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VARNA Skip to content Bulgaristan’da Karadeniz kıyısında tarihî bir liman şehri.
Bulgaristan’ın kuzeydoğusunda aynı adı taşıyan körfezde bir kıyı düzlüğü üzerinde yer alır. Güneyden Provadya nehrinin (İridere) bataklığıyla çevrilidir. Kuzeydoğusundaki Kaliakra Burnu (Kaligra/Çiligra Burnu) Varna’yı uzun tarihi boyunca kuzeydoğudan esen poyrazdan korumuş ve Batı Karadeniz kıyılarının en elverişli limanı haline getirmiştir. Bulgaristan’ın en eski şehirlerinden biri olan Varna’da Taş devrinden ve Bronz çağından kalma arkeolojik malzemeler bulunmuştur. II. yüzyıla kadar inen büyük bir Roma hamamının kalıntıları yanında IX ve X. yüzyıllara ait kiliselerle erken dönem hıristiyan bazilikalarının kalıntılarına da rastlanmıştır. Bugünkü şehir Yunan kolonisi Odessos olarak VI. yüzyılda kuruldu. Mevcut Slavca ismiyle ilk defa 679’da, ilk Bulgarlar’ın Bizans imparatoruyla burada yaptığı ve Bulgaristan’ın bağımsız bir devlet halinde tanındığı bir antlaşma vesilesiyle zikredilmektedir. 790’dan sonra ilk Bulgar İmparatorluğu’na dahil edilen Varna 864’te hıristiyanlaştı ve Tuna Bulgaristanı ile birlikte 971’de Bizanslılar’ın eline geçti. 1190 Martında Çar I. Asen kumandasındaki Bulgarlar Varna’ya girdi. Ancak Bizans İmparatoru II. Angelos şehri geri aldı ve surlarını yeniledi. 1201 Martında Çar Kaloyan komutasındaki Bulgarlar Varna’yı tekrar ele geçirerek tahrip ettiler. XIII ve XIV. yüzyıllarda Varna, Bulgar Devleti’nin sınırları içerisinde kaldı. 1366’da Savoy Kontu Amadeus burayı üç ay kuşattığında Varna diye isimlendirilen, çok sağlam ve iyi muhafaza edilmiş duvarlarla korunan, askerlerle dolu bir şehir olduğu belirtilir. 1369’dan itibaren Varna hıristiyan Türkler’e ait Dobruca Prensliği’nin bir parçası haline geldi ve bu küçük devletin başşehri yapıldı. Osmanlı tarihçisi Neşrî, Dobruca oğlunun Varna’yı merkez edindiğini, 1388-1389 kışında Timurtaşoğlu Yahşi Bey’in kalenin kendilerine teslim edileceği haberi üzerine buraya yöneldiğini, ancak bunun doğru olmadığı anlaşılınca geri döndüğünü belirtir (Cihannümâ , I, 250-251).
Varna, Yıldırım Bayezid’in Bulgaristan seferinde 795’te (1393) Osmanlı hâkimiyetine alındı. 1399 Şubatında Timur’a yenilip Tuna’nın güneyine doğru kaçan Aktav Tatarları şehri yağmalayıp tahrip etti. Ankara Savaşı’ndan sonra 1403’teki Bizans-Osmanlı antlaşması neticesinde Yıldırım Bayezid’in oğlu Emîr Süleyman Çelebi bütün Karadeniz şehirlerini aldığında bunların içinde Varna’ya tam anlamıyla hâkim olup olmadığı belli değildir. Ancak Çelebi Sultan Mehmed, Dobruca’yı 822’de (1419) zaptettiğinde Varna’yı da kesin şekilde ele geçirdi. 1444 Kasımında II. Murad kumandasındaki Osmanlı ordusu ile büyük bir Haçlı ordusu arasındaki savaş şehir yakınlarında cereyan etti (bk. VARNA MUHAREBESİ ).
