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VASIL Skip to content Arap belâgatında cümlelerin “ve” bağlacı ile birbirine bağlanması anlamında meânî terimi.
Sözlükte vasıl (vasl ) “bir şeyi diğer bir şeye bağlamak, ulamak, eklemek” anlamına gelir. Meânî âlimlerinin çoğu vasıl ile bir cümlenin diğerine “ve” (vâv) bağlacıyla atfedilmesini, fasıl ile de (fasl ) bu atfın terkedilmesini kasteder. Bunlardan her birinin anlatım sırasında gerekli olduğu yerler vardır. Birbirini izleyen cümlelerin vasıl veya fasıl halinde bulunması belâgat ilminin çok ince konularından biri ve belâgatın ölçüsü kabul edilmiştir. Câhiz belâgatı vasıl ve fasıl yapılacak yerleri bilmekten ibaret saymış (el-Beyân , I, 88), Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî de bu konuda en doğruyu bulabilmenin, ancak dili hiç bozulmamış bedevîlerle Allah vergisi olarak belâgat yeteneğine sahip çok az kişiye nasip kılındığını söylemiştir (Delâʾilü’l-iʿcâz , s. 222). Meânî âlimlerinin çoğunun ilgilerini sadece cümlelerin “ve” bağlacıyla bağlanma keyfiyetine yoğunlaştırması ve diğer bağlaçlarla yapılan atıflara ilgi göstermemesi, “vav”ın kullanım yerlerinin belirlenmesinin güçlüğü ve ince bir anlayışa ihtiyaç duyulması sebebiyledir. Çünkü vav yalnız iki öğeyi bağlama ve aynı i‘rab hükmünde ortak etme vazifesi görür. Diğer bağlaçlar ise bu işlevleri yanında kullanım yerlerini belirlemede yardımcı olacak başka anlamlar da içerir. Bu sebeple diğer bağlaçların kullanım yerlerinin tayini güç değildir. Örnek olarak “fâ” bağlacı bağlama işlevinin yanı sıra gecikmesiz sıralamayı, bağlanan öğelerin sırayla ve ardarda yapılmasını ifade eder. Aynı şekilde “sümme” bağlama göreviyle birlikte gecikmeli sıralamayı anlatır. Müfredlerin (cümle oluşturmayan kelimeler) “ve” ile bağlanmasında da güçlük söz konusu değildir; iki öğe i‘rab hükmünde (fâillik, mef‘ullük gibi) ortak edilmek istenirse bağlama yapılır. Aynı şekilde i‘rabdan mahalli olan (fâil, mef‘ul, haber vb. konumunda) cümlelerin “ve” ile bağlanmasında da zorluk yoktur, çünkü bu tür cümleler müfrede dönüştürülebilir ve müfred konumunda bulunabilir. Müfrede dönüştürülemeyen cümlelerin i‘rabdan mahalli yoktur, bu tür cümleler i‘rab hükmünde ortak edilmek istendiği takdirde bağlanır. Asıl güçlük i‘rabdan mahalli olmayan cümlelerin “ve” ile bağlanmasındadır. Ardarda sıralanan bu tür iki cümlenin “ve” ile bağlanabilmesi için aralarında birbirini çağrıştıracak biçimde uyum, benzerlik veya zıtlık gibi bir ilginin varlığı gerekir (Cürcânî, s. 223-226). Bundan dolayı belâgat âlimlerinin çoğu bu tür cümlelerin “ve” ile atfedilmesi, atfın terkedilmesindeki sırlar ve bunların yerleri üzerinde yoğunlaşmıştır.
