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VÂSİḲ-BİLLÂH Skip to content Ebû Ca‘fer el-Vâsiḳ-Billâh Hârûn b. el-Mu‘tasım-Billâh Muhammed b. Hârûnerreşîd el-Abbâsî (ö. 232/847)
Abbâsî halifesi (842-847).
Mu‘tasım-Billâh’ın Rum asıllı câriyesinden 20 Şâban 196’da (6 Mayıs 812) Bağdat’ta doğdu. İlk hocası olarak Hârûn b. Ziyâd’ın adı geçmekte (Hatîb, XIV, 17), hat, kıraat ve edebiyatı bizzat amcası Halife Me’mûn’dan öğrendiği kaydedilmektedir (İbnü’l-İmrânî, s. 111). Çocukluğunda iyi bir eğitim aldı; ahlâkı, ilmi ve diğer yönleriyle Me’mûn’a benzetilerek kaynaklarda “Küçük Me’mûn” diye anıldı. İlk görevi, 221’de (836) başşehrin Sâmerrâ’ya naklinden itibaren üstlendiği Bağdat valiliği (İbnü’l-Esîr, VI, 452) ve 223 (838) yılındaki Ammûriye (Amorion) seferi sırasında Mu‘tasım’ın yerine halifeliğe vekâletidir (Nüveyrî, IV, 203). 18 Rebîülevvel 227 (5 Ocak 842) tarihinde vefat eden babası Mu‘tasım’ın yerine onun vasiyeti gereği hilâfet makamına geçti. Babasından zengin bir hazine devralan Vâsiḳ-Billâh Mekke, Medine ve Bağdat başta olmak üzere bütün şehirlerde halka ihsanlarda bulundu. Hilâfetinin ilk günlerinde Kays Aylân kabileleri isyan edip Dımaşk valisinin sarayını kuşattı. Recâ b. Eyyûb el-Hidârî, Kayslılar’ın kendi aralarındaki anlaşmazlıktan faydalanıp isyanı bastırdı ve şehirde emniyeti sağladı. Vâsiḳ daha sonra Recâ b. Eyyûb’u, Mu‘tasım’ın vefatından önce Filistin bölgesinde ayaklanan Ebû Harb el-Müberka‘ üzerine gönderdi. İsyanı bastıran Recâ, Müberka‘ı esir alıp Sâmerrâ’ya döndü (227/842).
Daha sonra çoğunluğu bedevî Arap kabilelerinin yağma ve çapulculuk hareketlerinden ibaret olan bir dizi isyan vuku buldu. 230’da (845) Hicaz bölgesinde Benî Süleym kabilesi mensupları, Uzeyze b. Kattâb es-Sülemî liderliğinde çarşı ve pazarlarda zorbalığa ve talana başladılar. Medine Valisi Muhammed b. Sâlih’in Hammâd b. Cerîr et-Taberî kumandasında gönderdiği askerî birliği mağlûp eden Süleymoğulları civardaki köyleri yağmalayarak Mekke-Medine yolunu tuttular. Hac yolunun kapanması ve kargaşanın bütün Arabistan’ı etkileyecek bir durum alması üzerine Vâsiḳ-Billâh, Boğa el-Kebîr kumandasındaki büyük bir orduyu Medine’ye sevketti. Boğa el-Kebîr, Şâban 230’da (Mayıs 845) Süleymoğulları’nı Harretübenîsüleym civarında yenilgiye uğrattı ve yaklaşık 1000 kişiyi Medine’de hapsetti. Ardından hac için Mekke’ye giden Boğa oradan Zâtüırk bölgesine geçti; huzursuzluk çıkaran Benî Hilâl kabilesi üzerine yürüdü ve isyancıları Medine’ye getirerek Süleymoğulları’nın esirleriyle birlikte hapse koydu. Fedek arazisini işgal eden Fezâre ve Mürreoğulları’na karşı gittiği sırada Medine’de tutuklu bulunan Benî Süleym ve Benî Hilâl’e mensup esirlerin kaçma teşebbüsü, yağmacılıktan canı iyice yanan Medine halkını galeyana getirdi ve çıkan çatışmada esirlerin büyük bir kısmı öldürüldü. Boğa bu olayın ardından yine karışıklık çıkaran Gatafân, Eşca‘, Sa‘lebe ve Kilâb b. Rebîa gibi kabileleri de itaat altına aldı; Ramazan 231’de (Mayıs 846) Medine’ye döndü.
