 149; Dânî, s. 138-139; Muhammed b. Tayfûr es-Secâvendî, I, 116-132; Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Üşmûnî, s. 10; Zekeriyyâ el-Ensârî, s. 6). Diğer taraftan İmam Ebû Yûsuf’un Kur’an’daki vakflar için tam, nâkıs, hasen, kabih gibi nitelemeler yapılmasını bid‘at saydığı nakledilmiştir (Alemüddin es-Sehâvî, II, 552; Zerkeşî, I, 354).
Âlimlerin çoğunluğuna göre vakflar lafız ve mâna durumu göz önünde bulundurularak başlıca dört kısımda incelenmiştir. 1. Vakf-ı tâm . Mâba‘di (kendisinden sonraki kelime veya ifade) ile lafız ve mâna yönünden ilgisi olmayan ve sözün her bakımdan tamamlandığı yerlerde yapılan vakftır. Meselâ Bakara sûresindeki (2/5) ”وَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ“ âyetinin sonunda böyle bir vakf mevcuttur. Bazan âyet ortalarında da yer almakla birlikte çoğunlukla âyet sonlarında, kıssaların nihayetinde ve bütün sûrelerin bitiminde yapılan vakflar tam vakftır. 2. Vakf-ı kâfî. Kelime, lafız ve mâna bakımından tamam olmakla birlikte mâba‘di ile anlam ilgisi devam eden yerde yapılan vakftır. Meselâ Bakara sûresinde (2/3) ”وَمِمَّا رَزَقْنَاهُمْ يُنْفِقُونَ“ âyetinin sonunda yapılan vakf bu şekilde bir vakftır. Vakf-ı kâfî, âyet sonlarında olduğu gibi âyet içlerinde de bulunabilir, ”الْيَوْمَ أُحِلَّ لَكُمُ الطَّيِّبَاتُ“ (el-Mâide 5/5) cümlesinin sonunda durmak gibi. 3. Vakf-ı hasen. Söz tamamlanmakla birlikte mâba‘di ile lafız yönünden ilgisi bulunan yerde yapılan vakftır. Meselâ Fâtiha sûresinde ”الْحَمْدُ لِلّٰه“ deyip durmak böyle bir vakftır. Sonunda durulan söz aslında bir mâna ifade ediyorsa da mâba‘di ile lafız yönünden ilgisi devam etmektedir. Vakf-ı hasen âyet ortalarında ve sonlarında da görülebilir. 4. Vakf-ı kabîh. Söz lafız ve mâna yönünden tamamlanmadan mâba‘di ile sıkı ilişkisi olan yerde yapılan vakftır. Bu gibi yerlerde vakfedilmesi halinde kastedilen mâna anlaşılmaz. Meselâ Fâtiha sûresinin başında ”الْحَمْد“ deyip durmak böyledir. Bir hususu anlatsa bile murat edilmeyen bir mâna ortaya çıkıyorsa bu da kabih veya akbah vakftır. Meselâ Nisâ sûresinde (4/43) “sarhoşken” anlamındaki ifadeyi okumadan âyetin “namaza yaklaşmayın” anlamına gelen ”لَا تَقْرَبُوا الصَّلَاةَ“ kısmını okuyup durmak bu türden bir vakftır (vakf yapmanın uygun görülmediği yerler için ayrıca bk. Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Enbârî, I, 116-149; Dânî, s. 150; İbnü’l-Cezerî, en-Neşr , I, 230-231).
İbtidâ. Tam, kâfî, hasen ve kabih olmak üzere dört kısımda incelenir. İbtidâda dikkat edilecek en önemli husus okumaya başlanacak yerin mânasının müteakip yerle bütünlük sağlamasıdır. Buna göre vakf-ı tâm ve vakf-ı kâfîlerde durulduktan sonra arkasından gelen kelimeden başlanır. Vakf-ı hasen âyet sonunda ise ardındaki âyetin başından okunarak devam edilir; âyet ortasında yapılmışsa anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak şartıyla o kelimeden veya daha geriden alınarak başlanır. Vakf-ı kabîhlerde yine mâna bütünlüğü göz önüne alınarak o kelimeden veya daha geriden başlamak gerekir. Bunlar genel kurallar olup bazı yerlerde istisnalar bulunabilmektedir. Âyet sonlarına ve durak işaretlerine (secâvend) dikkat ederek okuyan bir kimse genellikle doğru vakf ve ibtidâ yapmış olur (ibtidâ konusunda örnekler için bk. İbnü’l-Cezerî, en-Neşr , I, 226-229).
