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VAKFE Skip to content Hac sırasında Arafat ve Müzdelife’de belirli bir süre bekleme anlamında terim.
Sözlükte “durmak, ayakta durmak, bir yerde beklemek” anlamındaki vakfe (vukūf ) terim olarak hac ibadetini yerine getiren kişinin belirli bir zaman diliminde belirli yerlerde bir süre durmasını ifade eder. Vakfenin yapıldığı Arafat ve Müzdelife bölgelerine mevkıf denilir (Müslim, “Ḥac”, 149). Hacda gerçekleştirildiği mekâna nisbetle anılan iki vakfe vardır: Arafat ve Müzdelife vakfeleri. Câhiliye Arapları’nda bu iki vakfe hac ibadetinin bir parçası olarak bilinmekle beraber Kureyş ve bu konuda Kureyş’e tâbi Kinâne ve Huzâa kabileleri, Harem ehlinin ayrıcalığını ve sosyal statülerini göstermek amacıyla Hz. İbrâhim’den beri süregelen Arafat vakfesini terkedip Harem sınırları içerisinde kalan Müzdelife’de durmakla yetinmişlerdi. Hz. Peygamber Kureyş kabilesine mensup olmakla birlikte peygamberlikten önce de onların bu farklı uygulamalarına itibar etmemiş, Arafat’ta vakfe yapmayı sürdürmüştür (İbn İshak, s. 76, 100). Ayrıca Câhiliye Arapları, Arafat ve Müzdelife vakfelerine kendi atalarını övme gibi bazı kavmiyetçi asabiyet unsurları ve pagan âdetleri sokmuşlardı. Hacla ilgili âyetlerde yer alan, “Arafat’tan akın edince Meş‘ar-i Harâm’da (Müzdelife) Allah’ı anın … Sonra insanların akın akın döndüğü yerden (Arafat) siz de akın edip dönün … Atalarınızı andığınız gibi, hatta ondan daha coşkulu ve güçlü şekilde Allah’ı anın” (el-Bakara 2/198-200) ifadeleri Câhiliye’deki yanlış vakfe uygulamalarının düzeltilmesi uyarısını da yapmaktadır (Buhârî, “Ḥac”, 91). Vedâ haccında Resûl-i Ekrem, zilhiccenin dokuzuncu günü sabah namazını Mina’da kılıp güneş doğduktan sonra yola koyulunca Kureyşliler onun Müzdelife’de vakfe yapacağını sanıyorlardı; ancak Resûlullah, Müzdelife’de durmayıp Arafat’a çıkmış ve orada vakfe yapmıştır (Müslim, “Ḥac”, 147).
Arafat Vakfesi. a) Vakfe Yeri. Arafat, Mekke’nin doğusunda Tâif yolu üzerinde kuzeyi, güneyi ve doğusu dağlarla çevrili engebesiz bir alandır ve Harem sınırının dışında Hil bölgesindedir (bk. ARAFAT ). “Urene vadisi hariç Arafat’ın tamamı vakfe yeridir” gibi hadisler (el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “Ḥac”, 166; Müslim, “Ḥac”, 149) vakfe yerini bildirmektedir. Urene vadisi, Harem bölgesiyle Hil bölgesi arasında Arafat’a geçişi sağlar. Günümüzde Harem bölgesinin bittiği ve Hil bölgesinin başladığı sınırlar uyarıcı levhalarla belirgin hale getirilmiştir. Vakfenin yerine gelmesi için Arafat’ın herhangi bir yerinde bir süre beklemek yeterlidir. Hanefî, Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’e göre Urene vadisi üzerinde yapılacak vakfe geçerli değildir. Mâlikîler’e göre ise Urene vadisinde vakfe yapan kişinin vakfesi geçerli olmakla birlikte ceza kurbanı kesmesi gerekir. Arafat bölgesinin batısında Nemire Mescidi bulunmakta ve bu mescidin kıble tarafının bir bölümü Arafat dışına, Urene vadisi kısmına taşmaktadır. Arefe günü hacıların bu bölümde durmaması için mescid içerisine uyarıcı levhalar konmuştur.
