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VARAKA ve GÜLŞAH Skip to content Fars ve Türk edebiyatlarında kahramanlarının adıyla anılan bir aşk hikâyesi.
1/2 Müellif: YUSUF ÖZ Bölüme Git
Bilinen ilk Varaḳa ve Gülşâh, Gazneli Sultan Mahmud (998-1030) adına Ayyûkī tarafından Farsça yazılmıştır. Farsça ve Türkçe sözlüklerle bu mesneviye d…
2/2 Müellif: VİLDAN S. COŞKUN Bölüme Git
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Konusunu Arap edebiyatından alan bu aşk hikâyesi ilk defa Gazneliler devri şairi Ayyûkī tarafından Farsça olarak yazılmıştır. Arap ede…
Bilinen ilk Varaḳa ve Gülşâh , Gazneli Sultan Mahmud (998-1030) adına Ayyûkī tarafından Farsça yazılmıştır. Farsça ve Türkçe sözlüklerle bu mesneviye dair yayınlarda erkek kahramanın adı Varka şeklinde de geçmektedir. Müellif eserin methiye kısmında mahlasını “Ayyûkī” şeklinde, eseri takdim ettiği hükümdarı Sultan Gazi, Sultan Mahmud ve Ebü’l-Kāsım diye anmıştır. Farsça’nın ilk sözlüklerinden Esedî-i Tûsî’nin Luġat-i Fürs ’ünde Ayyûkī’nin adı ve iki beyti zikredilmektedir. Bu sözlüğün V. (XI.) yüzyılın ortalarında yazılmasından ve Sultan Mahmud’dan hareketle Ayyûkī’nin aynı yüzyılın şairlerinden ve Esedî’nin çağdaşlarından olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Ayyûkī hakkında Gazneli Mahmud’un saray şairleri arasında yer alması ve Fars edebiyatının aşk konulu en eski mesnevisi Varaḳa ve Gülşâh ’ı nazmetmesi dışında bilgi yoktur.
Varaḳa ve Gülşâh eserde “ahbâr-i tâzî” ve “kütüb-i Arab” terkipleriyle işaret edilen, tarihî-menkıbevî rivayetlerden ve yazılı kaynaklardan aktarılmış Arap menşeli bir aşk hikâyesidir ve Emevîler döneminde Benî Uzre kabilesinden Urve b. Hizâm ile amcasının kızı Afrâ arasında geçen aşk macerasından uyarlanmıştır. Ali b. Hüseyin el-Mes‘ûdî’nin Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb ’i, Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî’nin el-Eġānî ’si ve İbnü’n-Nedîm’in el-Fihrist ’inde bu hikâyeye atıflar mevcuttur. Hikâye kısaca şöyledir: Hizâm ölünce kardeşi, Urve’yi himayesine alır. Urve ile Afrâ birlikte büyürler ve birbirlerini severler. Amcasından Afrâ’yı isteyen Urve amcasının hanımının istediği mihri karşılayamaz ve Yemen’de bulunan diğer amcasının yanına gider. Bu arada Afrâ, Şam’ın Belkā halkından bir kişiyle evlendirilir. Memleketine dönen Urve durumu öğrenince Şam’a gider. Şam’da Afrâ’nın kocası tarafından çok iyi karşılanır. Urve memleketine kederli ve mahcup bir şekilde dönerken yolda ölür ve Medine yakınlarında Kurâ vadisinde defnedilir. Afrâ da 670 yılında ölür ve Urve’nin mezarı yanında toprağa verilir. Her iki mezarın başına dikilen ağaçlar birbirine sarılmış şekilde büyür. Ayyûkī bu aşk hikâyesinin aslını korumakla birlikte kahramanların adını değiştirmiş, mekân ve kabileler için farklı isimler kullanmıştır. Özellikle Varaka’nın katıldığı savaşlar, gösterdiği kahramanlıklar, ölen iki sevgilinin daha sonra Hz. Peygamber’in duası ile dirilerek kırk yıl mutlu bir hayat sürmesi gibi menkıbeler Ayyûkī tarafından eklenmiştir.
