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VATİKAN KONSİLİ Skip to content Katolik hıristiyan teolojisi açısından büyük önem taşıyan son iki konsil.
Hıristiyanlık tarihinde ve özellikle Katoliklik’te inanç, doktrin ve kilise işleyişiyle ilgili ortaya çıkan sorunlara çözüm bulmak için bütün dünyadan üst düzeydeki Katolik dinî yetkililerin papa başkanlığında bir araya geldiği geniş hacimli toplantılara “ekümenik konsil” adı verilmektedir. Bu konsillerin son ikisi 1869’da toplanan, papanın yanılmazlığı konusunun dogmalaştırıldığı I. Vatikan Konsili ile 1962-1965 yılları arasında Katolik kilisesini çağın gereklerine uydurmak amacıyla yapılan ve Hıristiyanlık dışındaki din mensuplarıyla diyaloga girilmesi işini de karara bağlayan II. Vatikan Konsili’dir.
I. Vatikan Konsili (1869-1870). 8 Aralık 1869’da Papa IX. Pius’nun hıristiyan toplumunda ve kilise çevrelerinde gittikçe yaygınlaşmaya başlayan natüralizm, rasyonalizm ve liberalizm gibi düşünce akımlarına karşı gerekli önlemleri almak için, bütün piskoposları Vatikan’da bir araya getirmesiyle başladı. Konsilin gündemine daha sonra, Fransız İhtilâli’nin ardından ortaya çıkan yeni durumun dikkate alınmasıyla kilise-devlet ilişkilerinin gerçek tabiatını tanımlama ve son ekümenik konsilden (Trent Konsili, 1545-1563) itibaren geçen 300 yıl boyunca meydana gelen önemli gelişmeler doğrultusunda kilise hukukunda gerekli değişiklikleri yapma konuları dahil edildi. Bu konsil Katolik dünyasında, özellikle de uzunca bir süredir aralarında ciddi çatışma bulunan modernist ve liberal Katolikler ile aşırı gelenekçi ve modernizm karşıtı Katolikler arasında yoğun tartışmaları da beraberinde getirdi. Konsil kararlarını hazırlamakla görevlendirilen danışmanların aşırı gelenekçi ve modernizm karşıtlarından seçilmesi, kilisenin modern dünyaya açılması ve buna göre kendini güncelleştirmesi arzusundaki liberal piskoposları endişeye sevketti. Ayrıca 6 Şubat 1869’da Roma’da çıkan Cizvit dergisi La civilta cattolica ’da yayımlanan ve papanın yanılmazlığının yeniden tanımlanmasını öngören bir makale, bilhassa Almanca konuşan ülkelerdeki liberal görüşlü Katolik yetkililerin endişelerini daha da arttırdı. Fransa’daki liberal Katolikler de papanın yanılmazlığı konusunun yeniden tanımlanma teklifini gereksiz ve zamansız bulduğunu ilân etti. Başlangıçta tartışılacak konular içinde yer almayan papanın yanılmazlığı bu tartışmalar üzerine I. Vatikan Konsili’nin en önemli konusu haline geldi. Konsil, aralarında Roma Katolik kilisesiyle birlik halinde olan Doğu kiliselerinden yetmiş ve Avrupa dışı ülkelerden 200 piskoposun bulunduğu toplam 700 piskoposun katılımıyla 8 Aralık 1869’da toplandı. Dünyanın diğer bölgelerinden konsile iştirak eden yüksek rütbeli din adamlarının oranı üçte biri oluştursa da aslında bu kişilerin geldikleri ülkelerde Avrupalı misyonerler olarak hizmet edenlerden meydana gelmesi, I. Vatikan Konsili’ne büyük çoğunluğu Avrupalılar’dan teşekkül eden din adamlarının katıldığı bir konsil görüntüsü verdi. Nitekim bu konsile Asya ve Afrika kökenli hiçbir din adamı iştirak etmedi. Ayrıca konsile danışman ve uzman sıfatıyla katılanlarla biri hariç komisyon sekreterleri ve konsilin beş başkanının tamamı İtalyan’dı.