İki cümlenin birbirine “ve” ile bağlanmasını geçerli kılacak olan ve “câmi‘, cihet-i câmia, münasebet” diye anılan bir ilişkinin varlığı şarttır. Söz konusu ilişki iki cümlenin özneleriyle yüklemleri arasında benzerlik, ayrılık, tezat, sebep-sonuç, birbirini çağrıştırma gibi alâkalarla kurulur. Ebû Ya‘kūb es-Sekkâkî vaslın alâkalarını aklî, vehmî ve hayalî diye üç kategoride incelemiştir. Aklî alâkayı (câmi‘) tasavvurda aynîlik (ittihâd), benzeşme (temâsül) ve birbirini çağrıştırma (tezâyüf) şeklinde üç alt bölüme ayırmış, çağrıştırma için “sebep-müsebbeb, illet-ma‘lûl, az-çok, alt-üst” gibi örnekler vermiştir. Vehmî alâkayı benzeşme (şibh-i temâsül: ak-sarı gibi, vehim gücü bunları benzer şeyler sayar), tezat (ak-kara, acı-tatlı, sert-yumuşak, mümin-kâfir gibi) ve tezadımsı (şibh-i tezat: yer-gök, dağ-ova gibi, vehim gücü bunları zıt şeyler sayar) kısımlarına ayırır. Hayalî alâka ise hayal gücünün ilişkili var saydığı öğelerdir. Bu konuda Sekkâkî’nin üzerinde durduğu şu âyetlerin “ve” ile atfedilmesi ilginçtir: ”أَفَلَا يَنْظُرُونَ إِلَى الْإِبِلِ كَيْفَ خُلِقَتْ ۰ وَإِلَى السَّمَاءِ كَيْفَ رُفِعَتْ ۰ وَإِلَى الْجِبَالِ كَيْفَ نُصِبَتْ ۰ وَإِلَى الْأَرْضِ كَيْفَ سُطِحَتْ“ (Öyle iken bakmazlar mı devenin nasıl yaratıldığına, göğün nasıl yükseltildiğine, dağların nasıl dikildiğine, yeryüzünün nasıl yayıldığına!; el-Gāşiye 88/17-20). Burada deve-gök-dağ-yer ve onlarla ilgili hükümlerin birbirine ulanmasının çöl hayatını bilmeyen bir şehirli için fazla bir şey ifade etmemesi ve hayalinde çağrışıma yol açmaması mümkündür. Fakat her türlü ihtiyacını gideren devenin, kendisinden her an yağmur beklenen semanın, kum fırtınalarında hayvanlarıyla birlikte sığınacağı dağların, daima otlak ve sulak yerlerini aradığı yerin bir bedevî için bir araya getirilip önem sırasına göre dizilişinin ne kadar manidar olduğu ve büyük çağrışımlar yaptığı açıktır (Miftâḥu’l-ʿulûm , s. 275-276). Ayrıca Sekkâkî bu özgün yorumuyla, bilgi sosyolojisinin oluşumunda çevre faktörünün etkisini Batı dünyasındaki bilim adamlarından asırlarca önce ortaya koymuştur. Şu âyette bağlanan iki cümlenin özne ve yüklemlerinin farklılığına rağmen ilk cümlenin yüklemi ikincinin yüklemine bir sebep teşkil ettiği, aralarında sebep-sonuç ilişkisi bulunduğu için “ve” ile bağlanmıştır: يَا أَيُّهَا الْعَزِيزُ مَسَّنَا وَأَهْلَنَا الضُّرُّ وَجِئْنَا بِبِضَاعَةٍ مُزْجَاةٍ (Ey aziz! Bizi ve ailemizi kıtlık “bastı” ve biz değersiz bir sermaye ile “geldik”; Yûsuf 12/88).
Vasıl Yerleri. Üç konumda iki cümleyi “ve” ile bağlamak zorunlu kabul edilmiştir. 1. İ‘rabdan mahalli olan iki cümlenin i‘rab hükmünde (fâil, mef‘ul, haber, sıfat vb. olma durumu) ortak edilmesinin istenmesi halinde: a) وحب العيش أعبد كلّ حرّ / وعلّم ساغبا أكل المرار (Yaşam sevgisi köle yaptı her özgür kişiyi / Öğretti aç kimseye deve dikeni yemesini). Ebü’l-Alâ el-Maarrî’nin bu beytinde “ve” bağlacı son cümleyi ”أعبد كلّ حرّ“ cümlesine bağlayarak mübtedânın haberi olma hükmünde ona ortak etmiştir. İki cümledeki öznenin aynılığı şeklindeki alâka da vasla imkân sağlamıştır. ”اللَّهُ يَقْبِضُ وَيَبْسُطُ“ (Allah darlık da verir, bolluk da verir) âyetinde (el-Bakara 2/245) “bolluk da verir” cümlesinin “darlık da verir” cümlesine vaslı aynı i‘rab hükmüne dayanır. İki cümlede özne aynılığı ve yüklemler arasındaki tezat da vasla imkân vermiştir. Bu konumda “ve” bağlacının terkedilmesiyle birinciden vazgeçilip ikinciye yönelme olduğu (bedel, atf-ı beyân) ve asıl maksadın ikinci önermeden ibaret bulunduğu şeklinde yanlış bir anlaşılmaya sebebiyet verilirdi (Cürcânî, s. 227-228). b) ”وللسرّ مني موضع لا يناله / نديم ولا يفضي إليه شراب“ (Bende sırrın saklandığı öyle bir yer var ki eremez ona / Ne bir dost ne de bir işret arkadaşının eli). Mütenebbî’nin bu beytinde son cümle ”لا يناله نديم“ cümlesine vavla bağlanmış ve ”موضع“ nekre ismine sıfat olma hükmünde ona ortak edilmiştir. İki cümle arasında yüklemlerde anlam benzerliği ve tümleç aynılığı ilgisi vardır.