Chalkokondyles ve özellikle olaya şahitlik eden Hans Mehgast (Beheim) ile Philipp Callimachi, Haçlı ordusunun güzergâhı üzerindeki bütün Osmanlı kalelerinin yıkılıp yağmalandığını ve yakıldığını, hıristiyan ahalinin ayırt edilip Türkler’in kılıçtan geçirildiğini söyler. Varna, Galata ve Kavarna gibi kıyı kalelerinde bulunan Türk askerleri ve sivil halk bunu haber alınca kalelerini terkederek gemilerle kaçmış, Haçlılar bu kaleleri tamamen imha ettiğinden geride küçük köyler kalmış, Varna ise yıkımdan kurtulmuştur. Varna zaferi Osmanlılar’ın Bulgaristan’daki geleceğini garanti altına aldı. 1444’ten sonra Varna civarında yıkılan ve nüfustan arındırılan köyler yörük gruplarınca iskân edildi. XVI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına ait bazı yörük defterleri Varna nahiyesinde seksen bir yörük ocağının, toplamda 2430 neferin ya da 8500 kişi civarında bir nüfusun mevcudiyetini gösterir. Ortaçağ’dan kalma, surla çevrili bir Bulgar-Bizans şehri olan Varna, 190 × 130 m. boyutlarında düzensiz bir dikdörtgen biçiminde 3 hektardan daha az bir alanı kaplamaktaydı ve 500-600 civarında bir nüfusa sahipti. Sur dışında taştan yapılmış birkaç kilisenin bulunduğu açık bir yerleşme mevcuttu. Bütün yerleşim hektar başına ortalama 150 kişinin düştüğü, toplam nüfusu 2100-2300 arasında olan 15 hektarlık bir alanı kapsıyordu.
Varna hakkında günümüze ulaşan en eski Osmanlı kayıtları 921 (1515) yılına kadar gider. Ancak bu rakamlar 1530 tarihli Muhasebe Defteri ’ne özet halinde işlenmiştir (BA, TD , nr. 370, s. 432). Buna göre Varna otuz iki hânelik müslüman bir cemaate sahipti. Bunların yanında kalede müsellem kayıtlı elli beş hânelik müslüman topluluğu vardı. Ayrıca yine kale hizmetinde yirmi yedi hâne, marangoz ve demircilerden oluşan yirmi dört hâne gayri müslim nüfus bulunmaktaydı ve kendilerine vergi muafiyeti sağlanmıştı. Şehirdeki on hıristiyan mahallesinde 230 hâne mevcuttu. Toplam 454 hâneden % 19’unu müslümanlar teşkil ediyordu (2100-2300 kişi). 922 (1516) tahririnden sonra büyük ihtimalle 1522’de Varna kasabası ve yakınlardaki bazı büyük köyler Yavuz Sultan Selim’in vakıflarına eklenmiştir. 1516-1597 yılları arasında Varna iki mislinden daha fazla büyüdü. Ancak bu dönemde (1595) Eflak Prensi Mihail, Varna’yı ve Kuzey Bulgaristan’daki diğer şehirleri yakıp yıktı. Bununla beraber 1597’de yapılan tahrir bu tahribatın etkisinin fazla olmadığını gösterir. 1597 tarihli deftere göre Varna’daki altı müslüman mahallesinde bir grup yeni yerleşmiş (haymanagân) müslüman ve on sekiz müslüman müsellem dahil toplam 290 hâne, 172 mücerret (bekâr) nüfus vardı. Müslüman hânelerinden en az % 40’ı İslâmiyet’e yeni girmiş kişilerden meydana gelmekteydi. Şehrin üç camisi, (Câmi-i Atîk, Câmi-i Bedreddin ve Câmi-i Alâeddin) ve üç mescidi vardı. Müslümanların yanında on üç gayri müslim mahallesi mevcut olup bunların on ikisi ilk yerleşen papazlarının adlarıyla kayıtlıydı. Bir grup hıristiyan müsellem (kırk üç erkek), on altı hıristiyan haymana, beş meremmetçiyan (tamirci) hânesi ve yirmi beş Çingene (müslüman-hıristiyan karışımı) mahallesi de bunlara eklenmişti. Böylece hıristiyan hânesi toplamı 800’e ulaştı ve 495 bekâr erkek tesbit edildi. Bu rakamlara göre Varna’nın toplam nüfusu 1115 hâne olup bu da 5200-5500 dolayında bir nüfusa işaret eder. Bunun % 27’sini müslümanlar teşkil ediyordu.
