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VAZİFE Skip to content İslâm düşüncesi ve kurumları tarihiyle fıkıh ilminde farklı anlamlarda kullanılan bir terim.
1/2 Müellif: TUNCAY BAŞOĞLU Bölüme Git
Sözlükte “belli bir süre için takdir edilen yiyecek, maaş, iş” anlamındaki vazîfe (çoğulu vezâif), İslâm kurumları tarihi ve fıkıh ilminde “belirli bi…
2/2 Müellif: MUSTAFA ÇAĞRICI Bölüme Git
Ahlâk ve Tasavvuf. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ve hadislerde vazife kelimesi ve türevleri kullanılmamış; ancak emir, farz, teklif, kazâ, haram ve nehiy gibi kav…
Sözlükte “belli bir süre için takdir edilen yiyecek, maaş, iş” anlamındaki vazîfe (çoğulu vezâif ), İslâm kurumları tarihi ve fıkıh ilminde “belirli bir sürede yapılması istenen iş, tanımlanmış bir görev veya kadro; yapılacak iş veya yürütülecek görev karşılığında belirlenmiş maaş ya da tahsisat; bir tür toprak vergisi; mükellefiyet ve şart, düzenli biçimde yapılan günlük nâfile ibadet (evrâd)” gibi anlamları ifade eder.
1. İş, görev veya kadro. İslâm tarihinde devlet teşkilâtına bağlı olarak çalışan kamu personeli, vakıflar bünyesinde birtakım dinî, sosyal ve kültürel hizmetleri yürüten görevlilerle götürü veya saat usulüyle çalışan meslek ve zanaat sahipleri için “erbâbü’l-vezâif” (meselâ bk. Kalkaşendî, bibl.; Tâceddin es-Sübkî, s. 34, 114), yalnız kamu görevlileriyle sınırlı olmak üzere “âmil, kâtip, erbâb-ı menâsıb”, sadece vakıf hizmetlerini yürütenler için “erbâb-ı cihât, mürtezika-i evkāf” gibi tabirler kullanılmıştır. İfa edilen hizmet ve görevler ilgilendirdiği alana göre amme vazifeleri ve hususi vazifeler şeklinde iki gruba ayrılır. Genellikle “velâyet” terimiyle ifade edilen amme vazifeleri, İslâm tarihi boyunca toplumların ve bölgelerin örflerine ve şartlarına göre çeşitlilik arzetmekle birlikte hepsinde ortak kural, bütün amme vazifelerinin en büyük vazife olan devlet başkanlığı bünyesinde toplanması ve devlet başkanının yetki devriyle bazı amme vazifelerini yerine getirmek üzere tayin edilen kamu görevlilerinin onun nâibleri veya vekilleri sıfatıyla görev yapmasıdır. Vazifenin mahiyeti, yeri, süresi, yerine getirecek memurun yetki ve sorumlulukları ile alacağı maaş vb. hususlar tayin yetkisine sahip makam tarafından belirlenir; beyan edilmeyen hususlar genel fıkıh ilkeleri ve yerleşik örf çerçevesinde yorumlanır. Bir vazifeye getirilecek kişilerde güvenilirlik ve liyakat açısından bazı şartlar aranır. Vakıflar bünyesinde ya da çeşitli meslek ve zanaat sahiplerince yerine getirilen hususi vazifelerin mahiyet ve şartları vakıfta vâkıf tarafından, akde dayalı iş sözleşmelerinde tarafların hür iradeleriyle belirlenir. İslâm tarihinde eğitim ve sağlık gibi kamu hizmetleriyle imamlık, müezzinlik gibi din hizmetleri vakıf müesseseleri eliyle yürütüldüğünden özlük hakları dahil bu tür görev ve kadrolarla ilgili meseleler büyük ölçüde vakıf hukuku kapsamında ele alınmış, vakıf ahkâmına tâbi tutulmuştur. Gerek amme vazifelerinde gerekse hususi vazifelerde tayin yazılı veya sözlü şekilde yapılabilir. Vazifenin sona ermesi ölüm, azil, sürenin yahut belirlenen işin bitmesi, acziyet ve gaiplik gibi sebeplerden biriyle gerçekleşir. Devlet başkanının ölümü veya azli durumunda kural olarak devlet başkanlığına bağlı diğer kamu görevlilerinin vazifelerinin de sona ermiş sayılıp sayılmayacağı ihtilâflı olmakla birlikte (Tâceddin es-Sübkî, s. 55) azledilmiş sayılmayacakları görüşü ağır basmaktadır. Benzer şekilde bir merkezdeki mahkeme görevlileriyle merkeze bağlı taşra kadıları veya kadı nâiblerinin tayininin merkez kadısına bırakıldığı durumlarda merkez kadısının azlinin ona bağlı personelin azlini gerektirip gerektirmeyeceği özellikle Osmanlılar döneminde tartışılmış ve farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Vazifenin sona ermesi vakıflarda vakfiyedeki şartlara, icâre akdine dayalı işlerde akdin şartlarına göre gerçekleşir. Vakıf bünyesindeki bir vazifeye vâkıfın tayin ettiği görevliyi azil yetkisi de ona aittir; hıyanet yahut vazifeyi ifada acziyet gibi açık bir sebep bulunmadıkça devlet başkanı veya kadı müdahale edemez. Bedel karşılığında vazifeden çekilme yahut vazifenin devri meselesi de fakihler arasında tartışılmış, konuyu mücerret hakların malî mübadeleye konu teşkil etmesi bağlamında değerlendiren Hanefîler bunun câiz olmadığını söylemiştir.
