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VAZ‘ Skip to content Lafızların belirli bir anlam karşılığında ortaya konulmasını ve lafız-anlam ilişkisini konu edinen bilim dalı.
Sözlükte “bir şeyi bir yere koymak” anlamındaki vaz‘ ın terim anlamı “lafızların bir mânaya karşılık belirlenmesi” şeklindedir. Filolojik düzlemde vaz‘, lafızların belli bir mânaya delâlet etmek üzere ortaya konulması olduğundan bu bilim dalında lafız-anlam ilişkisi ve lafzın anlama delâlet keyfiyeti önem kazanmıştır. Bir öğenin bilgisinden ikinci öğenin bilgisine ulaşıldığı için delâlet meselesi bu bağlamda tartışılan temel konulardan birini teşkil etmiştir. Vaz‘ ilminin gayesi değişik bilim dallarınca ortaya konan lafızları birbirinden ayırmak, özellikle lafzın hakiki ve mecazi kullanımını tesbit etmektir. Vaz‘ ilminde konuşan ve dinleyenden bağımsız bir varlık halinde dilin doğasının neden ibaret olduğu hususu büyük önem taşır. Bu husus dil bilimi, mantık ve fıkıh usulü âlimlerince incelenmiştir. Ancak meselenin ilkin dilciler tarafından ele alınması İslâm düşüncesinin tarihteki gelişiminin bir neticesidir. Adudüddin el-Îcî’nin (ö. 756/1355) kaleme aldığı vaz‘ ilmine dair ilk müstakil metin esas itibariyle dil biliminde tartışılan işaret isimlerinin anlamı hakkındadır. Bu sebeple lafzî delâletin ilkesi yönünden vaz‘, bağımsız bir bilim statüsünde ortaya konulmadan önce de lafız-anlam ilişkisi bağlamında dil bilimi, mantık ve fıkıh usulüne dair eserlerin içinde daima incelenmiştir. Diğer taraftan delâletin lafzî olan ve olmayan şeklinde ikiye ayrılması, her birinin tabiî, aklî ve vaz‘î delâlet biçiminde bölümlenmesi, ilk bakışta vaz‘ olgusunun lafzî delâletin sadece vaz‘î kısmının ilkesi olduğu hissini verebilir. Ancak vaz‘ lafzî olmayan delâletin de ilkesidir. İslâm düşünce geleneğinde ilimle irtibatı dikkate alındığında vaz‘ daha çok lafız-anlam ilişkisi dolayısıyla dilin menşei bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda vaz‘, bir anlamı göstermek ve ona karşılık olmak üzere lafzın belirlenmesine dendiği gibi belirlenen lafza “mevzû‘”, lafzın kendisi için belirlendiği mânaya da “mevzû leh” denir. Bu incelemelerde lafız ve mâna arasındaki ilişkinin birebir örtüşen (mutâbık) öğeler olup olmadığı konusu da önemli bir husustur. Her lafzın bir anlamının olmasıyla (müsta‘mel) olmamasının (mühmel) imkânı veya zorunluluğu etrafında sürdürülen tartışmalarda anlamla lafız arasındaki ilişkide üç imkân veya zorunluluktan bahsedilir. 1. Anlamla lafız kümeleri eşittir; 2. Lafız anlamın bir alt kümesidir; 3. Anlam lafzın bir alt kümesidir. Bu üç ihtimalin dışında anlam ve lafız kümeleri kesişen bir küme meydana getirmekle birlikte ikisinden birinin üyesi olmayan elemanlarının bulunabileceği de düşünülebilir. Başka bir deyişle mâna kümesinin elemanı olup da lafzı olmayan ya da lafzı olup da herhangi bir anlamın altına düşmeyen lafızların bulunması mümkündür.