2. İ‘rabdan mahalli olmayan iki cümlenin ikisi de haberî veya ikisi de inşâî konumunda uyuşması, aralarında tam bir anlam ilgisinin (iki cümlenin özne ve yüklemlerinin arasında benzerlik-zıtlık) bulunması, ayrıca iki cümle arasında bağlaç kullanmamayı gerektiren özel bir durumun olmaması halinde: a) ”إِنَّ الْأَبْرَارَ لَفِي نَعِيمٍ ۰ وَإِنَّ الْفُجَّارَ لَفِي جَحِيمٍ“ (Şüphe yok ki iyiler cennette, kötüler de cehennemdedir) âyetlerinde (el-İnfitâr 82/13-14) iki isim cümlesi de haberî olduğu ve öğeleri arasında zıtlık ilgisi bulunduğu için “vav”la bağlanmıştır. Yine, ”يُخْرِجُ الْحَيَّ مِنَ الْمَيِّتِ وَيُخْرِجُ الْمَيِّتَ مِنَ الْحَيِّ“ (Diriyi ölüden çıkarır, ölüyü de diriden çıkarır) âyetinde (er-Rûm 30/19) fiil cümleleri haberî olmaları, özne aynılığı ve tezat ilgisi sebebiyle vasledilmiştir. ”كُلُوا وَاشْرَبُوا وَلَا تُسْرِفُوا“ (Yiyin, için, fakat israf etmeyin) âyetindeki (el-A‘râf 7/31) cümleler inşâîdir; özne aynılığında birleştiği ve yüklemler arasında tezada benzer bir ilgi bulunduğundan vasıl yapılmıştır. ”يشمّر للجّ عن ساقه / ويغمره الموج في الساحل“ (Derin suya dalmak için paçasını sıvar / Halbuki sahildeki bir dalga onu boylar). Küçük şeyleri başarmaktan âcizken büyük işler peşinde koşan kimse için getirilen bir meseldir; beyitte iki cümle de haberî olduğu, ilk cümlenin öznesinin ikincinin tümleci konumunda bulunduğu, ayrıca “suya girmeye hazırlanma” (teşmîr) ve “suyun boylaması” (gamr) şeklinde iki yüklem arasında tam bir anlam ilgisi bulunduğu için “vav”la bağlanmıştır. b) ”وأدن إلى القربى المقرّب نفسه / ولا تشهد الشورى امرأ غير كاتم“ (Yakın dur aklı ve kemaliyle sana yakın durana / Danışıp da sır açma sır saklamaz olana). Beşşâr b. Bürd’ün bu beytinde iki cümle de inşâîdir; iki cümle özneleri aynı olduğu ve yüklemleri arasında tezat ilgisi bulunduğu için “ve” ile bağlanmıştır. Birbirine ulanan iki cümleden sadece biri anlamca haberî veya inşâî olabilir. Vasılda iki cümlenin de anlam bakımından haberî veya inşâî olarak uyuşmasına itibar edilir. Şu âyette inşâî cümle lafzan haberî olduğu halde anlamca inşâî konumda bulunduğundan önündeki cümleye bağlanmıştır: ”لَا تَعْبُدُونَ إِلَّا اللهَ وَبِالْوَالِدَيْنِ إِحْسَانًا… وَقُولُوا لِلنَّاسِ حُسْنًا…“ ([Vaktiyle biz İsrâiloğulları’ndan] Allah’tan başkasına kulluk etmeyecek, anne ve babanıza iyi davranacaksınız … ve insanlara güzel sözler söyleyin diye söz almıştık; el-Bakara 2/83). Burada, “İnsanlara güzel sözler söyleyin” meâlindeki inşâ cümlesi, haber biçiminde olmasına rağmen ilk cümleye vasledilmiştir; çünkü ilk cümle “… kulluk etmeyin” şeklinde inşâî bir bağlamda bulunmaktadır; yani ”لَا تَعْبُدُونَ“ (Kulluk etmeyeceksiniz) ifadesi haber biçiminde olup nehiy ifade eden talep inşâsı konumunda olarak ”لاتعبدوا“ (Kulluk etmeyin) anlamındadır. Haber formundaki emir ve nehiyler, gereği yerine getirilmediği takdirde haber