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VARNA MUHAREBESİ Skip to content Osmanlılar’la Macarlar’ın önderliğindeki Haçlı ordusu arasında 848 (1444) yılında yapılan meydan muharebesi.
Osmanlılar’ın Balkan topraklarındaki geleceğini tayin eden ve sağlamlaştıran savaş Varna şehri yakınlarında cereyan ettiği için bu adla anılır. Balkan dağlarının doğu eteklerindeki vadilerden birinin çıkışında iki dağ arasında kalan arazide gerçekleşen savaş birbirine denk güçlerin mücadelesi bakımından farklı savaş taktikleriyle dikkati çeker. Savaşın sebebi, papalık ile Bizanslılar’ın destek verip teşvik ettiği Macarlar’ın liderliğindeki hıristiyan güçlerin Türkler’i Balkanlar’dan atma, Edirne’ye kadar inerek burayı ele geçirme ve Türk tehdidini tamamıyla ortadan kaldırma amacına dayanır.
II. Murad’ın, Osmanlı tahtına geçip Fetret devrinin meselelerine belirli bir çözüm getirdikten sonra 1420’li yıllardan itibaren Tuna hattında Macar sınırlarına, Sırbistan’a ve Eflak kesimine yönelmesi, özellikle Osmanlı uç beylerinin sert akınları Macarlar için rahatsızlık verici yeni bir süreç başlatmıştı. Aslında Niğbolu Savaşı’ndan bu yana Macarlar’la ilişkilerde sınır çarpışmaları olağan hale gelmişti. Fakat her iki tarafın Sırp Despotluğu ve Eflak Voyvodalığı üzerindeki siyasî çekişmesi büyük bir mücadelenin kıvılcımlarını ateşlemekte gecikmedi. 1440’ta Osmanlılar’ın Macarlar’ın kontrolündeki Belgrad Kalesi’ni muhasara etmesine kadar geçen zamanda büyük mücadelenin kapılarını aralayan hadiseler meydana geldi. 1439’da II. Murad Sırbistan’a girerken papalık vasıtasıyla hıristiyan dünyasının birleşerek ve aralarındaki dinî meseleleri hallederek Türkler’e karşı yeni bir Haçlı savaşı başlatma çabaları hız kazanmış bulunuyordu. Aynı yıl Ortodokslar ve Katolikler arasında Floransa’da sürdürülen görüşmeler sonunda kiliselerin birleştirilmesi kararı alınmış, ayrıca siyasî açıdan Türkler’in Avrupa topraklarından sökülüp atılmasına ve Bizans imparatoruna yardım edilmesine dair mutabakat sağlanmıştı. Ertesi yıl II. Murad’ın başarısız Belgrad kuşatması ve hemen ardından Macarlar’ın Osmanlılar üzerine yeni bir askerî harekâta girişmesi Haçlı seferi için ümit verici gelişmeler olarak sevinçle karşılanmıştı.