Ontolojik açıdan var olan bir şeyin hariçte (zihnin dışında), zihinde (tasavvur) ve dilde (tasavvurun lafzî ifadesi) olmak üzere üç varlık alanı söz konusudur. Bunların arasında belirli bir delâlet ilişkisi vardır. Ancak duyu alanlarının dışında kalan varlıklar gibi her şeyin zihnî tasavvuru olmayabilir. Hayal gücünün ürettiği varlık ve kurgularda görüldüğü gibi her tasavvur edilen şeyin hâricî varlığı ve her zihnî tahayyülün (mâna) lafzî seviyede karşılığı bulunmayabilir. Dolayısıyla her üç var olma durumunun arasındaki uygunluk kadar farklılıkların da dikkate alınması gerekir. Bu tesbit, hem sarf ilmini ilgilendiren müfred lafızlar hem nahiv ilmiyle ilgili mürekkep lafızlar için geçerlidir. Dilciler aralarında uyum bulunan anlam ve lafızları inceleme konusu yapmışlardır. Bu inceleme cüz’î (tikel) lafızlar için değil, kendileri hakkında konuşulmasını mümkün kılan isim-fiil-harf gibi genel kategorilerin delâlet ettiği anlamın doğası ve belirli cüz’îlere delâlet etmesi bakımından bu kategorilerin ne tür bir anlam için vazedildiği meselesiyle ilgilidir. Dolayısıyla bu üç tür kategoriden herhangi birinin hangi anlama delâlet ettiğini belirlemek onun kapsamına giren cüz’îlerin mânalarını da belirleme imkânı verir. Vaz‘ ilminde bu genel yapının tesbitinden sonra her genel kategorinin kapsamına giren cüz’îlerin de kendi aralarında sınıflandırılması, bu sınıf ve kümelerin hangi anlam türü için vazedildiği konuları ele alınır. Meselâ isim kümesinin elemanları kendi aralarında ism-i fâil, ism-i mef‘ûl, hâl vb. şekilde tasnif edilir ve her bir kümenin neye karşılık vazedildiği incelenir. Nitekim Adudüddin el-Îcî’nin risâlesi, isim kümesinin elemanı olan ve anlamı kapalı (müphem) isim alt kümesi içinde incelenen işaret isimlerinin hangi anlamı göstermek için vazedildiği meselesini konu edinir.
Fârâbî’den başlamak üzere mantık çalışmalarının delâlete, dolayısıyla vaz‘ konusuna ciddi bir etkisi vardır. İbn Sînâ’nın anlam teorisi bu tür tartışmaları beslemiştir. Mantık kitaplarında ilk bölüm halinde delâlet konusuna yer verilmesi delâletin temelinde bulunan vaz‘ konusunun gündeme gelmesine imkân sağlamıştır. Özellikle Aristo’nun Peri Hermeneias (Önermeler ) adlı kitabının etrafında önermeler ve onları oluşturan cüz’î lafızlar ele alınmıştır. Ancak mantıkçıların hedefi herhangi bir dilde ifade edilen lafzın değil anlamın önce geldiğini vurgulamaktır. Bu sebeple mantıkçılar, ilk dilcilerin dil ile düşüncenin özdeşliği kabulünden hareketle inşa ettikleri lafız-anlam özdeşliği teorisini, lafızları anlam önceliği esasına ve gösterdikleri anlamın doğasına göre tasnif ederek aşmak istemişlerdir. Fârâbî’nin bu konudaki el-Elfâẓü’l-müstaʿmele fi’l-manṭıḳ ve Kitâbü’l-ʿİbâre gibi çalışmaları bu alanda önemli bir yer tutar. Zemahşerî’nin el-Mufaṣṣal ’ında ismin ve fiilin tanımları ve mânaya delâletleri konusunda yaptığı açıklamalarda Fârâbî’nin çalışmalarından etkilendiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu sebeple lafızla anlam ilişkisi meselesi belli bir tarihten itibaren dilcilerle mantıkçıların hem birlikte inşa ettikleri hem de birbirlerini etkiledikleri bir alan haline gelmiştir. Dilciler arasında vaz‘ olgusuyla en çok ilgilenen İbn Cinnî’dir. İbn Cinnî, filolojiye dair el-Ḫaṣâʾiṣ adlı hacimli eserinde fiilin masdar ve zamana delâletinin arkasında vaz‘ olgusu bulunduğunu söyler, çünkü her ikisi de bizzat lafız tarafından temsil edilmektedir. Lafzın bir anlama delâleti ise o anlamın karşılığı olarak vazedilmesine bağlıdır. Nitekim İbn Cinnî’ye göre fiilin özneye delâleti lafza dayanmadığı için lafzî değil mânevîdir, çünkü öznenin varlığına aklî bir işlem neticesinde ulaşılır (el-Ḫaṣâʾiṣ , II, 328).