XVII. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren Varna Kazaklar’ın saldırısına uğradı. Bunlar 1605’te şehre girip tahribatta bulundular. Anconalı bir İtalyan şahidin raporuna göre Varna ve kalesi Kazaklar tarafından yağmalanmış ve 2000 Türk katledilmişti. Diğer önemli bir saldırı 1061 (1651) yılında yetmiş gemilik Kazak grubunca gerçekleştirildi, ancak bunlar Silistre Valisi Melek Ahmed Paşa tarafından ağır kayıplar verdirilerek geri püskürtüldü. 1656’da Evliya Çelebi, Varna hakkında ve burada Kazaklar’a karşı verilen mücadeleye dair dikkat çekici ve biraz abartılmış bilgiler verir. Onun kaydettiği bilgilerden çok topografik tesbitleri değerlidir. Evliya Çelebi, Karadeniz’den gelen sularla dolu bir hendeğin çevrelediği Varna Kalesi’ni ayrıntılı biçimde tasvir eder, Kazak tehdidinden dolayı buranın devamlı tamiri ve bakımının yapıldığını belirtir. Şehrin yedi müslüman ve beş gayri müslim (Rum, Ermeni ve yahudi) mahallesinin bulunduğunu, 4000 evin mevcut olduğunu yazar. İsimleriyle birlikte beş büyük caminin varlığından söz eder ve şehirde otuz altı mescidin yer aldığını bildirir. Evliya Çelebi’den üç yıl sonra Varna’yı ziyaret eden Bulgar Katolik Piskopos Philip Stanislavov, şehirde Dubrovnik’ten gelen yirmi beş Katolik’e (tüccar) ve 1700 kişiyi barındıran Rumlar’a ait 400 evin bulunduğunu belirtir. Bu grubun sekiz kilisesi vardı; ayrıca burada bir Ortodoks piskoposluğu mevcuttu. Stanislavov’a göre Varna’nın Türk cemaati yedi camisi bulunan 4000 kişidir ve 1500 eve sahiptir. Evliya Çelebi ve Stanislavov, pek çok yerde varlıklarını zikretmelerine rağmen Varna’da herhangi bir Bulgar yerleşmesinden bahsetmezler.
1088 (1677) tarihli İcmal Cizye Defteri (BA, MAD , nr. 14849) Kazak saldırılarının ardından Varna’nın nüfusunun yeniden toparlandığını gösterir. Bu kayıtlarda, altı mahalledeki 740 gayri müslim hânesiyle muhtemelen 1597’deki müsellemlerin torunları olan ve kalede yaşayan kırk hânelik bir hıristiyan gruptan söz edilir. Bu rakamlar gayri müslim nüfusunun 3500-3700 civarında bulunduğuna işaret eder. 1092 (1681) tarihli ek bir bilgi 740 hânenin 240’ının fakir olup cizye miktarlarının az tutulduğunu ortaya koyar. Varna nâibinin teklifi üzerine bunlar avârız türü vergilerden muaftı. Müslüman nüfus için herhangi bir rakama rastlanmaz. XVIII. yüzyılda cereyan eden Osmanlı-Rus savaşının neticesinde 1088’deki (1677) nüfusun hızlı bir düşüşe geçtiği açıktır. Varna’yı oldukça etkileyen 1768-1774 Osmanlı-Rus savaşından hemen sonra 1188 (1774) tarihli Cizye Defteri ’nde (BA , D.CMH, nr. 26857) Varna’da toplam 545 nefer (yaklaşık 1650-1900 kişi) hıristiyan nüfusu bulunan dokuz gayri müslim mahallesi kaydedilmiştir. Ancak bu tarihten itibaren şehir hızlı bir gelişme gösterdi. XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında çeşitli kaynaklar Varna’nın 15.000 kişilik nüfusu olduğunu belirtir. 1786’da Fransız mühendisi Brognard, Varna Kalesi’nin istihkâmıyla ilgili ayrıntılı bir plan yapmıştır. On üç kulesi bulunan Bizans kalesi hâlâ ayaktaydı ve hizmet vermekteydi. Ancak deniz tarafı, Provadya nehri üzerindeki köprüyü koruyan tahkim edilmiş üç tabya ve on iki topa sahip bir mevzi ile güçlendirildi. Türk mahallesi eski kalenin batısında, Ermeni ve Rum mahalleleri hemen kuzeyinde yer almaktaydı.