Bu sırada Macar tahtında 1439’da ölen II. Albert’in yerine geçen, aynı zamanda Leh kralı olan Vladislav (Lehistan Kralı III. Wladyslav, Macar Kralı I. Ulászló) bulunuyordu. Macarlar, Belgrad önlerinde başarısızlığa uğrayan Osmanlılar’a karşı harekâta girişti. Güney Macaristan ve Belgrad başkumandanlığına getirilen Erdel voyvodası ve Tımışvar kontu János Hunyadi, Eylül 1442’de Rumeli Beylerbeyi Şehâbeddin Şahin Paşa idaresindeki Osmanlı saldırısını önledi. Ardından 1443-1444’te Tuna’yı aşıp Osmanlı topraklarına girdi ve karşısına çıkan Osmanlı birliklerini yenilgiye uğrattı. II. Murad, Macar birliklerini Sofya ile Filibe arasındaki dar geçitlerde durdurmaya çalıştı ve sonunda Zlatitsa (İzlâdi) geçidinde bunu zorlukla başardı. Macarlar’ın bu uzun seferi ve kazandıkları başarılar bütün hıristiyan dünyasında büyük bir sevinçle karşılandı ve Türkler’in artık Balkanlar’dan çıkarılacağının ilk önemli işareti sayıldı. II. Murad bu zor durum karşısında barış görüşmeleri başlattı, Sırp Despotu Georg Brankovič’in de aracılığıyla Segedin’de bir antlaşma imzalandı. Gerçek anlamda bir barış mı yoksa geçici bir ateşkes mi olduğu, bizzat Macar kralının bunu yeminle tasdik edip etmediği konusu tartışmalı olan antlaşma, papanın temsilcisi Kardinal Cesarini ve Bizans imparatorunun devreye girmesiyle hükümsüz kaldı. Zira bu sırada papalık Haçlı seferi için gereken hazırlıkları yapmış; bir müttefik hıristiyan donanması karadan hareket edecek ordularla buluşmak, Osmanlı birliklerinin Boğazlar’dan geçişini önlemek için Çanakkale Boğazı’na doğru gitmeye başlamıştı. Sekizini papanın, beşini Venedik’in, dördünü Burgondiya’nın, ikisini Raguza’nın desteklediği filo Gelibolu’ya vardığında içinden sekiz tanesi veya daha fazlası Karadeniz’e açılacak, Niğbolu’ya kadar girmek üzere Tuna ağzına ulaşacak ve Macar ordusuyla bağlantı kuracaktı. Aradaki anlaşmaya rağmen Macar kralı, Kardinal Cesarini’nin yönlendirmesiyle 4 Ağustos 1444’te bir beyannâme yayımlayarak savaş ilânını kesinleştirdi. Ordunun ağırlığını Macarlar oluşturuyordu, Sırplar ve Eflak askerleriyle Hırvat-Bosna birlikleri onlara katılacaktı.
Bu gelişmeler sırasında Osmanlı tarafında II. Murad, Macarlar karşısında geri çekilmenin getirdiği sıkıntılar, büyük oğlu Alâeddin’i kaybetmenin verdiği üzüntü ve uç beyleriyle olan anlaşmazlıklar sebebiyle hadiseleri biraz dışarıdan izlemek için, ayrıca Karamanlılar ve Macarlar’la yaptığı antlaşmaların sükûneti sağladığını düşünerek tahttan çekilme kararı almış, yerini küçük yaştaki oğlu II. Mehmed’e bırakmıştı. Fakat olaylar hiç de ümit ettiği gibi gelişmedi. Müttefik hıristiyan ordusunun aradaki barışa rağmen harekete geçmesi büyük bir telâşa yol açtı, Edirne’nin tahkimi için hazırlıklar yapılmaya başlandı. Bunun üzerine ordunun başına geçmek zorunda kalan II. Murad, Gelibolu’nun hıristiyan donanması tarafından tutulduğunu haber alınca ekim ayı sonlarında Ceneviz tüccar gemilerini kiralayarak İstanbul Boğazı’ndan karşı yakaya geçti. Edirne’ye gidip oğlu Mehmed’i muhafazada bıraktı ve topladığı kuvvetlerle Varna istikametine yöneldi.
Macar ordusu 15.000 atlı ve bundan biraz daha az sayıda piyadeyle 3 Ekim’de Tuna’yı aşıp Orşova’dan sonra altı günde Vidin’e ulaştı. Orduda 2000 kadar araba vardı, çoğu mühimmat, erzak ve eşya taşıyor, bir bölümünde tüfekli askerler bulunuyordu. Eflak Prensi Vlad Drakula 4000 dolayında askeriyle Niğbolu’da Hunyadi’nin kuvvetleriyle birleşti. Macarlar ve müttefikleri Bulgar topraklarında ilerlemeye başladı; bu arada bölgedeki hıristiyan köylerine saldırıyor, kiliseleri bile tahrip ediyor ve her taraf yağmalanıyordu. Müttefikler Şumnu’ya ulaşıp burayı kolayca ele geçirdiler ve içindeki küçük Osmanlı muhafız birliğini tamamen imha ettiler. Pravadi’de direnişle karşılaşınca burada fazla oyalanmayıp Petriç Hisarı’na yöneldiler. Orayı da ele geçirip Varna’ya ulaştılar; bölgedeki Varna dahil Kavarna, Makropolis, Kalliakra ve Galata’yı zaptettiler; Varna önlerinde ordugâh kurup Haçlı donanmasını beklemeye başladılar. Öte yandan II. Murad 40.000 civarında bir ordu toplayarak Yanbolu’ya vardı ve Alakilise denen yerde ordunun alacağı düzeni belirledi.