Vakf İşaretleri. Vakf yapılacak yerleri tesbit etmek Arapça bilmeyi ve belli bir birikime sahip olmayı gerektirdiğinden okuyucuya kolaylık sağlamak üzere birtakım işaretlerin konulmasına ihtiyaç duyulmuş, bu hususta Muhammed b. Tayfûr es-Secâvendî’nin (ö. 560/1165) ”ج ز ص ط ع ق م لا“ harfleriyle belirlediği sistem kabul görmüştür (ʿİlelü’l-vuḳūf , I, 169). Zamanla bu işaretlere diğer bazı harfler ilâve edilerek İslâm ülkelerinde mushaflarda uygulanmış, bunlara “secâvend” denilmiştir. Secâvendler hükümlerine göre şu şekilde gruplandırılabilir: Durulması gereken vakf: ”م“ ; geçilmesi câiz görülmekle birlikte durulması evlâ olan vakf: ”قلى، قف، ج، ط“ ; durulması câiz olmakla birlikte geçilmesi evlâ olan vakf: ”صلى، ق، ص، ز“ ; durulmaması, durulduğu takdirde geriden alınması gereken vakf ”لا“ ; iki grup üç noktadan meydana gelen, “vakf-ı muânaka” (vakf-ı mürâkebe) denilen ve sadece bu gruplardan birinde durulması gereken vakf: ؞ ؞ . Ayrıca bir konunun veya kıssanın bitip yeni bir konu veya kıssanın başladığını göstermek üzere ”ع“ harfi kullanılmıştır. Bazı mushaflarda bunların yanında başka işaretler de bulunabilir. Vakf, âyet sonlarında veya ortalarında üzerinde durulacak kelimenin bütünlüğü korunarak, resm-i Osmânî’ye riayet edilerek lafız ve mânanın tamamlandığı yerlerde ve sükûn üzere yapılır. Bir kelimenin ortasında veya ”أينما“ gibi bitişik yazılmış iki kelime arasında uygulanması câiz değildir. Kat‘ ise mânanın tamamlandığı âyet sonlarında yapılır (kıraat imamlarının uygulamaları için bk. İbnü’l-Cezerî, en-Neşr , I, 238). Vakfın yapılışına dair bazı kural ve ayrıntılardan söz edilmişse de bunların doğru anlaşılması ve uygulanabilmesi bir “fem-i muhsin”den (ehil bir hocanın ağzından) öğrenilmesiyle mümkün olan (a.g.e. , II, 120-194; Süyûtî, I, 276-279).
Vakf ve İbtidânın Hükmü. Kur’an tilâvetinde vakf ve ibtidâ kurallarına uyulması istenmekle birlikte bu konuda yapılabilecek hatalar hoşgörü ile karşılanmıştır. Mâide sûresinin 73. âyetinde “hiçbir ilâh yoktur” anlamındaki ”وَمَا مِنْ إِلٰه“ lafzında durulması gibi, bâtıl bir mâna elde etmeye yönelik bir kasıt bulunmadıkça bir vebalin bulunmadığı, çünkü “durulması gerekir” denen yerlerde de fıkhî anlamda vâcip veya farz hükmünde bir vakfın söz konusu olmadığı belirtilmiştir (İbnü’l-Cezerî, Muḳaddime , s. 154). Çoğunluğa göre kasıt dışında meydana gelen vakf ve ibtidâ hataları sebebiyle namaz fâsid olmaz (Ali el-Kārî, s. 62; Saçaklızâde, s. 271-272). Bu bağlamda vakf ve ibtidânın tevkīfî olup olmadığı hususu tartışılmıştır. Hz. Ali’nin tertîli açıklayan sözleri, Abdullah b. Ömer’in Kur’an öğrenirken vakfları da öğrendiklerini söylemesi, Meymûn b. Mihrân’ın kurrânın konu tamamlanmadan kıraati kesmediklerini belirtmesi vakf yerlerinin tevkīfî sayıldığının bir delili olarak görülmüş ve bu ilmin öğrenilmesi gerektiği hususunda ashabın icmâ ettiği belirtilmiştir (Dânî, s. 134-135; İbnü’l-Cezerî, en-Neşr , I, 225). Diğer taraftan vakf yerlerini belirlemenin ictihada dayandığını söyleyenler de vardır (Ahmed Hattâb Ömer, VIII [1977], s. 173-174; Dânî, el-Müktefâ , nşr. Câyid Zeydân Muhlif, neşredenin girişi, s. 11-15). Ancak durakların büyük çoğunluğunun Asr-ı saâdet’ten beri uygulandığı bilinmektedir (İbnü’l-Cezerî, en-Neşr , I, 225).