1810 Haziranında Kamenski kumandasındaki Rus askerleri Varna’ya saldırdı; ancak ağır kayıplar verdirilerek geri püskürtüldü. 1227 (1812) tarihli Varna Cizye Defteri Rus saldırısının hemen ardından şehirdeki yenileşmeyi açıkça gösterir (BA , D.CMH, nr. 27092). Varna, 1196 hıristiyan ve 172 Ermeni olmak üzere 1368 erkek nüfusa (4100-4800 kişi) ve yedi gayri müslim mahallesine sahipti. Müslümanlar için yine herhangi bir resmî bilgi yoktur. 1828’de Maximilian Thielen, Varna’yı Silistre sancağına bağlı, Karadeniz kıyısında bir şehir diye tasvir eder. Sağlam duvarlarla çevrili, büyük kuleleri olan eski bir kalesi bulunduğunu, burada Türkler, Yunanlılar, Ermeniler ve yahudilerden meydana gelen 16.000 kişinin oturduğu 4000 evin yer aldığını yazar. Varna bütün Avrupa Türkiyesi’nin Karadeniz kıyılarındaki en güzel limanıdır ve bu konumu burayı büyük bir ticaret merkezi yapmıştır. 1828’de Moltke Varna’da 25.000 kişinin yaşadığını belirtir.
1828-1829 savaşı süresince Varna, Çar I. Nikola kumandasındaki Rus ordusu tarafından üç aylık bir kuşatma sonunda ele geçirildi. Edirne Antlaşması’nın imzalanması neticesinde Osmanlılar’a bırakıldı, şehrin hıristiyan nüfusunun büyük bölümü daha iyi bir yaşam sözü verilerek Güney Rusya’ya ve Besarabya’ya götürüldü. Bunların çoğu hayal kırıklığına uğrayarak geri döndü. Savaşın ardından 1830-1834 yılları arasında, yıkılan askerî istihkâmlar ve surlar II. Mahmud’un fermanıyla tekrar yapıldı. Yeni surlar en modern Batılı yapım tekniğine göre inşa edildi ve üç sağlam kule eklendi. Avlunun içerisinde büyük barakalar ve dükkânlar inşa edildi; ihtiyaç durumunda askerleri barındırmak için geniş bir alan bırakıldı. Varna’nın merkezî meydanında II. Mahmud büyük bir çeşme yaptırdı; bu çeşmenin kırk altı mısralık kitâbesinin şiiri Hilmî’ye, hattı Yesârîzâde Mustafa İzzet’e aittir. Kitâbe metninde II. Mahmud’un inşa faaliyetleri anlatılır; burada kapılar, hendek, tabya, altı ambar ve iki depo, bir cami ile bir çeşmenin yapıldığı belirtilir. Ana kapıda ve yeni binalarda yer alan kitâbelerde tamamlanma tarihi 1250 (1834) olarak kayıtlıdır. 1856’da Papadopoulos-Vretos, Varna’nın bütün nüfusunu 16.000 civarında tahmin eder (8300 Türk, 6100 Ortodoks, 1000 Ermeni, Yunanistan’dan 150 Yunanlı ve 30 yahudi). Kırım savaşının sürdüğü bu dönemlerde (1853-1856) Varna, İngiliz ve Fransız birliklerine üs vazifesi gördü. XIX. yüzyılda Osmanlı Varnası önemli bir İslâmî öğretim merkezi olma yoluna girdi. Burada Hacı Şâban Camii (ilk defa 1660 yılında zikredilmiştir), Ali Efendi (1102/1691, cami, medrese ve zâviye), Alaca Hasan b. Mustafa (XIX. yüzyıl) ve Seyyid Ahmed Efendi (XIX. yüzyıl) medreseleri vardı. Varna’daki küçük müslüman cemaatinin dört de mektebi bulunuyordu: Pîrî Paşa (1517-1532), Defterdar Nazlı Mehmed Çelebi (1546-1547), Seyyid Mehmed Çelebi (1566-1569) ve Şeyh Müstecab (1066/1656) mektepleri.