2. Maaş veya tahsisat. Kamu görevleriyle vakıf hizmetleri vazife terimiyle ifade edildiği gibi bu görev ve hizmetleri yerine getiren kimselere veya belirli hak sahiplerine hazineden ya da vakıftan verilen maaş yahut tahsisatın geneli için de vazife kelimesi kullanılır. İslâm tarihinde bu maaş ve tahsisatlara kimin tarafından verildiğine, veriliş sebebine (hizmet karşılığı olup olmamasına) ve hukukî niteliğine, kime ve hangi aralıklarla verildiğine bağlı olarak atâ (atıyye), câmekiyye, mevâcib, rızık, ulûfe ve arpalık gibi adlar verilmiştir. Meselâ farklı devlet kademelerindeki kamu görevlileri, özellikle üst düzey yöneticiler icâre akdiyle değil devlet başkanına vekâleten veya niyâbeten iş gördüklerinden, yani bir kamu hizmetini (farz-ı kifâye) ifada ilgili görevliye yardımcı olduklarından aldıkları maaş için ücret yerine rızık ve atâ denilmesi tercih edilmiştir (Şehâbeddin el-Karâfî, III, 5-17). Vakıf görevlerinde belirli bir hizmet karşılığında ya da karşılıksız olarak vakıf lehdarlarına ödenen tahsisata da vazife yanında “mâlûm” (belirlenmiş miktar) adı verilir (Tâceddin es-Sübkî, s. 90; İbn Nüceym, I, 278; İbn Âbidîn, IV, 372; ücret olarak adlandırılması hakkında bk. Hattâb, VI, 37). Bu anlamıyla vazife belirli bir süreyle takdir edilen para veya erzak şeklinde olabileceği gibi iktâ gelirlerinin tahsisi şeklinde de olabilir. Meşrû kabul edilmeyen ya da mâsiyet sayılan işlerin ifası için yapılan akid geçerli sayılmadığı gibi bu işi yerine getirme karşılığında herhangi bir ücret istihkakı da söz konusu değildir.
3. Toprak vergisi. Vazife, geniş anlamda haraç veya öşür gibi topraktan ve toprak mahsullerinden alınan her türlü vergiyi ifade etmek için de kullanılmakla birlikte (meselâ bk. Serahsî, II, 207; İbn Âbidîn, IV, 216) daha çok dar anlamda haracın bir türü olarak hasat edilen ürün miktarına bağlı olmaksızın önceden belirlenen maktû vergi anlamında (harâc-ı vazîfe, harâc-ı muvazzaf) kullanılır (bk. HARAÇ ).