Bu arada Vâsiḳ-Billâh, İrmîniye’de çıkan isyanı bastırmak için Hâlid b. Yezîd b. Mezyed’i büyük bir ordu ile bölgeye gönderdi. Fakat Hâlid sefer esnasında hastalanarak öldü ve ordusu dağıldı; ancak yerine getirilen oğlu Muhammed isyanı bastırmaya muvaffak oldu (Ya‘kūbî, II, 481-482). 231 (845-46) yılında Hâricîler’den Muhammed b. Abdullah es-Sa‘lebî, etrafındaki az sayıda insanla Diyârırebîa’da ayaklandıysa da bu ayaklanmayı Musul Valisi Gānim b. Ebû Müslim et-Tûsî bastırdı. Aynı yıl İsfahan, Cibâl ve Fars bölgelerinde Kürtler’in çıkardığı karışıklığa müdahale eden Vasîf et-Türkî âsilerden 500 kişiyi yakalayıp Sâmerrâ’ya getirdi. Vâsiḳ bu başarısından dolayı Vasîf et-Türkî’ye 75.000 dinar verdi, bir kılıç ve bir hil‘at hediye etti. Yemâme’de Benî Nümeyr b. Âmir mensuplarının başlattığı yağma ve çapulculuk hareketi, diğer kabilelerin de katılımıyla bütün bölgeyi etkileyebilecek büyük bir karışıklığa yol açtı. Vâsiḳ-Billâh, Medine’de bulunan Boğa’yı Yemâme bölgesine yönlendirdi. 232 yılının başlarında (846) Ravzatülebân’da Nümeyroğulları ile karşılaşan Boğa el-Kebîr, başlangıçta bineğinden düşüp ölüm tehlikesi geçirmesine rağmen daha önce Benî Nümeyr’in kollarından Benî Dabbe kabilesi üzerine gönderdiği süvari birliğinin yetişmesiyle isyanı bastırdı.
Vâsiḳ-Billâh yönetim anlayışı, görevlendirdiği kişiler ve tasarrufları bakımından selefleri Me’mûn ile Mu‘tasım-Billâh’ın politikalarını büyük ölçüde devam ettirdi. Kaynaklarda, Vâsiḳ’ın idaresinin Kādılkudât İbn Ebû Duâd ile Vezir İbnü’z-Zeyyât Muhammed b. Abdülmelik’in etkisi altında şekillendiği yönünde genel bir kanaat vardır. Bu devirde idarede etkin olan bir diğer unsur Eşnâs ve İnak gibi Türk kumandanlarıdır. Ancak Vâsiḳ döneminde bu unsurlar birbirleriyle nüfuz mücadelesine girmiş, Vâsiḳ, başkadı ile vezirin tahrikleri sonucu 229 (843) yılında aralarında İnak’ın kâtiplerinin de bulunduğu bir grup görevliyi cezalandırmıştır. Vâsiḳ-Billâh’ın hilâfeti döneminde Türkler askerî sahanın yanı sıra idarî alanda da önemli mesafe katettiler. Türk kumandanlara büyük yetkiler tanıyan Vâsiḳ 228’de (842) Eşnâs’a hil‘at giydirip sultanlık unvanı verdi. Eşnâs 230 (844) yılında öldüğünde hem Abbâsî ordusunun başkumandanı hem de Mısır valisiydi. Halifenin hâcibi İnak et-Türkî Yemen, Horasan ve Sind valiliğinin yanı sıra Eşnâs’ın ölümü üzerine başkumandanlıkla Mısır valiliği görevlerini de üstlendi.
Kendisinden önceki mihne uygulamalarını tasvip etmediği şeklinde rivayetler bulunmasına rağmen Vâsiḳ, hilâfetinin üçüncü yılında çeşitli bölgelere mektup göndererek muhaddis ve fakihlerin halku’l-Kur’ân konusunda imtihan edilmelerini emretti. Kaynakların, genellikle Kādılkudât İbn Ebû Duâd’ın etkisine bağladıkları bu süreçte pek çok kimse sorgulandı. İmam Şâfiî’nin talebesi Ebû Ya‘kūb Yûsuf el-Büveytî, Nuaym b. Hammâd, Ali b. Medînî ve Ahmed b. Nasr el-Huzâî bunların öne çıkanlarıdır. Ahmed b. Hanbel de Vâsiḳ’ın ölümüne kadar derslerine ara vermek zorunda kaldı. 231 (845) yılında Bizans ile varılan anlaşma üzerine Tarsus yakınlarındaki Göksu nehri civarında gerçekleştirilen esir değişimi bu imtihanların âlimler ve devlet adamlarıyla sınırlı kalmadığını göstermektedir. Vâsiḳ-Billâh, esir değişimi için görevlendirdiği kumandanlara müslüman esirlerin halku’l-Kur’ân ve rü’yetullah konularında imtihan edilmesini, olumlu cevap verenlerin kurtarılarak kendilerine 1’er dinar verilmesini, kabul etmeyenlerin Bizanslılar’ın elinde bırakılmasını emretti. Ayrıca Anadolu’daki sınır bölgelerinde görev yapan bir grup kumandanın sorgulanarak halku’l-Kur’ân’ı kabul etmemeleri durumunda boyunlarının vurulmasını istedi. Dedesi Abbâsî ihtilâlinin önemli propagandacılarından olan muhaddis Ahmed b. Nasr el-Huzâî, Vâsiḳ döneminde mihne uygulamalarına şiddetle karşı çıktı ve Bağdat halkının tertiplediği bir isyanın liderliğini kabul etti. İsyan planının ortaya çıkması üzerine sorgulamayı bizzat yapan Vâsiḳ, isyan hazırlığından hiç bahsetmeden Ahmed b. Nasr ile kelâm konusunda tartışmaya girdi ve aldığı cevaplar yüzünden hiddetlenip onu bizzat öldürdü. Ancak bu olayın ardından Vâsiḳ’ın pişmanlık duyduğu ve mihne uygulamalarına son verdiği kaydedilmektedir. Ayrıca huzurunda Ebû Abdurrahman Abdullah b. Muhammed el-Ezdî’nin İbn Ebû Duâd ile yaptığı kelâm tartışmasının halifenin mihne uygulamalarına son vermesinde etkili olduğu belirtilmektedir (Süyûtî, s. 341-342).