İki ordu 28 Receb 848 (10 Kasım 1444) Çarşamba (takvim hesabına göre Salı) günü sabahleyin karşı karşıya geldi. Macar komuta heyeti, daha önceki savaş tecrübelerine güvenip araba üzerine yerleştirilen tüfekli askerlerin Osmanlılar karşısındaki seri başarısını göz önüne alarak hücuma geçilmesini, eğer bu hücum başarısızlıkla sonuçlanırsa arabalardan meydana gelen hatta çekilmeyi, top ve tüfekle Osmanlı askerlerini dağıtmayı planlamıştı. Ordunun arka safına arabalar ve ağır toplar yerleştirildi; ortada ikinci safta 500 kişilik Macar ve Leh kıtalarıyla kral yer aldı; bataklık kesimden Varna’ya doğru uzanan hat ise ön saflarca tutuldu. Şehre yakın sağ tarafa arazinin açık olması ve tehlike arzetmesi sebebiyle en güçlü birlikler konuşlandı. Burada önde Frankó Tallóci idaresinde büyük siyah Macar kraliyet bayrağı altında Macarlar, ardında Eğri (Eger) Piskoposu Simon Rozgonyi, Slavonya banı ve Kardinal Cesarini’nin Haçlı askerleri sıralanmıştı. Bunların yedek birlikleri de vardı. Bataklığa yakın tepelerin koruduğu sol kanadın yerleştiği yer daha az tehlikeli görüldüğünden beş Macar birliğince tutuldu. Hunyadi, emrindeki 4000 Eflak birliğini serbest hareket etmesi için herhangi bir kanada koymadı. Osmanlı tarafında ise padişahın sağ yanında Anadolu Beylerbeyi Karaca Bey, Edirne askeriyle Süleyman Bey, Fenârîzâde Hasan Paşa, Evrenosoğlu Îsâ; sol yanında Rumeli Beylerbeyi Şehâbeddin Şahin Paşa atlıları ile Dâvud Bey’in yayaları ve Fîruz / Ferizbeyoğlu’nun birlikleri yer alıyordu. II. Murad arkada yedi saf halinde sıralanmış kapıkulu, yeniçeri ve azeble ilerliyordu.