Vakflar konusunda ilk eser yazan kişinin tâbiînden Kitâbü’l-Vuḳūf adlı eseriyle Şeybe b. Nisâh (ö. 130/748) olduğu belirtilmekte (İbnü’l-Cezerî, Ġāyetü’n-Nihâye , I, 330), İbnü’n-Nedîm bu alanda erken dönemde eser yazanları kaydetmektedir (el-Fihrist , s. 54). Sîbeveyhi el-Kitâb ’ında nahiv ilmi açısından konuya yer vermiştir. İlgili eserlerden bazıları şunlardır: Ebû Amr b. Alâ, el-Vaḳf ve’l-ibtidâʾ (Zâhiriyye Ktp., Mecmua, nr. 18 L, 128; bk. Ali Şevvâh İshak, I, 280); Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Enbârî, Kitâbü Îżâḥi’l-vaḳf ve’l-ibtidâʾ (fî Kitâbillâh) (nşr. Muhyiddin Abdurrahman Ramazan, Dımaşk 1391/1971); Nehhâs, Kitâbü’l-Ḳaṭʿ ve’l-iʿtinâf (bk. bibl.); Ebû Abdullah Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Evs el-Mukrî, el-Vaḳf ve’l-ibtidâʾ (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 31); Mekkî b. Ebû Tâlib, Şerḥu kellâ ve belâ ve neʿam ve’l-vaḳf (nşr. Ahmed Hasan Ferhât, Dımaşk 1398/1978, 1404/1983); Dânî, el-Müktefâ fi’l-vaḳf ve’l-ibtidâʾ (bk. bibl.); Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Ahmed el-Gazzâl en-Nîsâbûrî, el-Vaḳf ve’l-ibtidâʾ (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, Timûriyye, nr. 162; Abdülkerîm b. Muhammed el-Osman doktora çalışmasında eseri Kehf sûresi sonuna kadar tahkik etmiştir [Medine 1409/1988, el-Câmiatü’l-İslâmiyye]); Muhammed b. Tayfûr es-Secâvendî, ʿİlelü’l-vuḳūf (bk. bibl.; Muhsin Hâşim Dervîş bu eseri doktora çalışması olarak tahkik etmiş ve Kitâbü’l-Vaḳf ve’l-ibtidâʾ adıyla yayımlamıştır [Amman 1422/2001]); İbnü’t-Tahhân, Niẓâmü’l-edâʾ fi’l-vaḳf ve’l-ibtidâʾ (nşr. Ali Hüseyin el-Bevvâb, Riyad 1406/1985); Ebû Muhammed Hasan b. Ali b. Saîd el-Umânî, el-Mürşid fî maʿne’l-vaḳfi’t-tâm ve’l-ḥasen ve’l-kâfî ve’ṣ-ṣâliḥ ve’l-mefhûm ve beyâni tehẕîbi’l-ḳırâʾât ve taḥḳīḳihâ ve ʿilelihâ (Zekeriyyâ el-Ensârî eseri el-Maḳṣıd li-telḫîṣi mâ fi’l-Mürşid adıyla ihtisar etmiş, gerek müstakil gerekse bazı eserlerle birlikte defalarca basılmıştır, Dânî, el-Müktefâ , nşr. Yûsuf Abdurrahman Mar‘aşlî, neşredenin girişi, s. 70); Ebü’l-Alâ el-Hemedânî, el-Hâdî ilâ maʿrifeti’l-meḳāṭıʿ ve’l-mebâdiʾ (TSMK, III. Ahmed, nr. 150); Alemüddin es-Sehâvî, ʿAlemü’l-ihtidâ fî maʿrifeti’l-vaḳf ve’l-ibtidâʾ (Cemâlü’l-ḳurrâʾ içinde, II, 548-645); İbrâhim b. Ömer el-Ca‘berî, Vaṣfü’l-ihtidâʾ fi’l-vaḳfi ve’l-ibtidâʾ ; Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Üşmûnî, Menârü’l-hüdâ fî beyâni’l-vaḳf ve’l-ibtidâʾ (bk. bibl.); Taşköprizâde Ahmed Efendi, Tuḥfetü’l-ʿirfân fî beyâni evḳāfi’l-Ḳurʾân (el-Hizânetü’t-Teymûriyye, nr. 502; ayrıca bk. Dânî, el-Müktefâ , nşr. Yûsuf Abdurrahman Mar‘aşlî, neşredenin girişi, s. 60-71; Muhammed b. Tayfûr es-Secâvendî, neşredenin girişi, I, 24-42).
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Ahmed Hattâb Ömer, “Muḳaddime fi’l-vaḳf ve’l-ibtidâʾ”, Âdâbü’r-Râfideyn , VIII, Musul 1977, s. 163-184.
Tayyar Altıkulaç, “Secâvendî, Muhammed b. Tayfûr”, DİA , XXXVI, 268-269.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 461-463 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.