Mesnevi 2100, bazı tesbitlere göre ise 2250 beyitten meydana gelmektedir (Mehbîz İsmâîlpûr, III, 1086). Girişte tevhid, na‘t, Sultan Mahmud’a dair methiye ve ithaf beyitleri yer alır. “Âgāz-ı Kıssa” başlığı altında önce sözün değeri belirtilerek on üç başlıktan meydana gelen hikâyeye geçilir. Mesnevi Unsurî’nin Vâmıḳ u ʿAẕrâ ’sı, Firdevsî’nin Şâhnâme ’si gibi “feûlün feûlün feûlün feûl” vezninde yazılmıştır. Eser içerisinde Varaka ile rakibi Rebî‘ b. Adnân gibi kahramanların ağzından söylenmiş gazeller de bulunmaktadır. Varaḳa ve Gülşâh mesnevisi yer yer bazı nasihatler, tasavvufî konular ve ilâhî aşk temasını içermekle birlikte gerçekte beşerî bir aşk hikâyesidir (Çelebioğlu, s. 60-62). Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlı (Hazine, nr. 841) yegâne Varaḳa ve Gülşâh nüshasını (Karatay, s. 141) ilk defa Ahmet Ateş tesbit ederek tanıtmış (bk. bibl.), eseri Zebîhullah Safâ neşretmiştir (Tahran 1343, 1349, 1362 hş.). Mesnevinin ayrıca İran, Hindistan ve Pakistan gibi ülkelerde baskıları yapılmıştır (Mehbîz İsmâîlpûr, III, 1087). Varaḳa ve Gülşâh ’ın konusu XII. yüzyılda Floire et blancheflor adlı romanla Ortaçağ Fransız edebiyatında da işlenmiştir. Molla Abdullah b. Hâcî b. Mîr Kerîm tarafından Hikâye-i Acîbe ez Ahvâl-i Gülşâh ve Varaka adıyla Farsça’dan Doğu Türkçesi’ne aktarılan Varaḳa ve Gülşâh ’ın bu çevirisi 1906 yılında Taşkent’te basılmıştır. Abbas Dânişverî eser üzerine Animal Symbolism in Warqa wa Gulshâh adıyla bir çalışma yapmıştır (Oxford 1986).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ayyûkī, Varaḳa ve Gülşâh (nşr. Zebîhullah Safâ), Tahran 1343 hş., neşredenin girişi, s. 3-20.
Karatay, Farsça Yazmalar , s. 141.
Ali Ekber Nefîsî, Ferheng-i Nefîsî , Tahran 1343 hş., V, 3851.
Muhammed Muîn, Ferheng-i Fârsî , Tahran 1371 hş., VI, 2204.
Âmil Çelebioğlu, Türk Mesnevî Edebiyatı , İstanbul 1999, s. 60-62.
Mehbîz İsmâîlpûr, “Varaḳa ve Gülşâh”, Dânişnâme-i Edeb-i Fârsî (ed. Hasan Enûşe), Tahran 1381/2002, III, 1086-1088.
İ. Hikmet Ertaylan, “Yûsufî-i Meddâh”, TDED , I (1946), s. 105-121.
Ahmet Ateş, “Farsça Eski Bir Varka ve Gülşah Mesnevisi”, a.e. , V (1953), s. 33-50.
a.mlf., “Yek Mes̱nevî-i Gumşode ez Devre-i Ġazneviyân: Varaḳa ve Gülşâh”, Mecelle-i Dânişkede-i Edebiyyât , I/4, Tahran 1333 hş., s. 1-13.
Gulâm Hüseyin Gulâmhüseyinzâde v.dğr., “Berresî Taṭbîḳī Meżâmin-i Âşıḳāne Dâstân-ı Varaḳa ve Gülşâh ʿAyyûḳī bâ Aṣl-i Rivâyet-i ʿArabî”, Faṣlnâme-i Pejûheşhâ-yı Zebân ve Edebiyyât-ı Taṭbîḳī , II/1, Tahran 1390 hş., s. 43-69.
Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh, “ʿAyyūqī”, EIr. , III, 167-168.