Konsilde belirlenen komisyonların en önemlisi papanın yanılmazlığı hususunda karar alacak doktrin komisyonu idi. Bu komisyonun seçimi esnasında papanın yanılmazlığını tanımlama konusuna karşı çıkan delegeler konsilin önemli liderlerinden Kardinal Mannig’in manevrasıyla komisyon dışı bırakıldı. Bu durum komisyonların önceden ayarlandığı, dolayısıyla seçimlerin göstermelik olduğu iddiasını gündeme getirdi. Komisyon seçimlerinin ardından 28 Aralık’ta çalışmalarına başlayan konsilde ele alınan ilk konu modern rasyonalizmden kaynaklanan sayısız hatalar üzerine hazırlanan rapordu. İkinci konu da kilise disipliniydi. Konsilin dördüncü oturumunda (18 Haziran 1870) papanın yanılmazlığı konusu tartışıldı. Aslında konsil toplanmadan önce bazı hıristiyan yetkilileri, özellikle de İtalyan ve İspanyol piskoposları, bu konunun toplanacak konsilde tartışılarak tanımlanması yönündeki taleplerini Papa IX. Pius’a iletmişlerdi. Hem bizzat papanın hem de muhafazakâr piskoposların liberal görüşlü piskoposların tepkisini çekerek konsili kesintiye uğratmamak için konsilde görüşülmek üzere ilân edilen konular arasında yer verilmeyen bu hususun konsil esnasında bir şekilde gündeme getirilip dogmalaştırılmasını tercih ettikleri görülmektedir. Konsilin daha başlarında papanın yanılmazlığını tanımlamayı savunan grup, La civilta cattolica ile iş birliği yaparak papaya yanılmazlıkla ilgili bir taslak metni konsil gündemine ilâve etmesi için 450 imzalı bir dilekçe sunmuştu. Papa IX. Pius da 1 Mart 1870’te daha önce konsil babalarına dağıtılan “Kilise Tüzüğü Üzerine” adlı taslak metne yanılmazlıkla ilgili bir pasaj dahil etti. Böylece konsilde tartışılacak konularla ilgili taslak metinler delegeler arasında tartışılarak konsilde karara bağlanıp yayımlanacak olan dokümanlar artık netleşti. Bu çerçevede ilk yayımlanan doküman panteizm, materyalizm, rasyonalizm, vahiy ve iman konularında kilisenin tutumunu ortaya koyan ve oy birliğiyle kabul edilen “Dei Filius”dur. Bunun ardından tüzükte yer alan diğer konuların görüşülmesine geçildi. Ancak tüzüğün on birinci bölümünde liberal delegelerin ciddi biçimde itiraz ettiği papanın yanılmazlığının tanımlanması konusu işlendiğinden metnin görüşülmesine bir türlü başlanamadı. Bunun üzerine konsil delegeleri, yine Papa IX. Pius’a başvurarak bu hususla ilgili metnin öne çekilmesi ve tüzüğün görüşülmesinin engellenmemesi için aracı olmasını istediler. Esasen konsilin kilitlenmesinden rahatsız olan papa konsile müdahale ederek tüzük taslağındaki konuların sırasını değiştirdi ve yanılmazlık konusunu en başa aldı. Tüzük maddelerinin görüşülmesine 13 Mayıs 1870’te başlandı. Ancak bu defa yanılmazlıkla ilgili metnin tartışılması yerine bir metnin zamanlamasının uygun olup olmadığı tartışma konusu yapıldı. Bizzat papanın hazırlattığı taslak metnin taşıdığı teolojik ve tarihsel güçlüklerle içerdiği avantaj ve dezavantajlar delegeler tarafından dile getirilince taslak metinde bazı düzeltmeler yapılması ihtiyacı ortaya çıktı. Taslak metni şiddetle savunan muhafazakârlarla buna karşı çıkan liberallerin dışında kalan ve konsildeki bölünmeden rahatsızlık duyan çoğunluk üçüncü bir grup oluşturdu. Bu grubun baskısıyla metinde bazı değişiklikler yapılarak liberallerin memnun edilmesine çalışıldıysa da, metnin kabul edilmesinden sonra yaklaşık altmış liberal piskopos, doğrudan papayı ilgilendiren bir konuda onun huzurunda olumsuz oy kullanmamak için son oylamayı beklemeden Roma’yı terketti. Bunun ardından yanılmazlıkla ilgili metin 18 Temmuz 1870’te konsilde hazır bulunanların oy birliğiyle benimsendi. Buna göre papa iman ve ahlâk meselelerinde bütün kilise adına (ex catedra) konuştuğunda onun söyledikleri hatadan berîdir. Yanılmazlık konusunun tanımlanarak dogmalaştırılması papanın egemenlik gücünü arttırdıysa da papanın ayrıcalığının ve yanılmazlığının dogma haline getirilmesi kilise otoritesinin sorgulanmasına yol açtı. “Kilise Tüzüğü Üzerine” başlıklı bir dokümanın kabul edilmesinin ardından konsil birkaç ay daha çalışmalarına devam etti. Ancak konsil, delegelerinin büyük çoğunluğu Roma’yı terkettiğinden bu süre zarfında önemli bir konu görüşülemedi. 20 Eylül 1870’te İtalyanlar’ın Roma’yı işgal etmesi üzerine 20 Ekim 1870’te Papa IX. Pius konsilin sona erdiğini resmen ilân etti.