İki ordu karşı karşıya gelince üç saat kadar birbirini kontrol etti. İlk hareket Osmanlı tarafından geldi, 6000 kişilik bir sipahi birliği sağ kanattaki Macarlar’ı ok atışıyla tâciz etmeye başladı. Atlıların ovaya inmesiyle de Franko Tallóci saldırı emrini verdi. Bu saldırı Anadolu kolu üzerine oldu ve Macarlar üstünlük sağladı. Ardından Rumeli kolunda Şehâbeddin Paşa’nın atlıları Hunyadi’nin saldırısını karşıladı; geri çekilir gibi yapan Dâvud Bey ansızın dönüp üzerine gelen Nagyvárád piskoposunun alayını imha etti. Fakat Anadolu kolu iyice çökmüş, Karaca Bey çarpışırken hayatını kaybetmişti. Rumeli birliklerinde de dağılma emâreleri başladı; bunun üzerine II. Murad kendi kuvvetlerini harekete geçirdi, ancak onlar da pek etkili olamadı ve dağıldı, padişahın yanında ise çok az yeniçeri ve azeb kaldı. Bu durum karşısında II. Murad çekilme tekliflerini kabul eder göründüyse de özellikle Dayı Karaca Bey’in cesaretlendirmesiyle savaş meydanında kaldı. Bu hareket çarpışmaların gidişini birden değiştirdi. Padişah yeniçeriler tarafından koruma altına alındı; tam bu sırada Macar kralı yanındaki 500 atlısıyla onların üzerine saldırdı. Ancak iyi korunan Osmanlı ordugâhını aşamadı ve oradaki hendeği göremediği için atı buraya düştü, etrafını çeviren yeniçeriler tarafından öldürüldü, yanındaki birlik de imha edildi. Bu durum Macar ordusunda umumi bir paniğe yol açtı; çekilen Osmanlı birliklerinin tekrar toplanıp saldırıya geçmesi müttefik ordusunun yenilgisini hızlandırdı. Kaçan Macar ordusunun bir bölümü arka saftaki arabalardan oluşan barikata sığındı, buradan top ve tüfek atışlarıyla Osmanlı saldırısına karşı koymaya çalıştı. Ancak bu, bazı Macar birliklerine geri çekilmek için zaman kazandırmaktan başka bir işe yaramadı. Daha sonra onlar da teslim oldu. Kralın ölüm haberini alan Hunyadi durumun kötüye gittiğini görünce Eflak tarafına çekildi. Panik halindeki kaçış sırasında Kardinal Cesarini aldığı yaraların tesiriyle hayatını kaybetti. Savaş meydanında kalan Macarlar’ın sayısı 7-8000 dolayındadır; Osmanlı kaybı da buna yakındı. Şehid olan beylerin içinde Anadolu Beylerbeyi Karaca Bey’in yanı sıra Fenârîzâde Hasan Paşa ile Vardar Yenicesi Kadısı Bedreddin ve Su Şeyh de vardı.
Savaşın ardından komşu İslâm memleketlerine kazanılan zaferi bildiren fetihnâmeler/zafernâmeler kaleme alınmış, bir rivayete göre Macar Kralı Vladislav’ın kesik başı zafer nişanesi olarak Edirne ve Bursa’ya yollanmış, oradan da alınan bazı esirlerle birlikte hediye olarak Mısır sultanına gönderilmişti. Fetihnâmelerden Şâhruh’a, Karamanoğlu İbrâhim Bey’e ve Memlük Sultanı Çakmak’a gönderilenler o sırada tahtta bulunan II. Mehmed’in tuğrasını taşır. II. Murad’ın adını taşıyan bir başka fetihnâme ise Karakoyunlu Cihan Şah’a yollanmıştı. Ancak bu fetihnâmelerde savaşlar hakkında fazla ayrıntı bulunmamaktadır. Yalnız Edirne’nin hedef alındığı açıkça belirtilir. II. Murad’a ait fetihnâmedeki en önemli bilgi, Macar kralının kolu kırılmış halde yaralı olarak tutulduğu ve ordugâha getirilip boynunun vurulduğudur ki bu bilgi dönemin kaynaklarında belirtilenlerle çelişir.
Varna Muharebesi yeni Macar savaş taktiklerinin tam anlamıyla öğrenilmesine vesile olmuş, özellikle savaş arabaları kullanılarak yapılan harekâtlar karşısında Osmanlılar uzun seferlerdeki muharebelerde kazandıkları tecrübeyle son derece dikkatli davranmıştır. Ancak bu savaşta Macarlar’ın savaş arabalarının etkili kullanıldığına dair bir işaret yoktur. Yalnız Osmanlı saldırısı karşısında çekilip yük arabalarının arkasına girenlerin küçük top ve tüfekler kullandıkları bilinmektedir. Öte yandan bazı Batılı tarihçiler, Osmanlılar’ın sayıca üstünlüklerini savaşı kazanmalarının en önemli sebebi diye göstermişlerdir. Bu sayı üstünlüğü yanında Kral Vladislav’ın düşüncesizce saldırısı yüzünden hayatını kaybetmesinin Macarlar arasında yıkıcı bir etki yaptığı ve yenilgide bunun da önemli rolünün bulunduğu üzerinde durulur. Osmanlı süvarilerinin geri çekilmesi ve ardından yeniden toparlanmasında II. Murad’ın yerinden ayrılmamasının olumlu etkisinden bahsedilir.