vereni yalancı durumuna düşürme vebali taşıdığından daha güçlü olan emir ve yasak kipleridir. Yukarıdaki âyette ikinci cümlenin de inşâî veya lafzan haberî, mânaca inşâî şeklinde yorumlanması mümkündür. Şu âyette ise inşâî formunda ancak haberî anlamdaki ikinci cümle haberî olan ilk cümleye bağlanmıştır: ”إِنِّي أُشْهِدُ اللهَ وَاشْهَدُوا أَنِّي بَرِيءٌ مِمَّا تُشْرِكُونَ“ (Ben Allah’ı şahit tutuyorum, siz de şahit olun ki ben sizin ortak koştuklarınızdan uzağım; Hûd 11/54). Burada, “Siz de şahit olun” inşâ cümlesi, “Sizi de şahit tutuyorum” şeklinde haberî anlam taşıdığı ve ilk cümleyle uyum sağladığı için “ve” ile bağlanmıştır.
3. İki cümleden biri haberî, diğeri inşâî ise, atıf terkedildiği takdirde maksadın tersi bir anlama yol açıyorsa “ve” bağlacı gereklidir: a) “Bir ihtiyacın var mı, görelim” diyen kimseye verilen şu cevap gibi: ”لا، وبارك الله فيك“ (Hayır, Allah sana bereket ihsan eylesin). Burada ”لا“ , “ihtiyacım yok” anlamında haberî cümle iken devamı dua ve dilek bildiren bir inşâî cümledir. Son cümle lafzî yapı ve kurgu bakımından haberî cümle yapısında bulunmakla birlikte anlam bakımından dilek ve dua bildiren inşâî cümle konumundadır. Burada lafzî yapıya değil anlama itibar edilir. b) “Kardeşin iyileşti mi?” diye soran kimseye söylenen, ”لا، ولطف الله به“ (Hayır, Allah’ın lutfu ondan ayrılmasın) sözünde aynı durum ve yapı söz konusudur. Bu iki örnekte vav bağlacı terkedilseydi ikinci cümleler hayır dua cümleleri iken beddua olarak anlaşılmaya yol açabilirdi.
Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî ve özellikle Bahâeddin es-Sübkî ile Abdülfettâh Besyûnî, vasıl bağlamında müfredlerin (kelimeler) atfındaki semantik incelikler üzerinde durmuş, bu bağlamda müfred sıfatla müfred halin başındaki “vav”ların anlam inceliklerine değinilmiştir. Sıfatların diziminde genellikle zıt sıfatlar vav ile, diğerleri “vav”sız sıralanır: ”هُوَ الْأَوَّلُ وَالْآخِرُ وَالظَّاهِرُ وَالْبَاطِنُ“ (el-Hadîd 57/3); ”الْمَلِكُ الْقُدُّوسُ السَّلَامُ الْمُؤْمِنُ“ (el-Haşr 59/23) âyetlerinde görüldüğü gibi. Aralarında karşıtlık ilgisi bulunmayan sıfatların “ve” ile bağlanması, “vav”ın ayrılık, başkalık, bağımsızlık ifadesiyle her sıfatın mevsufla ayrı ve bağımsız olarak nitelendiğini vurgulayan bir pekiştirmedir; “vav”sız sıfatlar dizisi ise bu sıfatların tek mevsufta toplandığını anlatır; müttakilerin sıfatları bağlamındaki şu âyette “vav”ın kullanılması gibi: ”الصَّابِرِينَ وَالصَّادِقِينَ وَالْقَانِتِينَ وَالْمُنْفِقِينَ وَالْمُسْتَغْفِرِينَ بِالْأَسْحَارِ “ (Âl-i İmrân 3/17). Zemahşerî’ye göre, ”وَيَقُولُونَ سَبْعَةٌ وَثَامِنُهُمْ كَلْبُهُمْ“ âyetinde (el-Kehf 18/22) önce geçen iki benzer sıfat cümlesi “vav”sız iken bunun “vav”lı gelmesindeki anlam inceliği sıfatın mevsufa yapışık ve ayrılmaz bir parçası olduğunu pekiştirmek, onunla nitelenmesinin sabit ve kesin bir olgu niteliği taşıdığını