b) Hükmü. Arafat vakfesinin haccın bir rüknü olduğu kitap, sünnet ve icmâ ile sabittir. Âyetler (el-Bakara 2/198-199), “Hac Arafat’tır” (Tirmizî, “Tefsîr”, 3) gibi hadisler, Hz. Peygamber’in ve ondan sonraki sahâbe ve tâbiîn neslinin mütevâtir uygulaması Arafat’ta vakfenin haccın rüknü olduğunda icmâın bulunduğunu gösterir. Bazı rivayetlere göre Kur’an’da geçen “büyük hac günü”nden maksat da (et-Tevbe 9/3) Arafat vakfesinin yapıldığı arefe günüdür. Haccın Arafat vakfesi ve ziyaret tavafı şeklinde iki rükünden meydana geldiğini ifade eden Hanefî mezhebi Arafat vakfesini aslî unsur kabul etmektedir. Vakfenin sıhhati için fıkıh mezheplerinin ittifakıyla hac için ihrama girmiş olma, belirlenen yerde ve zamanda vakfeye durma şartları aranır. Hanefî ve Mâlikîler’e göre kişinin Arafat’ta vaktini uyanık, uykuda ve baygın vaziyette geçirmesi, vakfeye niyet edip etmemesi vakfenin sıhhatini etkilemez. Abdestsiz, cünüp, hayız veya nifas halinde olan kişilerin vakfesi de sahihtir. Hz. Peygamber vakfe günü ay başı halindeki Âişe’ye, “Kâbe’yi tavaf dışında hacıların yaptığı diğer hac ibadetlerini sen de yap” demiştir (Buhârî, “Ḥac”, 81). Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’e göre vakfenin sıhhati için ibadet ehliyetinin varlığı şarttır; bu sebeple vakfe süresi içinde baygın kalan veya aklını yitirenin vakfesi, dolayısıyla haccı sahih olmaz ve kazâ edilmesi gerekir. Vakfe yaparken ayakta durmanın ya da oturmanın, binek üzerinde yahut yaya olmanın ya da Arafat bölgesinin belli bir yerinde durmanın daha faziletli sayıldığı konusunda mezhep âlimleri arasında farklı görüşler vardır.
c) Zamanı. Hz. Peygamber’in, “Haccı benden öğrenin” dedikten sonra (Müsned , III, 318) zevalin ardından güneş batıncaya kadar vakfe yapması (Buhârî, “Ḥac”, 87; Müslim, “Ḥac”, 147), Arafat’ta gündüz veya gece vakfe yapmanın yeterli olacağını bildiren hadisler (Nesâî, “Menâsik”, 211) fakihlerce değişik şekillerde yorumlanmıştır. Vakfe zamanı çoğunluğa göre zilhicce ayının dokuzuncu günü zeval vaktinin girişiyle, Hanbelîler’e göre fecrin doğuşuyla başlar ve dört mezhebe göre bayramın ilk günü fecir vaktine kadar devam eder. Çoğunluğa göre vakfe için belirlenen sürenin gündüz veya gece herhangi bir anında Arafat’ta bulunmak farzın yerine gelmesi ve haccın sıhhati için yeterli olmakla birlikte Arafat’a gündüz gelenler için akşama kadar orada kalmak vâcip, Mâlikîler’e göre vakfeyi geceye taşırarak gecenin bir anında da olsa orada bulunmak farzdır. Hanefîler’e göre güneş batmadan önce Arafat’tan ayrılma halinde koyun veya keçi kesme (dem) cezası gerekir; ancak güneş batmadan Arafat’a geri dönülüp güneş batıncaya kadar beklenirse cezaya gerek kalmaz. Şâfiî mezhebine göre ise vakfe yapan kişi Arafat’tan güneş batmadan önce ayrılır, güneş doğmadan önce geri döner ve Arafat’ta bir zaman kalırsa hem gündüz hem gece vakfe yaptığı için kendisine herhangi bir ceza gerekmez; fakat güneş doğmadan önce Arafat’a geri dönmezse dem cezası uygulanır. Şâfiî mezhebinde dem cezasının vâcip veya müstehap olduğu şeklinde iki görüş vardır. Hanbelîler’e göre gündüz vakti vakfeye başlayan kişinin akşama kadar Arafat’ta durması vâciptir, ayrılırsa dem gerekir; ancak gündüz vakfe yapamayan kişinin gece vakfe yapması dem gerektirmez. İbn Hazm, güneş batmadan önce Arafat’tan ayrılan kişinin vakfesinin tamam olduğu ve kendisine herhangi bir ceza gerekmediği görüşündedir.
d) Sünnetleri. 1. Terviye günü Mina’da kaldıktan sonra arefe günü sabah namazının ardından Mina’dan Arafat’a hareket etmek. 2. Zevalden sonra vakfe için gusletmek; bu mümkün değilse Arafat’a çıkmadan önce de gusledilebilir. 3. Öğle namazı kılınmadan önce hutbe okumak ve hutbede haccın yapılışı hakkında bilgi vermek. 4. Öğle ile ikindi namazlarını öğle namazı vaktinde birlikte kılmak (cem‘-i takdîm). Namazlar kılınırken bir defa ezan okunur ve iki defa kāmet getirilir, iki farz arasında nâfile kılınmaz. Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre cemaate yetişemeyenler öğle ve ikindi namazlarını kendi vakitleri içerisinde tek başlarına kılarlar. Ebû Yûsuf ile İmam Muhammed’e ve diğer üç mezhebe göre ise cemaati kaçıranların da öğle ve ikindiyi cem‘-i takdîm ile kılmaları gerekir. 5. Namazın kılınmasından sonra vakfeyi geciktirmeden abdestli ve kıbleye dönük olarak yerine getirmek. Çoğunluğa göre vakfe esnasında oturmayıp ayakta durmak daha faziletlidir. 6. Vakfeyi mümkünse Cebelirahme adı verilen tepenin yakınlarında yapmak. 7. Vakfenin yapıldığı arefe günü oruç tutmamak. 8 . Vakfe süresince vaktini telbiye, tesbih, zikir, dua ve istiğfarla geçirmek.