Büyük umutlarla toplanan I. Vatikan Konsili hıristiyan teologların kanaatine göre tam bir fiyaskoyla sonuçlandı ve hıristiyanlar arasında birliği sağlayacağına ayrılığı daha da körükledi. Zira konsile davet edilen delegelerden seçilen komisyon başkanlarına ve tartışma konusu yapılan taslak metinlere kadar her şey, papalık makamının istediği kararların alınması için konsili düzenleyen komite tarafından önceden ayarlanmıştı. Konsilin tarihsel ve teolojik açıdan en önemli ve en tartışmalı yanı, daha önce mevcut olmakla birlikte resmen dogmalaştırılmamış olan papanın yanılmazlığı konusunun dogma haline getirilip bir iman konusu yapılmasıdır. Konsilin hıristiyan dünyasına en önemli katkısı ise kilise hukukunun geliştirilmesi yönünde alınan kararların neticesinde Papa X. Pius döneminde kilise hukuk külliyatının gözden geçirilmiş olmasıdır.
II. Vatikan Konsili (1962-1965). Bu konsil, Papa XXIII. John’un 25 Ocak 1959’da yayımladığı, Katolik kilisesinin sorunlarını tartışmak üzere bir konsilin toplanması yönündeki genelgesi uyarınca 11 Ekim 1962’de resmen başladı ve 8 Aralık 1965’te sona erdi. Konsil boyunca her yıl bir oturum olmak üzere toplam dört oturum yapıldı. İlk oturumdan sonra Papa XXIII. John ölünce yerine VI. Paul seçildi. Papa XXIII. John’a göre konsilin toplanmasının temel amacı, çağ dışı bir hale geldiğini düşündüğü kiliseyi bütün kurumlarıyla beraber modern dünyaya açarak temel öğretilerini çağın gerekleriyle uzlaştırmaya çalışmaktı. II. Vatikan Konsili hıristiyan birliğinin sağlanması için önemli bir adım olduğundan, bu konsile Katolik olmayan kilise ve toplulukların da temsilci düzeyinde katılması istendi. Bu çerçevede konsile davet edilen Katolik olmayan kilise ve topluluklar konsilde doksan üç delegeyle temsil edildi; konsile toplam 2540 delege katıldı. Bu konsil, katılımcıların çokluğu ve alınan kararların hem Katolik düşüncesine hem de uygulamalarına yaptığı etki bakımından en önemli konsillerden biri kabul edilmektedir.
II. Vatikan Konsili’nde toplam on altı doküman kabul edilerek yürürlüğe kondu. 11 Ekim – 8 Aralık 1962’de gerçekleştirilen ilk oturumda tartışılan en önemli husus ibadetin Latince dışında ana dilinde de yapılıp yapılamayacağı hususudur. Martin Luther’le birlikte Protestan dünyası ana dillerinde ibadete geçmesine rağmen, Katolik kilisesi sadece Latince ibadete izin veriyor, bu durum Katolik dünyasını Protestan dünyası karşısında ciddi bir sıkıntıya sokuyordu. Bu konuda gelenekçi ve ilerici piskoposlar arasında şiddetli tartışmalar meydana gelince ana dilde ibadet konusu ilk oturumda karara bağlanamadı. Birinci oturumun ardından 3 Haziran 1963’te Papa XXIII. John’un ölümüyle 29 Eylül – 2 Aralık 1963 tarihlerinde gerçekleştirilen ikinci oturumun açılışını yeni Papa VI. Paul yaptı. Bu oturumda daha çok kilisenin tabiatı, piskoposların fonksiyonu ve hıristiyan birliğinin (ekümenizm) sağlanması gibi konular üzerinde duruldu. İkinci oturumun 4 Aralık 1963’teki celsesinde kilisenin dogmatik anayasasında değişikliğe gidilerek ana dilde ibadete izin verildi. Bu oturumda tartışma konusu yapılan diğer bir husus ise ilâhî vahiy konusudur. Bu konuda teoloji komisyonu tarafından hazırlanan taslak metin Kutsal Kitap’a ve geleneğe yönelik yaklaşımı sebebiyle yetersiz bulunup alt komisyona geri gönderildi; yeniden hazırlanan taslak metin uzun tartışmalardan sonra “Dei Verbum” (vahiy üzerinde dogmatik anayasa) adıyla dördüncü oturumun sonuna doğru 18 Kasım 1965’te kabul edilerek papa tarafından onaylandı.