Osmanlı ordusunun uyguladığı taktiğin sahte ricat olup olmadığı ise tartışmalıdır. Kaynaklarda topluca ve alenî bir sahte ricattan söz edilmez. Üstelik Hunyadi, Türkler’in bu taktiğini çok iyi bildiği için ordusunu bunu önleyecek biçimde yerleştirmiş olmalıdır. Nitekim taktiği uygulayacak sipahilerin ön saldırıları bu niyetin bir göstergesi ise de savaşın görgü şahitlerinin anlattıkları birliklerin karşı karşıya geldiğini, bu durumda söz konusu taktiğin alenen uygulanmasının güçleştiğini düşündürür. Fakat burada, özellikle yeniçeri birlikleri tarafından esaslı şekilde korunan merkeze yapılan saldırı sırasında yaya yeniçerilerin yanlara çekilip saldıran birlikleri hendeklerin önüne getirmeleri ve ardından toplanarak yanlardan saldırmaları söz konusudur. Bu yan saldırı muhtemelen ok atışlarının daha etkili bir şekilde isabetini sağlamıştır. Dikkat edilmesi gereken bir başka husus, bozulan süvari birliklerinin padişahın bulunduğu merkezin arkasında yeniden toparlanmak üzere saflar kurmaya başlamasıdır. Bu sahte ricattan biraz farklı ve yaya askerine dayalı bir Osmanlı taktiği olarak görülebilir.
Savaşın siyasî sonuçları da çok önemlidir. II. Murad’a iç politikada yeniden güç kazandıran bu zafer Osmanlılar’ın Avrupa’dan çıkarılabileceği inancını tamamen sarsmıştır. Bilhassa ortak düşmana karşı hıristiyan prenslerin bir araya gelme şevki ve heyecanı zayıflamış, Batı dünyasında genel bir karamsarlığa yol açmıştır. XIX. yüzyılın romantik tarihçiliğinin temsilcisi Zinkeisen, biraz da abartılı bir ifadeyle, Varna’da yaşanan mağlûbiyet haberinin Tanrı’nın bir cezası olarak bütün ülkelerde duyulmaya başlandığını, Segedin’de İncil üzerine yapılan yeminin dine saygısızlık derecesinde bozulduğunun hatırlandığını, hatta sefer başladığında yerin bile sallandığından bahsedildiğini, Tanrı’nın açık şekilde ortaya çıkan cezasına karşı duyulan korkunun uzun süre insanların cesaretini kırdığını yazar (Geschichte, I, 704-705). Öte yandan bu yenilgi, halkın çoğunun ve bazı önde gelen din adamlarının büyük tepkiyle karşıladıkları dinî birleşmeyi, büyük bir tehdit algılamasıyla biraz da zoraki şekilde gerçekleştirmiş olan Bizans’ın ümitlerini bütünüyle boşa çıkarmıştır. Ancak yenilgiye rağmen Bizanslılar henüz karasularında bulunan Haçlı donanmasının faaliyetinden ümit kesmemişti. Fakat bu Haçlı filosunun da bir etkisi görülmedi. Ümidini kaybetmeyen ve ısrarla mücadeleyi sürdürme eğiliminde ve gücünde olan tek kişi János Hunyadi idi. Çok geçmeden birlikleriyle Tuna hattında yeni bir harekâta girişecek ve rövanşı almak için hazırlıklara başlayacaktı (bk. KOSOVA SAVAŞLARI ). Varna Muharebesi’yle ilgili çağdaş kaynaklarda yer alan bilgiler bir araya getirilerek yayımlanmıştır (C. Imber, Varna Savaşı [trc. Ayda Arel], İstanbul 2007).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 527-530 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.