Adudüddin el-Îcî’nin mukaddime, taksim ve hâtime şeklinde üç bölümden meydana gelen er-Risâletü’l-vażʿiyye ’si daha önceki dilciler ve mantıkçılar tarafından üzerinde durulan isim, zamir, masdar, cins ismi, özel isim, türemiş isim, işaret ismi, ism-i mevsûl gibi isim türleriyle fiil ve harfin (edat) hangi anlamları göstermek üzere vazedildiğini inceleyen, kısaca lafız-anlam ilişkisinde vaz‘ı merkeze alarak yazılan ilk müstakil eserdir. Lafzî delâletin ilkesi olarak vaz‘ daha önce de bilinmekle birlikte Îcî, dil ve mantık kitaplarında dağınık şekilde yer alan bilgileri belirli bir konu ve amaç etrafında bir eserde toplamıştır. Vaz‘ ilmi konusunda daha sonra gerçekleştirilen çalışma ve araştırmaların esasını teşkil eden bu risâlenin muhtevası bağlamında vaz‘ ilmi ve meseleleri şu şekilde özetlenebilir: Vaz‘ iki kısma ayrılır. Lafızlar gösterdikleri anlam dikkate alınarak vazedilirse özel vaz‘, genel bir durum dikkate alınarak vazedilirse genel vaz‘ diye anılır. Genel vaz‘ işaret isimleri gibi lafızlar bağlamında incelenmiştir. Buna göre cüz’î durumlar arasında ortak anlam düşünülür ve lafız bu ortak anlama delâlet etmek üzere vazedilir. Ancak lafız her söylendiğinde ortak anlam değil cüz’î anlam kastedilir. Ortak anlam vaz‘ vasıtası (vaz‘ aleti) iken cüz’î durumlar lafzın kendisi için konulduğu mânadır (mevzû leh). Meselâ işaret isimleri dış varlıkları itibariyle cüz’î durumlara (mevzû leh) karşılık gelecek biçimde vazedilmişken cüz’î durumlar arasındaki ortak anlam vazedilen anlamın vasıtasıdır. Ona göre bu tür lafızların vaz‘ları genel, mevzû lehleri ise özeldir. Vaz‘ konusunda vaz‘ aletiyle mevzû lehin değişimine göre ikisi de genel, ikisi de özel, ilki genel, diğeri özel ve ilki özel, diğeri genel şeklinde aklî taksim gereği dört denklem söz konusu edilir. Burada dördüncü denklem mümkün değildir; birinci denklem içeriği gereği açık olduğundan sorun teşkil etmediği için vaz‘ ilminde inceleme konusu yapılmamış, diğer iki denklem üzerinde durulmuştur. Dış dünyada vaz‘ vasıtasının hangi cüz’î mânaya işaret ettiği ancak anlamı belirgin kılan bir karîne yoluyla bilinebilir. Lafzın gösterdiği anlam küllî mâna ve cüz’î mâna diye iki kategoriye ayrılır. Küllî ya fertleri dış dünyada bulunan öznedir (zat), o zaman buna cins ismi adı verilir ya belirli bir olayın ismi olan masdardır ki buna oluş (hades) denir ya da hiçbiri olmayıp ikisi arasında bir nisbet bulunur. Nisbet de zat tarafından dikkate alınırsa türemiş kelime, hades tarafından dikkate alınırsa fiil adını alır. Lafzın gösterdiği anlamın cüz’î olması halinde lafız ya cüz’î veya küllî bir anlama karşılık vazedilir. Cüz’î cüz’î durumu cüz’î bir anlamı göstermek üzere yine cüz’î biçimde vazedilen Ali, Veli gibi özel adlarda görülür. Cüz’î-küllî durumu, yani cüz’î bir anlam için küllî biçimde vazedilme durumu da ya kendisindekini değil başka bir lafızdaki anlamı gösteren harf (edat) ya da kendinde bulunan bir anlamın ancak bir karîne ile belirgin kılındığı lafızlardır. Karîne bizâtihi hitabın içinde ise zamir, değilse ya işaret isimlerinde olduğu gibi fiziksel bir karîne ile belirgin kılınır veya ism-i mevsûllerde olduğu gibi aklî bir karîne ile belirginleşir.