Th. Bauer, “ʿUrwa b. Ḥizām”, EI2 (İng.) , X, 908-909.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 515-516 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Konusunu Arap edebiyatından alan bu aşk hikâyesi ilk defa Gazneliler devri şairi Ayyûkī tarafından Farsça olarak yazılmıştır. Arap edebiyatında işlenmediği halde İran ve Türk edebiyatlarında örnekleri çokça görülür. Ancak Türk edebiyatında konu biraz farklı şekilde ele alınmıştır. Diğer mesnevi türleri kadar yaygın olmasa da konusu çağdaş edebiyat formlarına ve İspanya yoluyla Fransız edebiyatına kadar uzanmıştır (Yûsuf-ı Meddâh, Varka ve Gülşah , haz. Kâzım Köktekin, s. 20). Hikâye kısaca şöyledir: Hz. Peygamber zamanında Mekke’deki Benî Şeybe kabilesinin iki kardeş yöneticisinden Hilâl’in oğlu Varaka ile Hümâm’ın kızı Gülşah birlikte büyürken aralarında bir aşk doğar ve evlenmelerine izin verilir. Ancak daha önce Gülşah’a tâlip olan ve reddedilen Amr adında bir kişi düğün sırasında Gülşah’ı kaçırır. Gülşah’ı kurtarmak için Amr’ın kabilesiyle savaşmak zorunda kalan Varaka savaşı kaybedince esir düşer. Gülşah birtakım hilelerle Varaka’yı kurtarır. Fakat Gülşah’ın annesi Varaka’nın fakirliğini ileri sürerek evlenmelerine engel olur. Varaka yardım istemek için dayısı Yemen Emîri Selim Şah’ın yanına gider. Öte yandan Gülşah’ın annesi kızını çeşitli hediyeler gönderen Şam reisi Melik Muhsin’e verir. Yemen dönüşünde kabile halkı Varaka’ya Gülşah’ın öldüğünü söyler. Varaka gösterilen mezarın başında kırk gün yas tutar. Ancak Gülşah’ın Şam’a giderken yüzüğünü bıraktığı sırdaşı Varaka’nın yanına gelip yüzüğü gösterir. Gerçeği öğrenen Varaka, Gülşah’ı bulmak için Şam’a gider. Melik Muhsin, Gülşah’ın Varaka’yı sevdiğini öğrenince, “Sen benim kardeşimsin” diyerek Gülşah’a dokunmaz; Varaka geldiğinde de âşıkları sarayında yalnız bırakır. İki âşığın nefislerine uymadıklarını gören Melik, Gülşah’ı boşar ve onu Varaka ile evlendireceğini söyler. Melikin bu iyiliği karşısında mahçup duruma düşen Varaka derin aşkına rağmen Gülşah’ı terkeder ve ülkesine dönmek üzere yola koyulur; Şam’dan çıkar çıkmaz bütün kalbiyle Allah’tan canını almasını diler ve orada ölür. Gülşah Varaka’nın ölüm haberini alınca mezarı başına gelerek kendini hançerle öldürür. Bir gazâdan dönerken mezarlarının yanından geçen Hz. Peygamber’e Gülşah ile Varaka’nın hikâyesi anlatılır. Hz. Peygamber de kendi duasıyla dirilen âşıkların nikâhını kıyar ve iki genç birlikte kırk yıl ömür sürer.