Müzdelife Vakfesi. Harem sınırları içerisinde bulunan Müzdelife, Arafat ile Mina arasındaki bölgenin adıdır (bk. MÜZDELİFE ). a) Vakfe Yeri. Muhassir vadisi hariç Müzdelife’nin tamamını vakfe yeri olarak belirten hadis gereği (el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “Ḥac”, 166, 167), bu vadi dışında Müzdelife’nin herhangi bir yerinde vakfe yapılabilir. Muhassir vadisinde vakfe yapılırsa bu çoğunluğa göre geçersiz, bazı fakihlere göre ise mekruh fakat geçerli sayılır. b) Hükmü. “Arafat’tan -Müzdelife’ye- akın edince Meş‘ar-i Harâm’da Allah’ı anın …” âyeti (el-Bakara 2/198) ve Müzdelife’de vakfe yapmayanın haccının tamamlanmış sayılmayacağını bildiren hadis (Tirmizî, “Ḥac”, 57) Müzdelife vakfesinin meşruiyetini göstermekle birlikte fakihler bu vakfenin hükmünde ihtilâf etmiştir. Leys b. Sa‘d, Evzâî ve İbn Hazm’a göre Müzdelife vakfesi haccın bir rüknüdür. Dört mezhebe göre ise Müzdelife’de gecelemek ya da vakfe yapmak vâciptir. Hz. Peygamber’in özür sahiplerinin sabahı beklemeden Müzdelife’den ayrılmalarına izin vermesi (Buhârî, “Ḥac”, 98) burada gecelemenin veya vakfenin rükün olmadığını göstermektedir. Bu sebeple hastalık, yaşlılık, aşırı kalabalık gibi durumlarda Müzdelife vakfesi terkedilebilir ve bundan dolayı bir ceza gerekmez. Vakfe süresince uyumak, niyet etmemek, abdestsiz, cünüp veya âdet halinde olmak vakfenin sıhhatine engel değildir. Vakfenin yerine gelmesi için zamanında kısa bir an da olsa Müzdelife’de bulunmak yeterlidir. c) Zamanı. Arefe günü güneş battıktan sonra Arafat’tan Müzdelife’ye intikal edilir ve gece Müzdelife’de kalınır. Akşamla yatsı namazlarını Müzdelife’de yatsı namazı vaktinde birleştirerek (cem‘-i te’hîr) kılmak Hanefîler’e göre vâcip, diğer mezheplere göre sünnettir. Hanefîler’e göre Müzdelife’ye varmadan yolda kılınan akşam namazı sahih kabul edilmez ve Müzdelife’ye vardıktan sonra yatsı namazıyla cemedilerek tekrar kılınması gerekir. Burada da cem‘ sırasında iki farz namaz arasında nâfile kılınmaz. Hanefîler’e göre Müzdelife vakfesinin zamanı kurban bayramının birinci günü fecir vaktinin girmesiyle başlar ve güneş doğuncaya kadar devam eder, gece boyu Müzdelife’de kalınsın veya kalınmasın bu süre içerisinde orada bulunmak vakfenin sıhhati için yeterlidir. Mâlikîler’e göre gecenin herhangi bir vaktinde, Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’e göre gece yarısından sonra kısa bir süre de olsa Müzdelife’de bulunmak vâciptir. Bu üç mezhebe göre Müzdelife’de fecirden sonra güneş doğuncaya kadar vakfe yapmak sünnettir. d) Sünnetleri: 1. İlk bayram gecesini Müzdelife’de geçirmek. 2. Müzdelife’ye intikal süresince sükûneti korumak, vakarlı davranmak, başkalarını rahatsız etmeyip dua ile meşgul olmak. 3. Vakti girer girmez sabah namazını eda etmek ve namazı kıldıktan sonra hemen vakfeye durmak. 4. Mümkünse vakfeyi Meş‘ar-i Harâm denilen Kuzah tepesi yakınında yapmak. Vakfe süresince dua, tesbih, telbiye, tekbir ve tehlîl ile meşgul olmak. 5. Vakfeden sonra güneşin doğmasını beklemeden Mina’ya hareket etmek.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 463-465 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.