Anlamın karîne ile belirlenme şartı zamirler, işaret isimleri ve ism-i mevsûllerde bunları harften (edat) ayıran ortak bir olgudur. İsm-i mevsûlün karînesi hâricî değil aklî olduğundan hem kendisi hem de karînesi küllî iken zamirler ve işaret isimleri kendileri somut, karîneleri hâricî olduğu için cüz’îdir; özel isimde hem anlam hem vaz‘ cüz’î iken zamirde her ikisi de küllîdir. İsm-i fâil, ism-i mef‘ûl, sıfat-ı müşebbehe gibi fiilden türemiş isimler fiil kategorisine dahil edilemez. Çünkü fiilde masdar anlamına, bu anlamın gerçekleşme zamanına ve bir özneye nisbetine delâlet birleşir ve onda önce masdar anlamına (hades/oluş), sonra özneye delâlet söz konusu olurken bu isimlerde önce özneye, sonra masdar mânasına delâlet söz konusudur. Cins ismi belirsiz bir anlam karşılığı vazedilmişken o cinsin alemi harf-i ta‘rifle belirgin hale getirilir. Kendileri hakkında haber verilemediğinden fiille harf (edat) özne ve mübtedâ olamaz; bu sebeple ikisi de kendi dışındaki bir lafızda sabit anlamı gösterir. Ancak fiil küllî bir anlamı gösterirken belirli bir özneye de nisbet edilebilir; dolayısıyla fiille kendi dışındaki bir lafız hakkında haber verilebilir. Harf (edat) ise sadece kendi dışındaki bir öğeye bağlı olarak bir anlamı gösterebilir. Gāibe ait zamirin küllî olup olmadığı tartışmalıdır. “Sahip” (zû) ve “üstünde” (fevk) anlamındaki lafızların kullanımları cüz’î, medlûlleri küllîdir. Lafızların kullanımları değişebilir, ancak vaz‘ları kullanımlara göre değişmez. Çünkü lafızlara ilişkin cüz’î, küllî, özel isim gibi nitelikler kullanımdan değil vaz‘dan kaynaklanır.
er-Risâletü’l-vażʿiyye üzerine onlarca âlim şerh, hâşiye ve ta‘lik kaleme almıştır. Bunun yanında özellikle Osmanlı coğrafyasında başta Kemalpaşazâde, Taşköprizâde Ahmed Efendi, Eğinli İbrâhim Hakkı olmak üzere elliye yakın âlim ilm-i vaz‘ hakkında bağımsız eserler telif etmiştir (Özdemir, s. 203-215). Bu eserlerin yanı sıra özellikle Teftâzânî ve Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî ile bunları takip eden çizgide yetişen pek çok âlim, hem dil hem usûl-i fıkıh alanlarında telif ettikleri kitaplarda vaz‘ meselesini ayrıntılarıyla incelemişlerdir. Bilhassa Teftâzânî, Kazvînî’nin Telḫîṣü’l-Miftâḥ ’ına şerh olarak yazdığı el-Muṭavvel ’de lafız-anlam ilişkisi konusundaki birçok meselede erken dönem dilcilerinin görüşlerini benimserken Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî, Ḥâşiye ʿale’l-Muṭavvel ’inde Îcî’nin görüşlerini tercih etmiştir. Bu iki farklı duruş tarih boyunca tartışma konusu olmuş, meselâ Abdülhakîm es-Siyâlkûtî Ḥâşiye ʿale’l-Muṭavvel ’inde Teftâzânî’yi savunmuş, Mestçizâde ise iki âlimin görüşlerini İḫtilâfü’s-Seyyid ve’s-Saʿd adlı eserinde eleştirel bir yaklaşımla incelemiştir. Diğer taraftan Teftâzânî, Sadrüşşerîa’nın usûl-i fıkha dair Tenḳīḥu’l-uṣûl ’üne yazdığı et-Telvîḥ ilâ keşfi ḥaḳāʾiḳi’t-Tenḳīḥ adlı şerhte lafızlardaki mecaz ve vaz‘ ilişkisini ele almış, Seyyid Şerîf yine bu konuda Teftâzânî’yi eleştirmiştir. Aslında iki âlimin şahsında dilcilerle (Teftâzânî) mantıkçılar (Seyyid Şerîf) arasındaki kadim tartışmalar yeniden ele alınmıştır. İlm-i vaz‘ ve lafız-anlam ilişkisine dair meseleler dil ve usûl-i fıkıh eserlerinde günümüze kadar incelenmeye devam edilmiştir.