Türk edebiyatında ilk defa XIV. yüzyıl Âzerî şairlerinden Yûsuf-ı Meddâh’ın yazdığı Varaka ve Gülşah hikâyesi, daha sonra Mustafa Çelebi (ö. 1569) ve XVII. yüzyıl Âzerî şairi Mesîhî tarafından da işlenmiştir. Bazı kaynaklarda Ziyâî (Selâmî) ve Mostarlı Ziyâî’nin de Varaka ve Gülşah ’ı olduğu söylenirse de bu eserler henüz ele geçmemiştir (Mustafa Çelebi, Varka and Gülşah , neşredenin girişi, s. 26). Türk edebiyatında en çok tanınan Yûsuf-ı Meddâh’ın Varaka ve Gülşah ’ı 743’te (1342) Sivas’ta yazılmıştır (Yûsuf-ı Meddâh, a.g.e. , s. 18). Şair eserini Ayyûkī’nin Farsça mesnevisinden esinlenerek kaleme almakla birlikte mesneviye yerli unsurlar da katmıştır. Altı “meclis”ten meydana gelen eserin halk meclislerinde okunduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Beyit sayısı çeşitli nüshalarda değişen eserin tenkitli neşrinde 1743 beyit yer almaktadır. Mustafa Çelebi’nin Varaka ve Gülşah ’ı 6712 beyittir. Bilinen tek nüshası Arkeoloji Müzesi’nde kayıtlı olup Bedîî adlı bir şaire nisbet edilmekteyse de eserin Priştineli defter emini Mustafa Çelebi’ye ait olduğu Ayşe Yıldız tarafından ortaya konmuştur (bk. bibl.). Mesîhî’nin Varaka ve Gülşah ’ı Şah Abbas’a veya Şah Safî’ye takdim edilmek üzere 1628-1629’da yazılmıştır. Aliyar Seferli, klasik mesnevi tertibindeki eseri Tahran ve Londra nüshalarından faydalanarak yayımlamıştır (bk. bibl.).
Varaka ve Gülşah mesnevisi mensur veya halk hikâyesi şeklinde çeşitli dönemlerde varlığını sürdürmüştür. Bazı çalışmalarda (Selige Hüseynova, Mensur Varka ve Gülşah Hikâyesi , yüksek lisans tezi, 2001, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) Anadolu sahasında müellifleri bilinmeyen mensur beş Varaka ve Gülşah ’tan (Mustafa Çelebi, Varka and Gülşah , neşredenin girişi, s. 25) ve Çağatay sahasında manzum-mensur bir hikâyeden (Hasan Kavruk, Eski Türk Edebiyatında Mensur Hikâyeler , İstanbul 1998, s. 126) bahsedilmektedir. Ayrıca yerli ve yabancı araştırmacıların çalışmalarında ele alınan, Anadolu, Türkmen ve Özbek sahalarında halk hikâyesi tarzında kaleme alınmış Varaka ve Gülşah ’lar ile aynı konuyu işleyen meddah hikâyeleri mevcuttur (Mustafa Çelebi, Varka and Gülşah , neşredenin girişi, s. 26-35). Sonuç olarak Varaka ve Gülşah hikâyesi Türk, Azerbaycan, Özbek, Türkmen, Kazak, Tacik, Fars ve Afgan edebiyatlarında halk varyantları şeklinde günümüze kadar ulaşmıştır. Türk edebiyatında Varaka ve Gülşah ’lar üzerine başta İsmail Hikmet Ertaylan olmak üzere birçok araştırmacı çalışma yapmıştır. Konuyla ilgili son çalışmalardan biri olan Ayşe Yıldız’ın eseri Fars ve Türk edebiyatlarındaki Varaka ve Gülşah ’lar ile bunlara dair çalışmalara ışık tutmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Yûsuf-ı Meddâh, Varka ve Gülşah (İnceleme-Metin-Dizin) (haz. Kâzım Köktekin), Ankara 2007.
Mustafa Çelebi, Varka and Gülşah (haz. Ayşe Yıldız), Cambridge 2009, I-III.
İsmail Hikmet Ertaylan, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Örnekleri I: Varaka ve Gülşah , İstanbul 1945, s. 4 vd.
Hasan Kavruk, Eski Türk Edebiyatında Mensur Hikâyeler , İstanbul 1998, s. 126.
Aliyar Saferli, Klassik Azerbaycan Edebiyatı Mesihi-Varqa ve Gülşa , Bakü 2005.
Ahmet Ateş, “Varaka ve Gülşah Mesnevisinin Kaynakları”, TDED , II/1-2 (1947), s. 1-19.
Zehra Öztürk, “Osmanlı Döneminde Kıraat Meclislerinde Okunan Halk Kitapları”, Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi , V/9, İstanbul 2007, s. 405.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 516-517 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.