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VALİ Skip to content
Sözlükte vâlî “bir şeye çok yakın olan; yetkili kişi, yönetici” anlamlarına gelir. Hükümdarlar tarafından başşehrin dışındaki şehirleri/beldeleri yönetmek üzere tayin edilen memurlara vali, valilerin sorumluluğu altındaki yerlere vilâyet , şehirden daha geniş bölgelere eyâlet adı verilmiştir. İlk dönem idarî yapısında rastlanmayan eyalet kavramı daha sonraki dönemlerde kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Eyalet valileri sorumluluk ve yetki bakımından vilâyet valilerinden daha nüfuzlu olup eyaletine bağlı şehrin valisini tayin edebildikleri gibi gerek gördüklerinde azletme yetkileri de vardı. İlk dönemlerde valilere emîr veya âmil denilmekteydi (İbn Sa‘d, II, 3, 126; Taberî, I, 1840-1841). Çünkü bu dönemlerde kumandanlar (emîrler) genellikle fethettikleri yerlere vali tayin ediliyordu. Ayrıca malî konular valilerin görev alanı içinde bulunduğundan vergi memurlarına verilen âmil unvanı valiler için de kullanılmıştır. Abbâsîler döneminde halifenin bir kişiyi vali tayin etmesiyle gerçekleşen valiliğe “imâretü’l-istikfâ”, merkeze uzak şehirlerde şehrin yönetimini zor kullanarak ele geçirip halifeden vali tayin edilmesini talep etme ve bu suretle vali tayin edilme durumuna ise “imâretü’l-isti‘lâ” adı veriliyordu (Mâverdî, s. 35-41; M. Ziyâeddin er-Reyyis, s. 231-239). Kaynaklarda yetki ve sorumluluk düzeylerine göre genel (imâretü’l-âmme) ve özel (imâretü’l-hâssa) valilerden söz edilir. Genel vali vilâyetle ilgili hemen her konuda sorumlu ve yetkilidir, özel valinin ise yetki ve sorumlulukları kısıtlıdır.
Tayin edildiği vilâyette halifenin otoritesini temsil eden valinin görevlerini namazlarda imamlık yapmak, camilerde halka İslâm esaslarını öğretmek, savaşta orduyu sevk ve idare etmek, fetihlerden sonra ele geçirilen yerlerin halkıyla antlaşmalar imzalamak, vergileri toplamak, devlet görevlilerinin maaşlarını dağıtmak, ganimetleri paylaştırmak, beytülmâl hissesini merkeze göndermek, esirlerin durumunu karara bağlamak, müslümanları yeni yerleşim birimlerine yerleştirmek, suçluları cezalandırmak, adlî işleri yürütmek, emniyet ve asayişi sağlamak şeklinde sıralamak mümkündür (DİA , XVIII, 332). Zamanla valilerin yetki ve sorumluluklarının bir kısmı şehirlere tayin edilen diğer memurlara devredilmiş, valilik görevinin sadece ordu komutanlığı ve namazlarda imamlık (emîrü’l-harb ve’s-salât) yapmaktan ibaret kaldığı dönemler de olmuştur.
Ehliyet ve liyakat sahibi, güvenilir, âdil ve merhametli olmak, makam ve mevki elde etme hırsına kapılmamak valilik makamına tayin edilecek kimselerde aranan öncelikli nitelikler arasında sayılmıştır. Halifeler vali tayin ederken ilgili şehir halkının istek ve beklentilerini de dikkate alırlardı. Vali tayinleri günümüzdeki kararnâmelere benzeyen ve “el-ahd, el-kitâb” denilen resmî bir yazı ile yapılırdı. Ahidnâmelerde valinin ve bölge halkının yetkileri, sorumlulukları ve uymaları gereken hususlar belirtilirdi. Valiler belli bir zaman sınırı konmadan tayin edilir, azledilmedikleri, istifa etmedikleri, halk veya muhalif güçler tarafından makamlarından uzaklaştırılmadıkları sürece görevleri devam ederdi. Valilere merkezî yönetim tarafından maaş bağlanmış, suistimallere yol açabileceğinden hediye kabul etmeleri ve ticaret yapmaları yasaklanmıştır. Valilerin devlet işlerini yürüttükleri, aynı zamanda ikamet ettikleri “dârü’l-imâre” (kasrü’l-imâre) denilen binalar genelde çarşının yanı başında ve cami ile birlikte inşa edilirdi.