Varna hakkındaki son Osmanlı tasviri Tuna Vilâyeti Salnâmesi ’nde yer alır. Salnâmede on dokuz cami, on iki kilise ve sinagog, on dört han, üç hamam, 730 dükkân ve 246 mağaza kaydedilmiştir. 1290 (1873) salnâmesi müslüman hâne sayısını 1891, hıristiyan hâne sayısını 999 olarak gösterir. Bu da toplam nüfusun üçte ikisini müslümanların teşkil ettiğine ve nüfusun 14-15.000 dolayında olduğuna işaret eder. Aynı kaynak Varna kazasındaki (şehir hariç) altmış altı köyün ismini zikreder; bütün hâne sayısını, ödemeleri gerekli vergilerle birlikte bütün erkek nüfusu bildirir. Bu listeye giren köylerin elli dokuzu Türkçe ad taşımaktadır, sadece yedisi Bulgarca veya Yunanca idi (Galata, Petra, Kranea). Köylerin kırk birinde yalnız müslüman nüfus vardı, on üçü tamamen hıristiyandı, diğer on ikisinde müslümanlarla hıristiyanlar karışık yaşıyordu. Varna kazasının taşra nüfusu çoğunlukla müslüman Türkler’den meydana geliyordu (hâne sayısı üzerinden hesaplandığında % 60, nüfus üzerinden hesaplandığında ise % 56,3). Müslüman yerleşimciler arasında Kırım savaşından sonra bölgeye gelen Çerkez muhacirlerine ait beş köy dikkati çeker (271 hâne). Doksanüç Harbi diye bilinen 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı esnasında şehir olayların cereyan ettiği ana sahaların dışında kaldı. Ancak savunma düzeni artık çağın gerisindeydi. Bu sebeple şehir Ruslar tarafından savaşsız ele geçirildi. Ayastefanos Antlaşması neticesinde Varna yeni Bulgar Devleti sınırları içerisinde kaldı. Bulgarlar’ın şehri ele geçirmesinin ardından müslümanların üçte ikisi şehri terketti. Boş bıraktıkları yerler 1888’de Doğu Trakya’dan ve Kotel bölgesindeki dağlardan gelen fakir Bulgar göçmenleri tarafından hemen dolduruldu. Varna’nın güçlü istihkâmları arkasından hiçbir iz bırakılmadan yerle bir edildi. 1834 yılından kalma Osmanlı kitâbelerinin pek çoğu Varna Tarih Müzesi’ne konuldu.
Bağımsız Bulgaristan’ın ilk yıllarında 1881’de Varna 24.074 kişilik nüfusa sahipti; bunların 8903’ü Türk, 6721’i Bulgar, 5367’si Rum, 1181’i Ermeni, 837’si Tatar, 541’i yahudi, 338’i Çingene ve 186’sı Alman’dı. Bu rakamlar dine göre değil konuşulan dile göre hesap edilmiştir. Türkçe konuşanların içinde 1459 kişiden ibaret hıristiyan Gagauz Türkü de vardı. 1881-1901 yılları arasında Türkçe ve Tatarca konuşanların sayısı Anadolu’ya göçler sebebiyle % 29’a düştü; Ermeniler’in sayısı Anadolu’dan gelenlerle birlikte üç katına çıktı. 6721’den 15.601’e yükselen Bulgar nüfusu 34.295 kişilik nüfusun hemen hemen yarısını teşkil ediyordu. Bu rakamlar şehrin müslüman-Türk nüfusunun üçte ikiden üçte bire kadar düştüğünü gösterir. Bununla birlikte Varna uzun süren Osmanlı hâkimiyetinde görüldüğü gibi çok kültürlü ve pek çok dilin konuşulduğu bir şehir durumunda kaldı.