Bu konsilin 14 Eylül – 21 Kasım 1964 tarihlerinde gerçekleştirilen üçüncü oturumunda kilise tüzüğü ele alındı. Bu çerçevede Papa VI. Paul konsile gönderdiği bir notta bütün kilisenin sorumluluğunu taşıdıkları için papa ile piskoposlar arasında daha yakın bir iş birliği tesis edilmesi gerektiğini bildirince konuyu tartışan konsil delegeleri papanın yanılmazlığı konusuna da girdi ve neticede I. Vatikan Konsili’nde “excathedra” (dinî görev yetkisi) ile sınırlı tutulan papanın yanılmazlığı “excathedra” dışına taşındı (“Lumen Gentium”, nr. 25). Üçüncü oturumun en hararetli tartışmaları ise kilisenin modern dünyadaki yeri üzerinde yapıldı. Bu konuda etnik adalet, evliliğin amacı, bilimin özerkliği, teknolojik kültürün değeri ve modern savaş araçlarının küresel tehdidi gibi konuları kapsayan pek çok taslak metin hazırlandı. Konsil delegeleri arasında yaşanan şiddetli tartışmalar neticesinde sağlanan uzlaşma ile konsilin sonlarına doğru 21 Kasım 1964’te “Lumen Gentium” (kilisenin dogmatik anayasası) adlı metin, beş red oyuna karşılık 2156 oyla kabul edildi. Bu metin, kilisenin anayasası hükmünde olduğundan konsilin merkezî öneme sahip dokümanı kabul edilmektedir.
Konsilin 4 Eylül – 8 Aralık 1965 tarihlerinde gerçekleştirilen son oturumunda Papa VI. Paul, papa ile piskoposların iş birliğini geliştirmek ve kilise bünyesindeki sorunlara çözüm bulmak amacıyla düzenli toplanacak olan bir piskoposlar sinodunun kurulmasını teklif etti. Yapılan müzakerelerin ardından böyle bir sinod oluşturuldu. Bu oturumda tartışılan diğer hususlar rahiplik görevleri, dinî yaşam ve hıristiyan dışı dinlerin statüsüdür. II. Vatikan Konsili’nin hazırlık aşamasında diğer dinlerin statüsünün gündeme gelmemesine ve tartışılacak konular arasında böyle bir konunun bulunmamasına rağmen bu husus konsilin son oturumunda gündeme taşındı. Tartışmaların ardından kabul edilen metin Katolik kilisesinin hıristiyanlar dışındaki din mensuplarıyla ilişkisi hususunda bir ilki oluşturdu. Papa XXIII. John, hem hıristiyan çevrelerindeki yahudi düşmanlığına son vermek hem de yahudilerin II. Vatikan Konsili’nin yahudi düşmanlığını daha da arttıracağı yönündeki endişelerini gidermek amacıyla bir kardinali yahudilerin gerçek kimliği ve kilise ile sinagog arasındaki ilişkinin modern dünyada nasıl yürütüleceği konuları üzerine bir doküman hazırlamakla görevlendirdi. Hazırlanan doküman, “Hıristiyan Birliği Üzerine” adıyla konsil metninin bir parçası halinde 19 Kasım 1963’te konsil genel kuruluna getirilince Arap ve Asya ülkelerinden gelen piskoposlar, konsilde böyle bir metnin kabul edilmesinin Arap-İsrail çatışmasında İsrail Devleti’ne açık bir destek mânası taşıyacağını ileri sürerek, teklifin ya geri çekilmesini ya da müslümanlarla ilgili benzer bir metnin de konsilde görüşülmesini talep ettiler. Bunun üzerine yahudilerle ilgili metin yeniden gözden geçirilmek üzere dokümandan çıkarıldı. Bu arada uzunca bir süre müslüman dünyasında yaşayan Louis Massignon ve Rober Caspar gibi şarkiyatçıların telkiniyle Papa VI. Paul, konsil komisyonundan müslümanlara yönelik bir metin hazırlamalarını da istedi. Yahudilik ve İslâmiyet’in yanı sıra Hinduizm ve Budizm’e de yer verilerek hazırlanan metin, “Hıristiyanlık’tan Başka Dinlerle İlişkiler Deklarasyonu” adı altında konsilin yedinci oturumunda görüşülerek 28 Ekim 1965’te oy çokluğuyla kabul edildi ve papanın onayından sonra yürürlüğe kondu.