Valilerin yetkilerini kullanıp sorumluluklarını yerine getirip getirmediklerinin denetimi devlet başkanının görevlendirdiği müfettişler, bazan da bizzat devlet başkanı tarafından yapılırdı. Devlet başkanları valileri ya merkeze çağırarak ya da kendileri vilâyet merkezlerine giderek denetler, gerekli durumlarda valileri halkla yüzleştirir, bazan denetime halkın da katılımı sağlanırdı. Validen şikâyetçi olanların şikâyetlerini şehirlerine teftiş için gelen müfettişlere, diğer memurlara veya doğrudan devlet başkanlarına ulaştırmaları mümkündü. Bu denetimlerde valilerin ahidnâmelere ne derece uyduklarına dikkat edilirdi. Yerlerine vekil bıraktıkları kişiler de denetime tâbi tutulurdu. Hakkında şikâyet bulunan vali yargılama tamamlanıncaya kadar görevden alınır, yargı sonucuna göre eski görevine iade edilir, bazan da daha dikkatli davranması konusunda uyarılırdı. Göreve gelmeden önce malını beyan eden, daha sonra mal varlığında anormal bir artış tesbit edilen valiler görevden alınabildiği gibi mallarının yarısına veya tamamına devletçe el konulabilirdi (müsâdere). Suçlarına göre valilerin görevlerine son verildiği gibi had cezasına çarptırılmaları da mümkündü.
Hz. Peygamber, İslâmiyet’in henüz yayıldığı dönemlerde büyük kabilelere veya şehirlere yönetici tayin ederken genellikle bölgeye mensup kimseleri, özellikle de müslüman olmuş eski yöneticileri tercih etmiş, kendilerinden İslâm’a hizmet etmelerini, namazlarda imamlık yapmalarını ve zekât gelirlerini toplamalarını istemiş, İslâmiyet hakkındaki bilgi yetersizliklerini de gönderdiği sahâbîlerle telâfi etmiştir. İslâm’ın yaygınlaşıp müslümanların siyasal, ekonomik ve sosyal yönden güçlenmelerinden sonra Resûl-i Ekrem valileri genellikle merkezden göndermeye başlamış, bu valiler taşra ile merkezî yönetim arasında daha uyumlu çalışmış, böylece İslâm devletinin her bölgesinde benzer siyasî anlayışın yaygınlaşıp yerleşmesi sağlanmıştır. Hz. Ebû Bekir, Resûlullah’ın tayin ettiği valileri yerlerinde bırakmıştır. Fetihlerin hızlı bir şekilde devam ettiği bu dönemde ordu kumandanlarını fethettikleri bölgelerin valiliğine getirmiş ve mevcut idarî sistemi sürdürmüştür. Hz. Ömer valilerin tesbit, tayin ve denetimi, devletle ve halkla ilişkileri gibi konularda kurumsallaşmaya yönelik uygulamalarda bulunmuş, valilerin uymaları gereken hususları ahidnâmelerde ayrıntılı biçimde belirlemiş, bu hususlara uyup uymadıklarını sık sık denetlemiştir. Valilerin hediye almasını, ticaret yapmasını, gündelik yaşamda lüks ve israfa kaçmasını yasaklamış, haklarındaki şikâyetleri hemen incelemeye tâbi tutmuştur. Hz. Osman’ın taşra vilâyetlerine tayin ettiği çoğu yakın akrabası olan valilerin yönetimleri ve bizzat kendi uygulamaları tenkitlere yol açmıştır. Hz. Ali döneminde ortaya çıkan iç savaşlar köklü idarî yapılanmalara girişmesini engellemiştir. Başta Suriye Valisi Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân olmak üzere kendi iktidarı aleyhindeki hareketlerin daha ziyade taşra vilâyetlerinde yoğunlaştığını gören Hz. Ali hemen hepsi kendisine muhalefet eden valileri değiştirmekle işe başlamak istemiş, valilerine âdil davranmaları ve halkla iyi ilişkiler kurmalarını tavsiye etmiş, haklarında şikâyet bulunan valileri yargı önüne çıkarmış ve yargılama sonunda gerekli işlemleri yapmıştır.