4. Mükellefiyet ve asgari şart. Bir müslümanın, üzerindeki Allah ve kul hakları gereğince yerine getirmekle yükümlü tutulduğu dinî mükellefiyetle vecîbeleri ifade etmek için “vezâifü’l-İslâm, vezâifü’d-dîn” gibi terkipler kullanıldığı gibi (Nevevî, Şerḥu Müslim , I, 162; IV, 89) belirli bir vakitte yerine getirilen ibadetlere de vazife denir. Yine bir görev veya mesleği icra eden kimsenin sorumluluk alanına giren işler ve bu işleri yerine getirirken riayet edilmesi gereken şartlar (Tâceddin es-Sübkî, s. 21-23, 27, 29-30; İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, II, 169; III, 73, 540; XIII, 133) ya da bir akdin taraflara yüklediği sorumluluklar da (Mecelle , md. 582-595) vazife diye ifade edilir. Aynı şekilde bir ibadetin makbul olabilmesi için gerekli rükün ve şartlara da vazife denir. Meselâ organları birer defa yıkamak abdestin vazifesi (İbn Mâce, “Ṭahâret”, 47), fıtır sadakası vermek ramazan bayramının vazifesi (Muvaffakuddin İbn Kudâme, II, 117), Allah’ı tesbih etmek de rükû ve secdenin vazifesidir (Nevevî, Şerḥu Müslim , IV, 197). Ayrıca bir müslümanın düzenli ve sürekli biçimde yaptığı nâfile ibadetler, süre ve miktar belirleyerek okuduğu âyet, dua, tesbih ve zikirler de vazife olarak adlandırılır (Nevevî, el-Mecmûʿ , IV, 519). Tasavvuf literatüründe ortaya çıkan evrâd kitaplarına verilen isimlerden biri de “vazîfetü’l-mürîd”dir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Mâverdî, el-Aḥkâmü’s-sulṭâniyye (nşr. Hâlid Abdüllatîf es-Seb‘), Beyrut 1415/1994, s. 349-354.
Serahsî, el-Mebsûṭ , I, 8; II, 184, 207; III, 6, 7; V, 191; VIII, 150; X, 37; XIII, 149.
Muvaffakuddin İbn Kudâme, el-Muġnî , Beyrut 1405, I, 94, 240; II, 117.
Nevevî, el-Mecmûʿ , II, 348; III, 13, 81, 109; IV, 519; VIII, 107.
a.mlf., Şerḥu Müslim (Bulak), I, 158, 162; IV, 89, 197; VIII, 43, 44.
Şehâbeddin el-Karâfî, el-Furûḳ (nşr. Halîl el-Mansûr), Beyrut 1418/1998, III, 5-17.
Tâceddin es-Sübkî, Muʿîdü’n-niʿam ve mübîdü’n-niḳam , Beyrut 1407/1986, s. 21-23, 27, 29-30, 34, 55, 60, 61, 85, 90, 114.
Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ (Şemseddin) , I, 165; III, 294, 553; IV, 14-40, 190-221, 223-232.
İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Fetḥu’l-bârî (nşr. Muhibbüddin el-Hatîb), Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-ma‘rife), I, 104, 125; II, 169, 262; III, 73, 540; IV, 205; XIII, 133.
Bedreddin el-Aynî, ʿUmdetü’l-ḳārî , Beyrut, ts. (Dâru ihyâi’t-türâsi’l-Arabî), I, 288, 289; II, 10, 233; V, 211, 218; VIII, 240; XIV, 231.
Hattâb, Mevâhibü’l-celîl , Beyrut 1398, VI, 37, 38, 99, 108.
İbn Nüceym, el-Baḥrü’r-râʾiḳ , Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-ma‘rife), I, 23, 86, 278; II, 252; III, 143; IV, 401; V, 126, 240; VIII, 198.
Şemseddin er-Remlî, Nihâyetü’l-muḥtâc , Beyrut 1404/1984, I, 318; II, 102, 122; V, 299, 397.
İbn Âbidîn, Reddü’l-muḥtâr , Beyrut 1421/2000, II, 137; III, 844; IV, 195, 216, 217-220, 372, 382-383, 420, 435, 438, 518-519; V, 426, 441.
Bilmen, Kamus2 , IV, 290-291.
Mv.F , XIX, 276-300; XXXII, 82-84; XLIV, 63-72.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 579-581 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Ahlâk ve Tasavvuf. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ve hadislerde vazife kelimesi ve türevleri kullanılmamış; ancak emir, farz, teklif, kazâ, haram ve nehiy gibi kavramlarla, ayrıca yasaklayıcı veya öğüt ve tavsiye içerikli ifadelerle birçok dinî, ahlâkî, hukukî ve içtimaî vazifeye yer verilmiştir. Kur’an ve hadislerde göre Allah’a iman, Allah’ın emirlerine uymak ve yasakladıklarından sakınmak suretiyle O’na itaat etmek temel vazifedir. Kur’an’ın bütününde pek çok ahlâkî vazifeden söz edilmiştir. Meselâ İsrâ sûresinde (17/22-39) peş peşe sıralanan on iki vazifeden ilk ikisi Allah’a iman ve ibadetlerle, diğerleri ahlâkla ilgilidir (başka örnekler için bk. el-Bakara 2/83-84; el-En‘âm 6/151-153; el-A‘râf 7/85-87; Lokmân 31/12-19; el-Hucurât 49/1-13).