I. Vatikan Konsili’nde yaşanan tecrübeler ışığında II. Vatikan Konsili’nde ele alınan konular özgür biçimde tartışılabilmesi için önceden belirlenmemiş ve herhangi bir taslak metin hazırlatılmamıştır. Bu konsil hem kiliseyi hem çağdaş dünyayı ilgilendiren sorunları tartışma konusu yapma eğiliminde olmuştur. II. Vatikan Konsili’nin dokümanlarında yer alan konuları ana hatlarıyla belirtmek gerekirse çağdaş dünyada kilisenin kendini nasıl algıladığı konusu “Kilise Tüzüğü Üzerine”, ibadet/litürji yoluyla kurtuluş gibi konular “Kutsal Litürji Tüzüğü Üzerine”, yanılgı halinde kilisenin fonksiyonuyla ilgili konular “Piskoposların Pastoral Görevi” ile “Doğu Katolik Kiliseleri”, Kutsal Kitap, gelenek ve hıristiyan eğitimi dahil kilisenin öğretimde bulunma konusu “İlâhî Vahiy Üzerine Dogmatik Tüzük”, kilise hizmetiyle ilgili konular “Rahiplik ve Rahiplerin Yaşamı”, “Rahiplik Eğitimi” ve “Dinî Hayatın Uygun Bir Şekilde Yenilenmesi”, kilisenin Katolik olmayan dünya ile ilişkisi “Ekümenizm” ve “Doğu Katolik Kiliseleriyle İlişkiler”, ayrıca “Kilisenin Hıristiyan Olmayan Dinlerle İlişkileri” ve “Kilisenin Misyonerlik Aktivitesi” adlı dokümanlarda ele alınmıştır. Konsil sırasında en çok tartışılan ve konsil sonrasında en çok konuşulan doküman, Katolik kilisesinin başta Yahudilik olmak üzere hıristiyan dışı dinlerle ilişkisini ele alan ve ilk kelimesine atıfla “Nostra Aetate” diye bilinen dokümandır. Daha önce kilise, hıristiyan olmayanlarla resmen diyaloga girme konusuyla ilgilenmemiş, bununla ilgili herhangi bir doküman kaleme almamıştır. Konsilde aklanma, litürji, din adamı olmayanların rolü, din özgürlüğü, hıristiyan dışındaki dinlerle ilişkiler gibi hususlarında tartışma konusu yapıldığı görülmektedir. II. Vatikan Konsili’nde şu iki temel hedef gerçekleştirilmiştir: 1. Meslektaşlar arasındaki ilişkileri geliştirmek için kilise idaresinde reform yapılması; 2. Din adamı olmayanların kilise işlerine katılmasını teşvik etmek için dinsel uygulama ve törenlerde değişikliğe gidilmesi.
II. Vatikan Konsili, ortaya koyduğu bir dizi yeni ictihad ve getirdiği birtakım düzenlemelerle Roma Katolik kilisesinin modern dünyaya açılmasını sağlamıştır. Meselâ bu konsille birlikte haftalık pazar âyini (Evharistiya/Komünyon) Latince değil mahallî dillerde icra edilmeye başlanmıştır. Yine tarikat ve grup mensupları, kendi bünyelerinin dışına çıkarak içinde bulundukları toplumlara katılmaya ve aktif görevler üstlenmeye teşvik edilmiştir. Bunun sonucunda pek çok rahip ve rahibe dinî kisvelerini çıkarıp sivil elbise giymeyi tercih eder hale gelmiş, yer aldıkları toplumlarda bireysel hak ve özgürlüklerle savaş karşıtlığı gibi konularda eylemci konumuna gelmişlerdir.
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