Emevî halifeleri şehirleri adem-i merkeziyetçi bir anlayışla yönettiğinden halifelerden ziyade valilerin isimleri konuşulur hale gelmiştir. Halifeler, gücünü kabilesinden değil kendi özelliklerinden alan yetenekli ve sadık kimseleri vali tayin etmiş, onları geniş yetkiler vererek desteklemiştir. Valiler eyaletlerinde görev yapacak memurları genellikle kendileri belirlemiş, bu dönemde valilerin Araplar arasından seçilmesine önem verilmiştir. Hânedan mensupları valilik makamına ya hiç getirilmemiş ya da daha az sorunlu olan Hicaz şehirlerine tayin edilmiştir. Bu devirde valilerin genellikle koruma görevlileri ve hâcibleri vardı. Valiler darphâneyi denetler, daha çok kendi isimlerinin yazıldığı gümüş paralar darbettirirlerdi. Vilâyetlerinden ayrıldıklarında yerlerine bir nâib tayin ederlerdi. Maaştan başka idarî avans da (amâle) alırlardı. Emevîler’in son dönemlerinde halifelerin genellikle eski valileri azledip yerlerine yenilerini tayin ettiği görülmektedir (DİA , XI, 122).
Abbâsîler devrinde valilerin yetki ve sorumluluklarını zamanla merkezden tayin edilen kimselere devretmeleri otoritelerinin zayıflamasına yol açmış, bu dönemde İranlılar’dan ve Türkler’den de vali tayin edilmiştir. Abbâsîler’de valiler ve diğer devlet görevlileriyle ilgili şikâyetler “sâhibü’n-nazar fi’l-mezâlim” denilen bir memur tarafından değerlendirilirdi. Görevden azledilen vali, vilâyetinin işleri hakkında halifeye bir rapor sunmak ve icraatlarıyla ilgili bilgi vermek zorundaydı. Hilâfet merkezinden uzak eyaletlere hânedana mensup kişiler veya güvenilir kumandanlar gönderilirdi. Bu kumandanlar zamanla Bağdat ve Sâmerrâ’da oturmayı tercih etmiş, yerlerine nâibler göndermeye başlamış, merkezî otoritenin zayıflaması üzerine de bağımsızlıklarını ilân etmiştir. İfrîkıye’de Ağlebîler, Mısır’da Tolunoğulları, Horasan’da Tâhirîler, Mâverâünnehir’de Sâmânîler bu şekilde kurulmuştur. Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nde başşehir Kurtuba (Córdoba) dışında kalan yerler idarî bakımdan vilâyetler (küver) ve sınır bölgeleri (sugūr) olmak üzere iki kısma ayrılmış, vilâyetler doğrudan hükümdar tarafından tayin edilen valiler, sınır bölgeleri ise “kāid” adı verilen kumandanlar tarafından yönetilmiştir.
Ortaçağ İslâm devletlerinden Tolunoğulları, İhşîdîler, Eyyûbîler, Memlükler, Karahanlılar, Büyük Selçuklular ve Anadolu Selçukluları, Abbâsîler’in özellikle ikinci döneminde görüldüğü üzere ülkeyi eyalet ve vilâyetlere ayırarak yönetmiş, valileri hânedan mensuplarından veya devlete sadık kumandanlarla devlet adamlarından seçmiştir. Şehzadeleri büyük şehirlere melik unvanıyla vali tayin eden Büyük Selçuklular ve Anadolu Selçukluları, yaşları küçük olanların yanına atabeg veya lala denilen, devlete bağlılıklarıyla bilinen görevliler vermişlerdir. Meselâ Sultan Berkyaruk kardeşi Muhammed Tapar’ı Gence’ye melik unvanıyla vali olarak göndermiş, Emîr Kutluğ Tegin’i onun atabegliğine getirmiştir. Büyük Selçuklular döneminde reis ve şahneler de valiye yardımcı olurdu. Bu dönemde eyaletlerin başında bizzat sultan tarafından görevlendirilen büyük divana bağlı amîdler bulunurdu (Özaydın, s. 218-219). Söz konusu devletlerden bazılarında valilere tayin edildikleri bölgenin hâsılatı (öşriyye ve haraciyye) maaş şeklinde verilmiştir. Eyyûbîler’de şehrin kale kumandanına, şehirde kale yoksa garnizon kumandanına vali denirdi; valiler kumandanlar arasından seçilirdi (Şeşen, s. 117). Osmanlılar’da vali tabiri eyalet veya beylerbeyilik denen idarî birimin başındaki idareci için kullanılmıştır. Ancak vali yerine daha çok beylerbeyi unvanı tercih edilmiş, sonraki dönemlerde ise vali kelimesi giderek bunun yerini almıştır (bk. BEYLERBEYİ ).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 492-494 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.