Arapça literatürde teorik ahlâk problemini ifade eden ödev karşılığında genellikle vâcip terimi kullanılır. Her vazife bir sorumluluk yüklediği ve bir yaptırım gerektirdiği için İslâmî literatürde daha çok kelâm ve fıkıh usulü terimleri olarak bilinen vâcip, farz, teklif/mükellefiyet, ilzam gibi kavramlar bu ilimlerdeki anlamları yanında “ahlâkî vazife” karşılığında da geçer. Felsefî mahiyetteki klasik kaynaklarda teorik ahlâk problemi bağlamında vazife konusu ele alınmamış, bunun yerine fazilet-rezîlet ve hayır-şer konularına ağırlık verilmiştir. Mu‘tezile âlimlerinin usûl-i hamse ile akıl, vücûb, emir, nehiy, adalet, teklif, istitâat gibi kavramlar etrafında savunduğu görüşler ve Ehl-i sünnet’in bunlara karşı ileri sürdüğü fikirler geniş ölçüde ahlâk felsefesiyle ilgilidir. Bu tartışmada Mu‘tezile ulemâsı vazifenin kaynağının akıl, Ehl-i sünnet’in Eş‘ariyye kolu ise vahiy olduğunu savunmuş; İmâmü’l-Haremeyn el-Cüveynî, Ebü’l-Hasan el-Mâverdî, Râgıb el-İsfahânî gibi bazı muahhar Eş‘ariyye âlimleriyle Mâtürîdîler iki görüş arasında orta bir yol izlemeye çalışmıştır.
İslâmî literatürde ahlâkın ve bazı mesleklerin eğitimi için gerekli görülen pratik ödevler karşılığında “vâcip” ve “vâcibât” ile birlikte vazife kavramının da kullanıldığı görülür. Meselâ Gazzâlî öğretmen ve öğrencinin çeşitli görevlerini sıralarken her biri için vazife terimini kullanmıştır (İḥyâʾ , I, 48-58). Şemseddin Muhammed b. Mûsâ el-Mağribî’nin mantık ilmine yeni başlayanlara rehber mahiyetinde yazdığı eser el-Veẓâʾif bi’l-manṭıḳ (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 2015), Fudayl b. Ali el-Cemâlî’nin gramere dair eseri el-Veẓâʾif fi’n-naḥv (a.g.e. , II, 2016) başlığını taşır. İbn Miskeveyh’in Tehẕîbü’l-aḫlâḳ ’ı (s. 70-75), Mâverdî’nin Edebü’d-dünyâ ve’d-dîn ’i (s. 87-93, 231, 265) gibi ahlâk kitaplarında ödevler anlatılırken vazife yerine edep (çoğulu âdâb) kelimesi tercih edilmiştir. Yine irşad, eğitim, yöneticilik, kadılık, yeme içme, giyim kuşam, evlilik, dostluk ve arkadaşlık gibi hayatın değişik alanlarına dair dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlar için edep ve âdâb kelimeleri kullanılmış, bu alanlarda pek çok eser yazılmıştır (bk. EDEP ). Tasavvuf literatüründe müridin ahzâb, evrâd gibi görevleri için hem vazife hem âdâb kavramları geçer. Süyûtî’nin tasavvufî mahiyetteki Veẓâʾifü’l-yevm ve’l-leyle adlı kitabında ibadetlerde ve yeme içme, giyim kuşam, oturup kalkma, uyku gibi günlük hayata dair konularda uyulması tavsiye edilen kuralların, farklı durumlarda okunacak duaların “vezâif” başlığı altında ele alınması edep ve vazife kelimelerinin eş anlamlı kullanıldığını gösterir. Diğer bir örnek ise Şehîd-i Sânî diye tanınan Zeynüddin b. Ali b. Ahmed el-Cübaî’nin et-Tenbîhâtü’l-ʿaliyye ʿalâ veẓâʾifi’ṣ-ṣalâti’l-ḳalbiyye adlı kitabıdır. Eserde, namaza ahlâkî ve mânevî bir derinlik kazandırabilmek için namaz esnasında yaşanması beklenen ruhî, mânevî ve zihnî haller ve namazın farzlarıyla ezan, kāmet vb. uygulamalardan her birinin sırları anlatılmakta; “niyete dair vazifeler” (s. 113), “kıraate dair vazifeler” (s. 122) gibi ifadelerle bu uygulamalara ait mânevî görevler (el-vezâifü’l-kalbiyye); namazda okunan âyet ve duaların, ayrıca tesbih ve tekbirlerin bâtınî mânaları ve ibadetin özüne zarar verecek kusurlar üzerinde durulmaktadır.