842 yılında Bizans İmparatoru Theophilos ölmüş, yerine geçirilen oğlu III. Mikhail küçük yaşta olduğundan annesi Theodora idareyi eline almıştı. Bizans sarayında güçlü bir hükümdarın bulunmadığı için Vâsiḳ döneminde Abbâsî-Bizans ilişkileri nisbeten sakin geçti. Bazı Bizans kaynaklarında 227’de (842) müslümanların Bizans’a karşı bir deniz seferi düzenlediği kaydedilmekle birlikte bu rivayet İslâm kaynaklarında yer almamaktadır. 231 (845) yılında Bizans üzerine kış seferine çıkan Sugūr bölge valisi Ahmed b. Saîd el-Bâhilî, çok miktarda ganimet elde etmiş olmasına rağmen sert hava şartları yüzünden büyük kayıplar verildiği için Vâsiḳ tarafından başarısız bulunarak azledildi. Vâsiḳ-Billâh devrinde Ağlebîler’in yürüttüğü faaliyetler çerçevesinde 228-232 (842-847) yıllarında Fazl b. Ca‘fer ve İbn Berber (Abbas b. Fazl) kumandasındaki müslüman orduları Sicilya’da Messina, Napoli, Meskân, Şerrâ ve Lentini şehirlerini ele geçirdi. Müslümanlar aynı dönemde İtalya’nın Bârî (227/841) ve Misenatium (231/846) şehirlerini zaptettilerse de burada tutunamayarak Sicilya’ya çekilmek zorunda kaldılar.
Vâsiḳ-Billâh 23 Zilhicce 232 (10 Ağustos 847) tarihinde Sâmerrâ’da vefat etti ve kendisinin yaptırdığı, Abbâsî saray mimarisinin en güzel örneklerinden biri olan Hârûniye Sarayı’na defnedildi. Hilâfeti boyunca Ebû Tâliboğulları ailesine büyük ihsanlarda bulunan ve Ali evlâdıyla da iyi geçinmeye gayret eden Vâsiḳ veliaht bırakmadı. Yerine kardeşi Ca‘fer, Mütevekkil-Alellah lakabıyla halife ilân edildi. Oğlu Muhammed daha sonra Mühtedî-Billâh lakabıyla halifelik yaptı. Tüccarlar için büyük kolaylıklar sağlayan ve deniz ticaretinden alınan vergilerde indirim yapan Vâsiḳ-Billâh yumuşak huylu, zeki ve basîretli bir hükümdar olarak tanınmaktadır. İlmî yönden Abbâsî halifelerinin önde gelenlerinden, aynı zamanda iyi bir şair-bestekâr ve kendisinden en çok şiir rivayet edilen Abbâsî halifesidir. 100’den fazla bestesi olan Vâsiḳ ud çalma konusunda da mahirdi. Beytülhikme başta olmak üzere Bağdat merkezli tercümeler ve ilmî faaliyetler Vâsiḳ-Billâh döneminde de devam etmiştir. Hilâfeti süresince felsefe ve tıp gibi ilimlerin yanı sıra ilâhiyat ilimlerine dair münazaraların yapıldığı ilmî meclisler düzenlenmiş, halife bu meclislere bizzat katılmıştır. Tanınmış mûsikişinas İshak el-Mevsılî ile yakın dostluk kurmuş, sarayında şiir ve mûsiki meclisleri düzenlemiştir. Sellâm et-Tercümân’ı Çin Seddi’yle ilgili araştırmalar yapmak üzere Orta Asya’ya, içinde astronom ve matematikçi Muhammed b. Mûsâ el-Hârizmî’nin bulunduğu bir heyeti de Ashâb-ı Kehf’e dair bilgi toplamak amacıyla Anadolu’ya göndermiştir (İbn Hurdâzbih, s. 106, 162-170). 227 (842) yılında Mina’daki Mescid-i Hayf’ı imar ettirmiştir.
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Hayrettin Yücesoy, “Mihne”, DİA , XXX, 25-26.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 548-549 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.