1908’de Muhammed Cengiz Varna’da on dört caminin ayakta olduğunu bildirir. Bunlar arasında 1835 tarihli Hayriye Camii, 1862 tarihinde inşa edilen Kale, Tekke ve Yûsuf Efendi camileriyle sultanlar tarafından inşa edilen ve isimleri daha sonra konan Mecidiye ve Aziziye camileridir. Bugün mevcut birkaç camiden biri Kırım’dan gelen Tatar göçmenler için 1856 yılında yapılan, Varna’daki küçük müslüman cemaatin namaz kılmaya devam ettiği camidir. 1860’lı yılların neo-gotik tarzında inşa edilmiş bir diğer cami Ortaçağ’dan kalma surla çevrili şehrin köşesinde yer almakta, fakat cami olarak kullanılmamaktadır. Yine 1860’ta, Bulgarlar’ın büyük eski Bizans hisarını bir Osmanlı yapımı olarak düşündükleri ve değerli görmedikleri için yıktıkları belirtilmektedir. Geriye sadece bazı eski fotoğrafları ve planları kalmıştır. 2005 yılında şehrin Asparuhovo semtinde küçük bir cami de inşa edilmiştir.
1934’te Varna’nın 69.944 nüfusu bulunmaktaydı. Bunların 43.873’ü Bulgar, % 85’lik kısmı Türk olan 6332 müslüman, 4905 Ermeni, 916 yahudi ve 480 Yunan’la diğerleriydi. II. Dünya Savaşı esnasında Varna geriledi. 1946’da 80.000 kişilik nüfusu vardı. 1976’ya kadar bu rakam özellikle civardaki köylerden gelenlerle 262.423’e kadar yükseldi. 2001 yılı kayıtları Varna’nın 320.668 nüfusa ulaştığını gösterir. Son sekiz yıl içerisinde yabancı sermaye ile birlikte pek çok yeni endüstri alanları kuruldu (tersane, kimya, giyim ve deri sanayii en önde gelen sanayi kollarıdır). Bu durum Bulgaristan’ın kuzeydoğu bölgesindeki köylerden birçok yeni yerleşimcinin dikkatini çekti. Bazıları bu tarihte nüfusun yaklaşık yarım milyona ulaştığını, bunların da hemen hepsinin Bulgarlar’dan meydana geldiğini tahmin eder. 2011 yılı resmî kayıtları şehir nüfusunu 330.486 olarak gösterir. Varna’nın Rum nüfusu Neuilly Antlaşması’ndan (1919) sonra göç etmiş, yahudiler ise çoğunlukla İsrail’e gitmiş (1948-1950), müslümanların oranı giderek azalmıştır. Ermeniler ve Gagauzlar hâlâ orada bulunmakla birlikte asimilasyon politikasına tâbidir. Günümüzde Varna, Osmanlı dönemindeki çok dilli ve çok dinli geçmişinden farklı bir görünüm arzeder. Şehrin son zamanlardaki en önemli özelliği çok rağbet gören bir turizm merkezi oluşudur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Neşrî, Cihannümâ (Unat) , I, 249-251.
Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli) , II, 481-482.
M. F. Thielen, Die europäische Türken. Ein Handwörterbuch für Zeitungsleser , Wien 1828, s. 295-296.
Freiherr von Moltke, Der russisch-türkische Feldzug in der europäischen Türkei, 1828 und 1829 , Berlin 1845, s. 137-207.
A. Papadopoulos-Vretos, La Bulgarie ancienne et moderne sous les rapports géographique, historique, archéologique, statistique et commercial , St. Petersburg 1856, s. 215-225.
N. Mikov, Naselenieto na Turtsiya i Bǎlgaria , Sofia 1915, I, 107; II, 108, 206-207.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 524-527 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.