Ali Kuşçu, sarf ilminin temeli veya girişi olarak gördüğü vaz‘ ilmine ʿUnḳūdü’z-zevâhir adlı eserinin ilk bölümünde yeni ve özgün katkılarda bulunmuştur. Ali Kuşçu bu eserinde eski bilgileri derlemiş, tasnif etmiş ve yeni meselelerle zenginleştirmiştir. Özellikle lafızların mecazi anlamları üzerinde durmuş, onların bu anlamları göstermek üzere vazedilip edilmediği meselesini incelemiştir. Kuşçu, Îcî gibi lafızların türlerini lafız-mâna ilişkisi bağlamında vazedilmeleri açısından ele almamış, meseleyi doğrudan vaz‘ olgusunu temel alarak yapılandırmış, böylece ilm-i vaz‘ın konusunu lafız-mâna ilişkisi merkezli olmaktan çıkarmıştır. Daha sonra vaz‘ın bölümlerini şahsî-nev‘î, hususi-umumi, kastî-zımnî gibi vaz‘ın arazlarına dikkat ederek gözden geçirmiş, ardından lafzın anlamın karşılığı olarak kim tarafından vazedildiği sorusunu tartışarak dili icat edenin kimliği üzerinde durmuştur. Diğer taraftan bilfiil bir olgu olan vaz‘ın bilgisi belirli bir zaman ve mekânda yaşayan insan tarafından nasıl elde edilebildiği konusunu gözden geçirmiş, lafzın ve anlamın alt bölümlerini incelemiştir. Kısaca Ali Kuşçu ilm-i vaz‘ı “vaz‘”, “vâz‘ı”, “mevzû”, “mevzû leh”, “vaz‘ın hikmeti” başlıkları altında vaz‘ olgusu merkezli fakat sarf ilminin temeli olarak kurmuştur. Bu eser ilm-i vaz‘ın Osmanlı âlimleri arasında yaygınlaşmasını sağlamış, özellikle Müftîzâde Abdürrahim Efendi Şerḥu ʿUnḳūdi’z-zevâhir fî naẓmi’l-cevâhir adlı eserinde (İstanbul 1252) Ali Kuşçu’nun düşünceleri etrafında bu alandaki bütün sorunları sonraki gelişmeleri dikkate alarak ayrıntılı biçimde incelemiştir. Ali Kuşçu, Risâle fî vażʿi’l-müfredât adlı küçük çalışmasında ise cüz’î lafızların vazedilme meselesini ele almıştır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Reşid Efendi, nr. 1015, vr. 27b -28b ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
et-Taʿrîfât , “el-Vażʿ” md.
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , II, 1482-1487.
İbn Cinnî, el-Ḫaṣâʾiṣ (nşr. Abdülhamîd Hindâvî), Beyrut 2003, II, 328.
Ali Kuşçu, ʿUnḳūdü’z-zevâhir fi’ṣ-ṣarf (nşr. Ahmed Afîfî), Kahire 1421/2001, tür.yer.
a.mlf., Risâle fî vażʿi’l-müfredât , Süleymaniye Ktp., Reşid Efendi, nr. 1015, vr. 27b -28b .
Teftâzânî, el-Muṭavvel , İstanbul 1304, s. 235-240.
Abdürrahîm b. Yûsuf Menteşevî, Şerḥu ʿUnḳūdi’z-zevâhir fî naẓmi’l-cevâhir , İstanbul 1252/1836, tür.yer.
İbrâhim b. Halîl Eğînî, Metn fi’l-vażʿ (Mecmûʿatü’l-vażʿiyye içinde), İstanbul 1311, s. 73.
Bernard G. Weiss, Language in Orthodox Muslim Thought: A Study of Wad‘ al-Lughah and its Development (doktora tezi, 1966), Princeton University, tür.yer.
İbrahim Özdemir, İslam Düşüncesinde Dil ve Varlık-Vaz‘ İlminin Temel Meseleleri , İstanbul 2006, s. 203-215, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
Musa Alp, Arap Dili ve Belağatı Açısından Ali Kuşçu ve ʿUnḳūdü’z-zevâhir fî naẓmi’l-cevâhir Adlı Eseri (doktora tezi, 2006), Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, tür.yer.
Abdullah Yıldırım, Vaz İlmi ve Unkûdu’z-zevâhir / Ali Kuşçu: İnceleme-Değerlendirme (yüksek lisans tezi, 2007), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 10-54.
Mehmet Ali Şimşek, “Delalet Kavramı Çerçevesinde Lafız ve Anlam İlişkileri”, Nüsha , I/2, Ankara 2001, s. 80-111.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 576-578 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.