Tasavvuf kültüründe vazife terimi genellikle Kuzey Afrika tarikatlarında “hazret” de (hadra) denilen semâ ve zikir meclislerinde günün belli zamanlarında okunan, âyet, hadis, dua ve niyazlardan oluşan metinler için kullanılmaktadır. Bu tür metinlerin koruyucu özellik taşıdığına inanılır, sıkıntılı ve tehlikeli durumlarda okunması öğütlenir. Ebü’l-Hasan eş-Şâzelî’nin hocası Abdüsselâm b. Meşîş el-Hasenî’ye ait olup Allah tarafından onun kalbine indirildiğine inanılan (İsmâil Hakkı Bursevî, s. 69) eṣ-Ṣalâtü’l-Meşîşiyye adlı metin el-Vaẓîfetü’ş-Şâẕeliyye adıyla da bilinir. Şâzeliyye tarikatının birçok kolunda okunan bu metni Âsım İbrâhim el-Keyyâlî üç şerhiyle birlikte el-İlhâmâtü’s-seniyye fî şürûḥi’l-Vaẓîfeti’ş-Şâẕeliyye başlığıyla yayımlamıştır (Beyrut 1424/2003). Şerhlerden Keşfü’l-esrâr li-tenvîri’l-efkâr Mustafa b. Muhyiddin Necâ el-Beyrûtî’ye, el-İlhâmâtü’l-ilâhiyye ʿale’l-Vaẓîfeti’ş-Şâẕeliyye Mahmûd Ebü’ş-Şâmât ed-Dımaşkī’ye, en-Nefehâtü’l-ḳudsiyye bi-şerḥi’l-Vaẓîfeti’ş-Şâẕeliyye Mustafa Ebû Rîşe el-Bikāî’ye aittir. İbn Meşîş metninin vazife diye şöhret kazanmasının, tarikat kollarınca günlük ibadetlerin bir parçası halinde beş vakit okunmasından kaynaklandığı anlaşılmaktadır. İsmâil Hakkı Bursevî de bu metne Şerh-i Salavât-ı Meşîşiyye adıyla Türkçe bir şerh yazmış (İstanbul 1256), M. Nedim Tan bu şerhi Varlığın Dili: İbn Meşîş’in Salavâtı ve Şerhi başlığıyla sadeleştirerek yayımlamıştır (bk. bibl.). Tan, uzun bir önsöz ve girişle birlikte İbn Meşîş metnine ve çevirisine yer verdiği bu çalışmasında metin üzerine yazılmış şerh, ta‘lik, tercüme mahiyetinde otuz kadar eser tesbit etmiş, ayrıca Abdullah Ferdî’nin Şerh-i Salât-i İbn Meşîş ’i ile Hâfız Hilmi’nin aynı adı taşıyan şerhlerini de anılan eser içinde neşretmiştir. Şâzeliyye kolları arasında çok tanınan diğer bir vazife metni, Zerrûk diye bilinen Ahmed b. Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Fâsî’ye Medine’de uyku halindeyken Resûlullah’ın yazdırdığına inanılan Sefînetü’n-necâ li-men ilallāhi iltecâ ’dır (Hasan Şâhidî, s. 20, 36-37). Genellikle Vaẓîfetü’z-Zerrûḳī (el-Veẓâʾifü’z-Zerrûḳıyye) ismiyle anılan eser 1294’te (1877) Kahire’de basılmıştır (a.g.e. , s. 38). Ticâniyye tarikatının kurucusu Ahmed et-Ticânî’ye ışıklı bir levha üstünde cennetten indirildiği iddia edilen Ṣalâtü’l-fâtiḥ de (Ṣalâtü’l-fetḥ ) evrâd ve dualardan oluşur. Ahmed et-Ticânî, tarikatın başka bir ibadet metni olan Cevheretü’l-kemâl ’i kendisine Hz. Peygamber’in öğrettiğini söylemiştir (EI2 [Fr.] , XI, 200-201; diğer bazı vazife metinleri için bk. Hasan Şâhidî, s. 28-46).