belirtmek, bu konudaki bilgilerinin zannî değil kesin olduğunu vurgulamaktır (el-Keşşâf , II, 478-479). Aynı anlam vurgusu ”وَإِذْ آتَيْنَا مُوسَى الْكِتَابَ وَالْفُرْقَانَ“ âyetinde (el-Bakara 2/53) ”الْكِتَابَ“ kelimesinin sıfatı konumundaki ”الْفُرْقَانَ“ ın “vav”la vaslında da söz konusudur. Şu âyetteki müfred hallerin sahiplerine “vav”la vasledilmesinde de aynı anlam inceliği bulunur: ”وَلَقَدْ آتَيْنَا مُوسَى وَهَارُونَ الْفُرْقَانَ وَضِيَاءً وَذِكْرًا لِلْمُتَّقِينَ“ (Andolsun biz Mûsâ’ya ve Hârûn’a takvâ sahipleri için bir ışık, bir öğüt olarak Furkān’ı verdik; el-Enbiyâ 21/48). Bu da “vav”ın bağladığı öğelerin ayrı, başka ve bağımsız şeyler olduğu ifadesine dayalı olarak halin ve önündeki cümlenin iki ayrı ihbar niteliği taşımasından kaynaklanmaktadır.
Arap edebiyatında vasıl ve fasıl konusuna ilk defa değinen âlim Câhiz’dir (el-Beyân , I, 88); daha sonra Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî bunun önemini belirten nakillere ve sözlere yer vermiştir. Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî konuyu atıf meselesiyle irtibatlandırmış, ilk defa tanım, taksim, derin analiz ve ayrıntılarla incelemiş, kurallarını ortaya koymuştur. Ardından gelen Fahreddin er-Râzî gibi belâgat âlimleri onun bahislerini gözden geçirerek daha dikkatli ve özlü tanım, taksim ve kurallar geliştirmiştir. Ebû Ya‘kūb es-Sekkâkî özellikle vaslı gerekli kılan alâka (câmi‘) ve türleri üzerinde durmuş, Kazvînî ile onun Telḫîṣu’l-Miftâḥ ’ına şerh yazanlar Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî ile Ebû Ya‘kūb es-Sekkâkî’den yararlanmış, kurallarının belirlenmesiyle şerh ve analizlerinde yoğunlaşmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Câhiz, el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn , I, 88.
Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣınâʿateyn (nşr. Müfîd M. Kumeyha), Beyrut 1404/1984, s. 497-512.
Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî, Delâʾilü’l-iʿcâz (nşr. Mahmûd M. Şâkir), Kahire 1404/1984, s. 222-248.
Zemahşerî, el-Keşşâf , Beyrut 1403/1983, II, 478-479.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Nihâyetü’l-îcâz fî dirâyeti’l-iʿcâz (nşr. Bekrî Şeyh Emîn), Beyrut 1985, s. 321-336.
Ebû Ya‘kūb es-Sekkâkî, Miftâḥu’l-ʿulûm (nşr. Naîm Zerzûr), Beyrut 1403/1983, s. 248-252, 258-261, 271-276.
Nüveyrî, Nihâyetü’l-ereb , VII, 70-75.
Hatîb el-Kazvînî, el-Îżâḥ (nşr. M. Abdülmün‘im Hafâcî), Kahire 1400/1980, s. 246-279.
Şürûḥu’t-Telḫîṣ , Kahire 1937, III, 2-159.
Ali Cârim – Mustafa Emîn, el-Belâġatü’l-vâżıḥa , Kahire 1984, s. 231-233.
Besyûnî Abdülfettâh Besyûnî, ʿİlmü’l-meʿânî , Kahire 1408/1988, II, 166-232.
Ahmed Matlûb, Muʿcemü’l-muṣṭalaḥâti’l-belâġıyye ve teṭavvürühâ , Beyrut 1996, s. 549-553.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 537-539 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.