Vazife kelimesinin hem teorik hem pratik yönüyle “ahlâkî ödev” anlamındaki yaygın kullanımı oldukça yenidir ve daha çok Batı’dan ahlâkla ilgili eserlerin çevrildiği, Osmanlılar’ın son dönemiyle Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında teşekkül eden ahlâk kültürüne aittir. İsmail Fenni Ertuğrul, Fransızca “devoir” kelimesini “vazîfe, farîza, vecîbe” diye karşıladıktan sonra terimi, “insanın kanun ya ahlâk yahut meslek veya âdâb-ı umûmiyye icabından olarak yapmaya mecbur olduğu şey” diye tanımlar (Lugatçe-i Felsefe , s. 183). Mustafa Namık Çankı da “devoir”ı aynı kelimeyle karşılar ve görüldüğü kadarıyla A. Lalande’ın Vocabulaire technique et critique de la philosophie adlı sözlüğünden (I, 160) yararlanıp vazife kavramının iki anlamda kullanıldığını belirtir. İlki soyut anlam olup bu bağlamda vazife “müsbet ve umumiyetle cüzi bir fiil ve hareket kaidesinden müstakil olarak düşünülmüş ahlâkî mükellefiyet” şeklinde tarif edilir. Diğeri vazifenin cüzi ve müşahhas mânasıdır; bu mânada vazife “Muayyen bir fiil ve amel kaidesidir, hasr ü tahdid edilmiş bir mükellefiyettir” (Büyük Felsefe Lugati , I, 581-582).
Osmanlılar’ın son döneminde ahlâkla ilgili eser yazan bazı müellifler, konunun dini ilgilendiren yönlerinde İslâmî ahlâk anlayışına bağlı kalarak ve bu anlayışla bağdaşmayan noktalarda eleştirel bir yaklaşım sergilemekle birlikte hem sistem hem içerik yönünden Batı ahlâk felsefesinden -daha çok da Kantçı ahlâk çizgisinden- yararlandıkları eserlerinde vazife konusuna geniş yer vermişlerdir. Nitekim ahlâkı nazarî ve amelî diye iki başlık altında ele alıp vazifeyi nazarî ahlâkın temel meselelerinden biri olarak incelemeleri Batı etkisinin bir ürünüdür (meselâ bk. Bertrand, s. 151-169; Ferid, s. 34-62; Ahmed Hamdi, s. 35-49). Mehmed Said’in Vezâif-i İnâs ’ı (İstanbul 1311), Mehmed Hilmi’nin Mir’ât-i Vezâif-i İnsâniyye ’si (İstanbul 1327), Ahmed Nazif’in Ahlâk-ı Dîniyye ve Vezâif-i İslâmiyye ’si (İstanbul 1331) gibi eserlerin yazılması, vazife kavramının bu dönem ahlâk anlayışında kazandığı önemi göstermesi bakımından ilgi çekicidir. Ali Kemal’in, “Ahlâk ilminin ruhu vazifedir, ahlâk ilmi vazifeler ilmidir” şeklindeki görüşü (İlm-i Ahlâk , s. 3) tamamen Kantçı bir anlayışı yansıtır. Bu örnekte de görüldüğü üzere son dönem Osmanlı ahlâkçılarının çoğu Kant’ın yaptığı gibi ahlâk kanununu vazifeyle temellendirmiş, hatta vazifeyle ahlâk kanununu eş anlamlı gibi kullanmıştır (Erdem, s. 102-106). Osmanlı ahlâkçıları, ahlâk kanunlarının mutlak geçerlilik taşıdığını kabul etmekle birlikte Kant’tan farklı olarak bu kanunların kaynağını dine bağlar. Ancak Fransız sosyologlarının etkisinde kalan bazı fikir adamları ahlâk kanunları ile vazife fikrini sosyal otoriteyle de ilişkilendirmiştir (meselâ bk. Ali Rıza Bey, s. 78-81). Son devir Osmanlı düşünürlerinin ahlâk kanununu, dolayısıyla vazifeyi mecburilik, mutlaklık, küllîlik, umumilik, lüzumluluk, bilinirlik, sabitlik gibi kavramlarla nitelemeleri (meselâ bk. Abdurrahman Şeref, s. 50; Ferid, s. 40-42; Ömer Nasuhi, s. 12-16) farz, vâcip ve haram kavramlarıyla ilgili İslâmî telakkiye uygunluğu yanında Kantçı ödev felsefesini de yansıtır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Hüsameddin Erdem, Son Devir Osmanlı Düşüncesinde Ahlâk , İstanbul 2006, s. 102-106.
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Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 42. cildinde, 581-582 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.